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The inverse formation of the cellulose beads by encapsulating acidic suspension of GO/Fe(0) in a cellulose solution.
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The recognition of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in the past years as a high prospect material has been prominent, but the impractical cellulose extraction method from biomass remained as a technological barrier for industrial practice. In this study, the telescopic approach on the fractionation of lignin and cellulose was performed by organosolv ext...
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... FeOOH and Fe(OH) 3 formation after the oxidation of Fenton's reagent can still be managed by encapsulating Fe(0) particles in the regenerated cellulose beads. Typically, the formation of regenerated cellulose beads can be formed by continuously dropping cellulose solution through a syringe nozzle in the coagulation bath (5% H 2 SO 4 ) shows in Fig. 5a. Contrary, the formation of encapsulated Fe(0) in the cellulose was done inversely, whereby GO solution is used as supporting material for Fe(0) particles (see Fig. 5b). Throughout the adsorption study, GO manage to uptake Fe(II) ions up to 18.38 mg/g. Whereas, the microstructure of regenerated cellulose and encapsulated GO/Fe(0) was ...
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... the formation of regenerated cellulose beads can be formed by continuously dropping cellulose solution through a syringe nozzle in the coagulation bath (5% H 2 SO 4 ) shows in Fig. 5a. Contrary, the formation of encapsulated Fe(0) in the cellulose was done inversely, whereby GO solution is used as supporting material for Fe(0) particles (see Fig. 5b). Throughout the adsorption study, GO manage to uptake Fe(II) ions up to 18.38 mg/g. Whereas, the microstructure of regenerated cellulose and encapsulated GO/Fe(0) was observed thoroughly by VPSEM analysis (see Fig. 5c). The formation of cellulose beads encapsulated GO/Fe(0) exhibited both dense and porous structures at the inner and ...
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... Fe(0) in the cellulose was done inversely, whereby GO solution is used as supporting material for Fe(0) particles (see Fig. 5b). Throughout the adsorption study, GO manage to uptake Fe(II) ions up to 18.38 mg/g. Whereas, the microstructure of regenerated cellulose and encapsulated GO/Fe(0) was observed thoroughly by VPSEM analysis (see Fig. 5c). The formation of cellulose beads encapsulated GO/Fe(0) exhibited both dense and porous structures at the inner and the outer layer of the hollow beads. The outer layer of the beads comprises with the layer of regenerated cellulose encapsulated the porous structure of GO/Fe(0). The regenerated cellulose shows a combination of low ...
Citations
... Sajab et al. employed a telescopic approach containing lignin extraction, catalytic oxidation, and mechanical shearing processes to reduce cellulose loss and cellulose isolation. 39 The yields of cellulose and CNFs were improved without affecting the quality by this approach. The percentage yield of pre-hydrolyzed sample and extracted sample were determined by using the below equation's. ...
Heavy metals are considered to be a significant pollutant in water bodies, adversely affecting human health by causing various severe diseases after passing down the food chain. The rise in environmental problems due to the usage of non – biodegradable materials leads to the necessity of eco–friendly materials. The abundant and eco-friendly nature of the nanocellulose makes them promising substitutes for non-sustainable materials, nowadays. It is also possible to find the chemical components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) present in a source and the cellulose yield. In this context, nanocellulose has gained considerable attention among nanomaterials as a promising candidate for the adsorption of toxic heavy metal ions because of its large surface area, light weight, low cost, biocompatible nature, etc. Moreover, the numerous surface hydroxyl groups present in its surface make them suitable for the wide range of surface functionalization with different groups. They can thus be used individually or in combination with other materials for excellent adsorption towards various toxic heavy metal ions. The state of research on modified nanocellulose as an adsorbent for heavy metals is principally discussed in this review. Mainly two types of plant-based nanocelluloses; cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are discussed in detail in this review. The extraction of nanocellulose via a green approach was also covered. This review comprises comprehensive details on the modifications and other relevant properties of nanocellulose which would facilitate the adsorption of toxic heavy metals.
... To extend the life-cycle of CNF, the adsorbent was composited using Fe(0) particles as catalysts for the preparation of functionalized CNF. The preparation of the Fe(0) particles was conducted following the methods used in our previous work [16,17]. Ferrous iron from FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O was mixed with the reducing agent NaBH 4 in 100 mL of ethanol with a 1:2 weight ratio. ...
... A similar orientation of CNF can be observed under the FESEM micrograph (see Figure 1b); whereas, the aggregation of Fe(0) particles was exhibited in a chain-like structure, with the diameter in the range of 45-170 nm (see Figure 1c). The wide aggregation of the Fe(0) particles was expected as a result of oxidation reactions with iron oxide and hydroxide oxide [16]. However, since the cellulose was easily agglomerated due to the dehydration, the formation of flakes can be observed in Figure 1d. ...
... The Langmuir isotherm revealed that the Q 0 increased with increasing temperatures, with the greatest Q 0 of 101.7 mg/g for the adsorption at 60 • C. The adsorption of MB was slightly lower than that in a previous work, which managed to uptake MB up to 122 mg/g using neat CNF. It was expected that with the addition of Fe(0) particles into the system, the allocation of the surface active sites would slightly reduce the adsorption performance [16]. To evaluate the effect of temperature on MB uptake, the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using the Van't Hoff equations; ...
Nanocellulose, a refined form of cellulose, can be further functionalized on surface-active sites, with a catalyst as a regenerative agent. Newly developed adsorbents are expected to have the characteristics of good and rapid adsorption performance and regeneration properties with flexible structure using 3D printing technology. In this work, the adsorption performance of 3D printed functionalized nanocellulose was investigated using batch and fixed-bed column adsorption. Kinetics adsorption studies were divided into different adsorption models, with the pseudo-second order model showing a better correlation coefficient than the pseudo-first order and intraparticle diffusion models. The Langmuir and Thomas models were used to calculate the adsorption performance of batch and fixed-bed columns. Given the catalytic activity of Fenton oxidation, the fixed-bed column was regenerated up to five adsorption-desorption cycles, suggesting satisfactory performance of the column, with a slightly reduced adsorption capacity.
... The extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers was conducted in accordance with previous studies [19,20]. The process began with removing lignin from OPEFB using an organosolv extraction method. ...
This study explores the potential of using nanocellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as a biomaterial ink for 3D printing. The research focuses on using nanocellulose hydrogels for the controlled uptake and release of proteins, with the specific protein solution being Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). To provide a suitable material for the bioprinting process, the study examines the characteristics and properties of the printed hydrogels through various analyses, such as morphology, functional group, crystallinity, and compression test. Several parameters, such as initial concentration, temperature, and the presence of calcium chloride as an additional crosslinker, affect the protein uptake and release capabilities of the hydrogel. The study is important for biomedicine as it explores the behavior of protein uptake and release using nanocellulose and 3D printing and can serve as a preliminary study for using hydrogels in biological materials or living cells.
... The absolute values of the zeta potential measurement of the BC and CNF slurries were found to be 0.19 mV and 30 mV, respectively. The higher surface charge allowed higher dispersion stability of the CNF in water suspension [46,59]. Moreover, the higher negative values of the zeta potential indicated that the strong electrostatic repulsion between particles would prevent their aggregation and thereby stabilize the nanoparticulate dispersion [60]. ...
Interest in cellulosic nanomaterials has recently gained momentum due to their high tensile strength and hygroscopic properties. This study compared the effects of two different types of cellulose nanomaterials, including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) produced from wood and bacterial cellulose (BC), on the macro, micro, and nano scale performances of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) paste. Effects of CNF and BC on cement paste hydration, microstructure, compressive strength, and flexural strength were monitored. Four dosages of nanocellulose (0%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.3%, by weight) were used to prepare cement paste samples. Both CNF and BC were found to increase compressive strengths and flexural strengths by 10% and 55%, respectively, after 90 days of curing. However, only CNF was able to suppress the expansion of mortar samples due to the alkali-silica reaction by 33%. At the microscale, CNF was found to accelerate the early age cement hydration, whereas BC delayed cement hydration. Both nanocellulose types resulted in lower calcium hydroxide (CH) and higher CSH contents compared to the control batch after long-term curing. Statistical nanoindentations showed that the additions of nanocellulose increase the relative amounts of high-density CSH in the hydrated cement paste. The mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analyses indicated that both types of nanocellulose increase the nano porosity and reduced the microporosity. However, such advantages were more prominent in the case of CNF compared to the BC.
... Therefore, over the recent past, scientists intensified their efforts for removing EPs from water effluents. Numerous research studies have been conducted using various technologies for eliminating such pollutants [6]. The presence of pharmaceuticals from hygiene products, therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical industry waste or hospital waste disposal [3], food additives, wood preservatives, pesticides, flame retardants, lubricants, plasticisers, natural and synthetic hormones [5] and personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand soaps, as well as household cleaners such as laundry detergents, surfactants, disinfectants, etc. in waters generating ecotoxicological effects and signified as emerging pollutants that contain various types of toxic substances and categorised as persistent pollutants [1]. ...
Today’s necessity is to achieve a sustainable environment. But, over the past three decades, various research articles reported the presence of new compounds in aquatic environment as well as in wastewater effluents, called ‘Emerging Pollutants’. Although such materials are widespread in water effluents, their toxicity and impacts on both human health and the ecosystems are poorly understood since there are no regulatory data for those contaminants. However, ever increasing of the socio-economic awareness and scientific information, scientists have become more concern for the Emerging Pollutants (EPs), widespread and their distribution in the environment. Their successful control represents the primary challenge to the industrial sector and academia. Therefore, developing technological advancement in eco-friendly environmental wastewater treatment strategies is a must. This drive the multi-disciplinary blend of chemical science, environmental engineering and industry to realise this concern from both an operational and public health standpoint. The boom of Fenton or Fenton-type modified reactions offers potential opportunities for innovative remediation techniques. The aim of this review is to update and contribute the recent developments to overcome the Fenton reaction obstacles such as acidic environment, ferric sludge production and reagent’s cost that limits its application for better frameworks. In particular, recent Fenton’s reaction approaches on the EPs removals deserve further research to adopt the system and could give rise to real applications.
... The sulfate ester groups influencing the surface charge of t-CNC suspensions with the zeta potential of -27.7 AE 0.79 mV, -31.8 AE 1.01 mV, and -38.9 AE 2.72 mV for CL1-CL3, respectively. The suspension with a zeta potential value that is not in the range of À30 mV to þ30 mV is considered a stable colloid system [39]. From these results, the nanosuspension of CL2 and CL3 showed a larger negative zeta potential value with more negative than -30 mV. ...
... Therefore, the nanosuspensions systems of the sample CL2 and CL3 were more stable than that of the CL1. These results corresponded with previous reports showing that the higher surface charged of t-CNC had sufficient electrostatic repulsion, resulting in better aqueous dispersion [36,39]. ...
This is the first comparative of t-CNC from colonial and solitary tunicates. Tunicate cellulose nanocrystalline (t-CNC) from the colonial tunicate Eudistoma sp. (CL1) was compared with solitary tunicates Polycarpa reniformis (CL2) and Phallusia nigra (CL3). Tunicate samples were extracted by methanol. Residues from the methanol extraction were then subjected to further cellulose purification using pre-hydrolysis, kraft-cooking, bleaching, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis to yield t-CNC. The solitary tunicates yielded higher microfibril contents after the bleaching step but obtained similar t-CNC content to the colonial one after acid hydrolysis. The isolated t-CNC were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermalgravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Both colonial and solitary tunicates yielded cellulose type I. The pure cellulose type I was successfully isolated from solitary tunicates whereas high inorganic impurities were observed in colonial tunicates. The isolate t-CNC showed high aspect ratios. The solitary and colonial tunicates provided t-CNC with crystallinity indexes over 97% and 35%, respectively. The crystalline size of t-CNCs ranged from 55-124 Å. The thermal stability of all isolated t-CNC was slightly decreased due to the sulfate functional groups gained after acid hydrolysis. We concluded that solitary tunicates were better than colonial tunicates as a source of t-CNC preparation.
... The cellulose isolation from OPEFB fibers was performed by referring to the protocol from previous studies [5,20,35]. The lignin from OPEFB fibers was first isolated using organosolv extraction method using formic acid at a ratio of 30:1 to OPEFB fibers at a temperature of 90 • C for 2 h. ...
The tendency to use cellulose fibrils for direct ink writing (DIW) of three-dimensional (3D) printing has been growing extensively due to their advantageous mechanical properties. However, retaining cellulose in its fibrillated forms after the printing process has always been a challenge. In this study, cellulose macrofibrils (CMFs) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers were partially dissolved for consistent viscosity needed for DIW 3D printing. The printed CMF structure obtained from optimized printing profiles (volumetric flow rate, Qv = 9.58 mm/s; print speed, v = 20 mm/s), exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 66 MPa, Young’s modulus of 2.16 GPa, and elongation of 8.76%). The remarkable structural and morphological effects of the intact cellulose fibrils show a homogeneous distribution with synthesized precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles. The shear-aligned CMF/CaCO3 printed composite exhibited a sustained therapeutic drug release profile that can reduce rapid release that has adverse effects on healthy cells. In comparison with the initial burst release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by CaCO3, the controlled release of 5-fluorouracil can be varied (48 to 75%) with the composition of CMF/CaCO3 allowing efficient release over time.
... Overall experimental results showed that the CNF dispersion in DMSO/ water mixtures by reducing the diameter of nanofibers. This may be due to the ability of DMSO to partially dissolve the remaining non cellulosic part that covered the cellulose surface [50,51]. Besides DMSO also does not change the chemical functional groups or cellulose polymorphs. ...
Physical properties of nanocomposites has been enhanced by achieving stable CNF suspension in organic solvent without the use of surfactants or large energy input. In this study, after freeze drying rice straw (RS) derived CNF has been successfully dispersed in solvents including DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, H2O and DMSO/H2O. The concentration of CNF and solvent ratio was optimized and analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, HR-TEM and Zetasizer. It was found that average diameter of CNF is 8.3 nm in binary solvent mixture of DMSO/ H2O (80:20), whereas in pure water (40.3 nm) under the same sonication treatment conditions. Zeta potential value was reduced from (− 55 mV) in pure water to (− 45 mV) in DMSO/Water mixture showing better stability and it was also verified by sedimentation studies. Around 70% transparency of CNF was achieved in co-solvent mixture that can be utilized for nancomposite film fabrication. The fact that CNF can be well dispersed in organic solvents opens up new opportunities for blending of CNF—polymer matrix in coating and packaging applications.
Graphic Abstract
... Fenton catalytic-oxidation reagent is based on oxidising ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) to ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) using oxidising agent, i.e. H 2 O 2 along with triggering hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) that are the main responsible of oxidising organic pollutants into harmless compounds [18]. Iron is considered the fourth abundant element in earth's crust and could be found in numerous forms of oxides or hydroxides that have different capacities to eliminate pollutants depending on such oxides structure, composition and properties. ...
The wide application of reactive dyes in textile manufacturing has posed a threat to the ecological system and human beings, therefore their use attracted increase attention. Magnetite is one of ubiquitous earth minerals, which has a high adsorption capacity for contaminants and its oxidation ability, could be initiated by H2O2 for the formation of hydroxyl free radicals (•OH) for oxidising the reactive Levafix Blue dye. The objective of this study is to develop enhanced combined adsorption/oxidation technology. Magnetite is synthesised under mild experimental conditions and its homogeneous chemical composition and morphology is revealed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and then applied for reactive dye removal. Box-Behnken design based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied for optimising the operational parameters effect, namely, Fe2+/3+, H2O2 doses and pH on the dye removal efficiency. The model with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 94%) predictions is in appropriate agreement with the experimental results. The optimised model results revealed the system optimal pH is obtained at 2.5 using 48 and 828 mg/L of magnetite and H2O2, respectively, to attain a complete dye removal, 100%, within 30 minutes or irradiance time. Finally, the experimental results illustrated that the reaction is exothermic, non-spontaneous in nature and follows the second-order reaction kinetics rate model with a low activation energy corresponding to −26.39 kJ/mol. The laboratory results from such investigation can be evaluated in future research to be applied for practical and real scales.
... CNF is another type of nanocellulose isolated from cellulose through mechanical treatment. CNF can be produced using high-speed homogenization, producing web-like nanofibrils consisting of both crystalline and amorphous regions [77,78]. The high shearing force yields CNF having shear-thinning behavior with a high aspect ratio [79,80]. ...
The materials for additive manufacturing (AM) technology have grown substantially over the last few years to fulfill industrial needs. Despite that, the use of bio-based composites for improved mechanical properties and biodegradation is still not fully explored. This limits the universal expansion of AM-fabricated products due to the incompatibility of the products made from petroleum-derived resources. The development of naturally-derived polymers for AM materials is promising with the increasing number of studies in recent years owing to their biodegradation and biocompatibility. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer that possesses many favorable properties to be incorporated into AM materials, which have been continuously focused on in recent years. This critical review discusses the development of AM technologies and materials, cellulose-based polymers, cellulose-based three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments, liquid deposition modeling of cellulose, and four-dimensional (4D) printing of cellulose-based materials. Cellulose-based AM material applications and the limitations with future developments are also reviewed.
