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In vehicular ad hoc network, due to the frequently changing topology, no available relay node selection may occur and cause low delivery ratios and high end-to-end delays. For improving these problems, a fine packet routing protocol should dynamically adapt to the rapid changing network. Therefore we propose a connectionless routing mechanism calle...
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Routing is very challenging in vehicular ad hoc networks due to the highly dynamic nature of the vehicles. In this paper, a position-based routing protocol is proposed, which leverages the backbone structure. This protocol contains a bridge node selection algorithm and a route updating algorithm. The first algorithm considers traffic lights at inte...
Routing of Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) is more challenging than traditional Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) due to the high mobility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Reactive protocols that adjust routing according to the location and speed of UAVs are widely researched. In this work, a more aggressive routing protocol that is not only react...
Dynamic variation of network topology in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) forces network nodes to work together and rely on each other for routing. Considering the lack of a central control node, some nodes appear maliciously and selectively drop the data packets instead of transmitting to the next hop node, which is known as the gray hole attack. In...
VANET is a scalable and unbounded network which is completely independent from the number of nodes. In VANET, communication is done between V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) and V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure). In both type of communications nodes are gathering information from other nodes or from RSU which must be trustworthy. VANETs is having different se...
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. Although MANETs are easily deployed, they have several constraints such as; continuously changing topology, distributed operations, limitations of nodes radio interface. Recently, Ad-Ho...
Citations
... VANET makes use of multi hope communication [20], wherein data is sent by the source to the remotest nodes for linking them through the nodes found within them for better battery storage [21]. The MANET infrastructure primarily finds out a proper path to deliver the message with the assurance that makes it important to pick a path after ensuring trustworthiness and openness in all nodes. ...
... It recognizes the communication stack consisting of a wireless channel [17] model, antenna model, MAC layer, network and application layers, whereas a mobility model is so different from a MANET as it is important to identify how a vehicle is moving in a structured road scenario. The classification of mobility models is done as microscopic and macroscopic models, wherein the macroscopic model has special applications in traffic-related logistics like roads, streets, crossroads [20] and lights. On the contrary, issues such as traffic density, traffic focus and initial distribution of vehicles are dealt with by microscopic models. ...
Designing a reliable routing protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) poses considerable challenges due to certain unique challenges inherently present in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) topology. Some of them are needed for vehicles acting as nodes having to abide by traffic rules, uncertain inter-vehicular speed variations that may affect link stability etc. Designing a routing protocol capable of dealing with multiple limiting conditions such as long congestion periods, link failures and handoffs is a challenging task, where most of the existing multipath routing protocol shows poor performance. In this paper, the proposed Multipath Route Restoration Protocol (MRRP)is aimed at providing a robust communication channel in case of link failure between nodes. This is realized by focusing on better route maintenance for the protocol. In a wireless network, a routing protocol determines the particular ways in which routers connect. In a wireless network, as the number of hops in a wireless communication path increases, various signal factors such as interference and path loss degrade the network performance. however, sending data over a longer distance will reduce throughput. Furthermore, link stability is substantially impacted by the unpredictable movement of vehicles. Multipath routing is regarded as a potential solution to improve packet delivery and end-to-end delay in VANETs.
... In [111], the author proposes a connection-less approach for VANETs in a metropolitan scenario called CAME. Based on changes in the topology, different packet delivery strategies are used in the proposed scheme, and it does not require a route to be specified in advance. ...
The upcoming models of vehicles will be able to communicate with each other and will thus be able to share and/or transfer information. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an application of this vehicular communication that leads to an intelligent transportation system (ITS). Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) are the two distinct types of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). V2V and V2I technologies are together known as V2X and are recently being tested. Continuous research to enhance routing considers different characteristics and exciting aspects of VANETs. The proposed schemes are classified based on the operational scenario. A survey of proposed routing schemes in the last eight years is presented to determine the design considerations and the approach used in every proposed system, along with their shortcomings. This survey will assist new scholars in this field to analyze existing state-of-the-art systems. The table at the end of each routing scheme shows the proposed routing scheme’s simulation, routing, and scenario parameters. This paper also reviews VANET technology, its role in the intelligent transportation system, recent development in the field, and the timeline for implementation of the system.
... e authors of Ref. [37] propose a connectionless approach for VANETs in urban environments named CAME. e proposed scheme uses different delivery strategies for packet delivery following changes in topology and does not establish a route in advance. ...
Routing protocols are an essential component of vehicular ad hoc networks. Software-defined networks and name data networks are new aspects of routing that are coming to the fore as Vehicular Ad Hoc Network technology evolves. Data Network-based VANET routing protocols and Software Defined Network-based VANET routing protocols have been developed in recent research. These newly developed protocols must be part of VANET routing protocol surveys. The taxonomy of traditional routing protocols must take these innovations into account. To the best of our knowledge, no such taxonomy exists at the moment. We present a new taxonomy of routing protocols based on the additional routing aspects of Software-Defined Networks and Named Data Networks. All traditional routing protocols are kept in a single category. This research work aims to update the existing taxonomy of routing protocols with the newly adopted aspects of research in routing. Advanced routing schemes are selected for the survey from each category to evaluate new research results in VANET routing. This article also describes future directions for VANET/ITS routing research.
... It is little easy to establish a communication path between vehicles to communicate in a dense traffic network environment. In contrast, in lower vehicle density environments, frequent network disconnections lead to network overhead and stale packets [10]. In such a scenario, the vehicle takes a longer time for data delivery or, sometimes, the packets are dropped in-between communications in the networks. ...
The real-time traffic information dissemination among on-road vehicles has been envisioned via realizing vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as smart service-oriented roadside wireless sensor networks. The network enables various types of real-time traffic applications related to safety and infotainment for drivers and passengers. The information dissemination-centric routing protocols for vehicular networks have to dynamically adopt under the constrained network environment while considering the higher mobility of vehicular nodes and unpredictable physical topologies in the network. The issue needs to be addressed through smart and network-aware routing protocols. Geographical routing protocols have witnessed significant attention for information dissemination under these types of dynamic vehicular network environment. To this end, this paper presents an improved road segment-based geographical routing (ISR) protocol focusing on better head node selection for information dissemination. It divides the forwarding area into a number of road segments and selects a head node on each segment by focusing on traffic-aware information including the location, direction, and link quality-centric score for every vehicle on each road segment. Algorithms were developed for the complete process of head node selection and information dissemination among vehicles on the road segments. The simulation results attested the performance benefits of the proposed routing framework as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols considering dynamic vehicular traffic environment-related metrics.
With resource constraint’s distributed architecture and dynamic topology, network issues such as congestion, latency, power awareness, mobility, and other quality of service issues need to be addressed by optimizing the routing protocols. As a result, a number of routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols have trade-offs in performance parameters and their performance varies with the underlying mobility model. For designing an improved vehicular ad hoc network, three components of the network are to be focused: routing protocols, mobility models, and performance metrics. This article describes the relationship of these components, trade-offs in performance, and proposes a supervisory protocol, which monitors the scenario and detects the realistic mobility model through analysis of the microscopic features of the mobility model. An analytical model is used to determine the best protocol for a particular mobility model. The supervisory protocol then selects the best routing protocol for the mobility model of the current operational environment. For this, EstiNet 8.1 Simulator is used to validate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with existing schemes. Simulation results of the proposed scheme show the consistency in the performance of network throughout its operation.
