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The influence of increasing levels of rapeseed oil on the fatty acid composition of leaf fat in pigs
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The influence of rapeseed oil on digestibility, energy metabolism and tissue composition in growing pigs was determined. Rapeseed oil (0, 4, 8 and 16%) was added to a soyabean meal and barley basal diet. Essential amino acids relative to net energy (NE) were kept constant by adjusting with crystalline amino acids. Rapeseed oil has a high content of...
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Context 1
... composition of diets deposition in adipose tissue-because of its high fat content (90.7 to 93.6%) ( Table 5) Table 1). The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was already close to or exceeded 0.5 in all three tissues (Tables 5, 6 and 7) with the addition of 4% rapeseed oil. ...
Context 2
... composition of diets deposition in adipose tissue-because of its high fat content (90.7 to 93.6%) ( Table 5) Table 1). The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was already close to or exceeded 0.5 in all three tissues (Tables 5, 6 and 7) with the addition of 4% rapeseed oil. However, the a-tocopherol content, which is very high in rapeseed oil, also increased from 12 to 26 pg g-' in leaf fat. ...
Context 3
... lenic acid (1 8:3n-3), the precursor for the nutritionally important fatty acids 20:5n-3, 2251-3 and 22:6n-3, is also in higher concentrations in rapeseed oil than in soyabean oil. Double low rapeseed oil contains only small amounts of erucic acid (22:ln-9) and is mainly retained in the depot fat (leaf fat, Table 5). Addition of rapeseed oil to the diets makes the fat more unsaturated and the risk of oxidation and rancidity of the dietary fat as well as of the fat in the tissue will increase. ...
Context 4
... contrast, when the same authors fed increasing dietary levels of animal fat or palm kernel oil, the content of intramuscular fat decreased. Dietary fatty acid composition was to a higher extent correlated to the depot fat store (leaf fat, Table 5) than to the intramuscular fat in either M. lorigissiritus dorsi (Table 6) or M. biceps feriioris ( Table 7). This is to be expected because intramuscu- lar fat contains higher proportions of membrane lipids, which are more difficult to alter. ...
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Citations
... Though fats and oils are known to be readily digestible energy sources (Li et al. 1990;Jorgensen et al. 1996;Rossi et al. 2010), high levels of lipids in some home-made diets (feed samples B006 and B035) were undesirable because they predispose feeds to oxidative rancidity which renders feeds unpalatable with subsequent reduced feed intake and average daily gain (Liu et al. 2014a(Liu et al. , 2014b. ...
This study estimated the daily nutrient allowances from conventional commercially compounded feed and alternative feeds resources in smallholder pig enterprises in Busia, Nakuru, and Kiambu counties in Kenya. Feeding data from 144 pig enterprises was used to compute the daily dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and metabolisable energy (ME) supplied to pigs per kilogram bodyweight. Analysis of variance of the mean values was computed using SPSS statistical software and SAS® systems with Tukey’s test to separate the means. Results showed that the daily nutrient allowance provided by some alternative feed resources was generally very low; however, home-made feed formulations supplied reasonably sufficient dietary energy and CP. Swill was the most popular feed resource in Busia County; however, the amount of energy supplied from swill was very low (ME = 19.98 kcal/kg body weight). The daily CP allowance for pigs fed on swill, farm residue, and market waste was very low ranging between 1.1 and 3.6 g/kg body weight. The findings of this study indicate that there is need for capacity development for farmers with respect to feeding practices that have no capacity to supply sufficient nutrient allowances. Research should focus more improving supply of nutrients from viable alternative feed resources through use of technology.
... Dietary lipids are highly digestible constituents of the diet (Cera et al., 1988;Jorgensen et al., 1996). In general, the ATTD of AEE of saturated dietary FS are less digested than unsaturated sources (Wiseman et al., 1990;, as was evident on d 39, but the ATTD of AEE response to degree of saturation is not always consistent (Jorgensen and Fernandez, 2000;Kerr et al., 2009), as was evident on d 104. ...
The pig industry uses a variety of fat sources (FS) and fat levels (FL) in diets to increase energy content. The objective was to investigate the impact of FS and FL on rate and efficiency of gain, apparent total tract digestibility of dietary fat, and pork fat composition and test dietary predictors of carcass iodine value (IV). A total of 1,213 pigs (PIC 280 × PIC Camborough 42; PIC, Inc., Hendersonville, TN) with an initial BW of 32.0 ± 0.4 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments on d 0. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial, with 2 FS, choice white grease (CWG; IV = 66.8) and corn oil (COIL; IV = 123.2), and 3 FL, 2, 4, or 6%. Ten pens of approximately 20 pigs each (0.70 m/pig) were randomly assigned to each of the 6 treatments. All pigs were on trial for 105 d. Pigs were harvested in 1 of 3 marketing pulls, to achieve an ideal market BW across differing rates of gain, at which time belly fat samples were collected (d 105 [457 pigs], 117 [309 pigs], or 134 [432 pigs]). Diet and belly fat samples were analyzed for fatty acid profile. Daily rate of gain was not impacted by FS or FL ( ≤ 0.325). Increasing FL and dietary energy concentration increased G:F ( < 0.001). No difference was evident for G:F between FS ( = 0.107). Increasing FL of CWG resulted in greater daily intake of SFA and MUFA than increasing FL of COIL ( < 0.001). Increasing levels of COIL resulted in greater daily intake of PUFA than increasing levels of CWG ( ≤ 0.012). Feeding CWG tended to result in great caloric efficiency adjusted for carcass yield than feeding COIL ( = 0.074). The inclusion of COIL instead of CWG tended to increase true total tract digestion of acid hydrolyzed ether extract on d 39 ( = 0.066) but not on d 104 ( = 0.402). Increasing COIL increased carcass IV at a greater magnitude than increasing CWG, resulting in a FS × FL interaction on d 105, 117, and 134 ( < 0.001). Dietary linoleic acid concentration and daily intake had a stronger linear relationship than IV product (IVP; = 0.95 vs. = 0.94 vs. = 0.85, respectively). In conclusion, limiting linoleic acid dietary concentration and intake is key to lowering carcass IV. To meet a carcass IV standard of 74 g/100 g, linoleic acid concentration had to be <3.4% and intake had to be <88 g/d. Dietary linoleic acid is a superior predictor of carcass IV compared with IVP, especially when high-fat diets are used.
... In agreement with this finding, Li and Sauer (1994) observed a significant increase in apparent ileal amino acid digestibility as the level of canola oil in the diet was increased. Similar effects were demonstrated on the apparent faecal digestibility of protein when growing pigs were fed diets containing 4, 8 and 16% rapeseed oil (Jørgensen et al., 1996). ...
Eighteen crossbred (HS x Ghungroo) grower pigs (about 2 months age, weighing from 5.95±0.33 to 6.03±0.53 kg) were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design. The pigs were fed on three different experimental diets by replacing maize with bakery waste at 0, 25 and 50% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The pigs were fed on the experimental grower rations twice daily. The average dry matter intake (g/d) was ranged from 635.0 in T1 to 690.5 in T3, respectively and same was increased (P < 0.01) with increase level of bakery waste in the diets. The digestibility of DM, OM and NFE were similar (P > 0.05) across the treatments, while digestibility of CP and EE were higher with both the bakery waste containing diets T2 and T3 when compared to T1. The digestibility of crude fiber decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with incorporation of bakery waste in the diet. The average DM intake was 635.0±3.08, 661.6±4.07 and 690.5±3.07 g/d, respectively in T1, T2 and T3 groups which was improved (P < 0.01) significantly with increasing level of bakery waste in the diets. The ADG was 227.6±15.5, 230.6±5.33 and 218.4±11.69 g/d, respectively in T1, T2 and T3 groups showing similar values among the groups. Similarly, FCR was also found similar across all the treatments. The cost of production per kg LW (Rs.) ranged from 46.97±2.92 in T3 to 53.22±3.11 in T1 group which was similar across all the treatments. It was reduced (P > 0.05) by Rs. 3.71 and Rs.6.25 in T2 and T3 groups, respectively in comparison to T1 group. It is concluded that maize can be replaced up to 50% with bakery waste for formulation of economic ration without affecting the growth, FCR and feed cost per kg gain in crossbred pigs.
... However, in the present study, the absence of an interaction between ES and DE level with regard to the optimum Lys to DE ratio deviates from conclusions by Kampman-van de Hoek et al. (2013). The early work involved only starch as a source for extra energy, and the diets may have supplied an The absence of an effect of ES on ATTD of CP in growing pigs corresponds to findings in a previous study (Berschauer et al., 1983), and an increased CP digestibility with increasing rapeseed oil concentrations in the diet has also been reported (Jorgensen et al., 1996). Moreover, Li and Sauer (1994) found ileal CP digestibility to increase when adding rapeseed oil to the diet, but ATTD of CP was unaffected in their study. ...
In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 28 growing boars (initial BW of 24.7 ± 1.5 kg) were used to examine the effects of energy source (high starch vs. high fat) and DE level (2.2 vs. 2.7 times the DE requirements for maintenance) on Lys requirements. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. A within-animal Lys titration technique was used to assess the responses to changes in Lys to energy ratio. The amount of apparent ileal digestible Lys in the diet decreased stepwise from 1.74 to 0.5 g/MJ DE in 8 equidistant steps of 3 d each. From 48-h urinary nitrogen excretion, the optimal Lys to energy ratio was estimated for each pig using a linear-plateau model. Feces were collected quantitatively over 27 d to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. The DE to ADG ratio, but not DE intake and ADG, tended ( < 0.1) to be 4% lower in the high-starch group than in the high-fat group. The ATTD of energy and CP tended ( < 0.1) to be lower (0.8% and 0.9% units, respectively) at the high DE level. The ATTD of energy was 2.2% units greater ( < 0.001) for pigs fed the high-starch diet, but the ATTD of CP was not affected by ES. Estimates for the intercept (21.2% to 22.8%), slope (57.4 to 59.6), transition point (0.84 to 0.86 g Lys/MJ DE), and plateau (70.6% to 72.3%) of the linear-plateau Lys titration curves were not affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, ES does not affect Lys requirements in growing pigs regardless the level of DE intake.
... However, in the present study, the absence of an interaction between ES and DE level with regard to the optimum Lys to DE ratio deviates from conclusions by Kampman-van de Hoek et al. (2013). The early work involved only starch as a source for extra energy, and the diets may have supplied an The absence of an effect of ES on ATTD of CP in growing pigs corresponds to findings in a previous study (Berschauer et al., 1983), and an increased CP digestibility with increasing rapeseed oil concentrations in the diet has also been reported (Jorgensen et al., 1996). Moreover, Li and Sauer (1994) found ileal CP digestibility to increase when adding rapeseed oil to the diet, but ATTD of CP was unaffected in their study. ...
In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 28 growing boars (initial BW of 24.7 ± 1.5 kg) were used to examine the effects of energy source (high starch vs. high fat) and DE level (2.2 vs. 2.7 times the DE requirements for maintenance) on Lys requirements. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. A within-animal Lys titration technique was used to assess the responses to changes in Lys to energy ratio. The amount of apparent ileal digestible Lys in the diet decreased stepwise from 1.74 to 0.5 g/MJ DE in 8 equidistant steps of 3 d each. From 48-h urinary nitrogen excretion, the optimal Lys to energy ratio was estimated for each pig using a linear- plateau model. Feces were collected quantitatively over 27 d to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. The DE to ADG ratio, but not DE intake and ADG, tended (P < 0.1) to be 4% lower in the high-starch group than in the high-fat group. The ATTD of energy and CP tended (P < 0.1) to be lower (0.8% and 0.9% units, respectively) at the high DE level. The ATTD of energy was 2.2% units greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed the high-starch diet, but the ATTD of CP was not affected by ES. Estimates for the intercept (21.2% to 22.8%), slope (57.4 to 59.6), transition point (0.84 to 0.86 g Lys/MJ DE), and plateau (70.6% to 72.3%) of the linear-plateau Lys titration curves were not affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, ES does not affect Lys requirements in growing pigs regardless the level of DE intake. © 2015 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
... It was not possible to account for the fat provided from corn bran in the calculations of ATTD values for AEE in the diets and it was assumed that the small quantities of fat from corn bran did not infl uence the results of the experiment. The linear and quadratic increase in the AID and ATTD of AEE that was observed as the dietary inclusion of extracted corn oil increased was anticipated and in agreement with data from research with extracted oils such as animal fat (Just et al., 1980), soybean oil (Jørgensen et al., 1993), rapeseed oil (Jørgensen et al., 1996), and corn oil (Kil et al., 2010). The reason for this curvilinear response is that the endogenous loss of AEE contributes a relatively larger proportion to the total AEE output in diets with less AEE concentrations than in diets with greater AEE concentrations (Kil et al., 2010). ...
An experiment was conducted to determine the true ileal digestibility (TID) and the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in extracted corn oil, high-oil corn, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ, and high protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG), and to compare these values to the TID and TTTD of AEE in full-fat soybeans. Nineteen barrows with an initial BW of 52.2 kg (SD = 3.8) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a 19 × 11 Youden square design with 19 diets and 11 periods. A basal diet based on cornstarch, casein, sucrose, and corn bran was formulated. Eighteen additional diets were formulated by adding 3 levels of extracted corn oil, high-oil corn, DDGS, corn germ, HP DDG, or full-fat soybeans to the basal diet. The apparent ileal and the apparent total tract digestibility of AEE were calculated for each diet. The endogenous flow of AEE associated with each ingredient and values for TID and TTTD were calculated using the regression procedure. Results indicated that digested AEE in ileal digesta and feces linearly increased as AEE intake increased regardless of ingredient (P < 0.001) and the regression of ileal and fecal AEE output against AEE intake was significant for all ingredients (P < 0.001; r(2) > 0.77). However, the ileal and fecal endogenous losses of AEE were different (P < 0.05) from zero only for extracted corn oil, HP DDG, and full-fat soybeans. The TID of AEE was greater (P < 0.05) for extracted corn oil (95.4%) than for all other ingredients. The TID of AEE in HP DDG (76.5%) was not different from the TID of AEE in full-fat soybeans (85.2%), but greater (P < 0.05) than high-oil corn, DDGS, and corn germ (53.0, 62.1, and 50.1%, respectively). The TTTD of AEE was greater (P < 0.05) for extracted corn oil (94.3%) than for all other ingredients, and the TTTD in full-fat soybeans (79.7%) was greater (P < 0.05) than the TTTD of AEE in high-oil corn, DDGS, corn germ, and HP DDG (41.4, 51.9, 43.9, and 70.2%, respectively). The TTTD of AEE in HP DDG was also greater (P < 0.05) than in high-oil corn, DDGS, and corn germ. In conclusion, the intact sources of oil originating from high-oil corn, DDGS, corn germ, or HP DDG are much less digestible than extracted corn oil, and with the exception of HP DDG, these sources of corn oil are also less digestible than the intact oil in full fat soybeans.
... Several studies have examined feeding supplemental full-fat, low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (canola or analogs). Jørgensen et al. (1996) fed 0, 4, 8, or 16% supplemental rapeseed oil from 20 kg BW to slaughter. After 40 kg BW, the pigs fed 16% fat had reduced feed intake and performance. ...
The inclusion of saturated fats of animal origin in human diets may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases. It was estimated that animal products contribute up to 60% of SFA to human diets. Current public awareness on the health properties of PUFA, including α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), which are believed to improve human health, has increased the interest for animal products rich in these FA. Supplementing the diet of animals with specific oil seeds and vegetable oils has been reported to enhance the contents of CLA and n-3 FA in egg, meat and milk. Manipulation of fatty acid profiles in animal products including eggs, meat and milk through feeding specific oil seeds and vegetable oils will be reviewed.
... Use of oil obtained from the soybean grain, which is known to have high content of unsaturated fatty acids, in nutrition of pigs can induce significant changes in fatty acid profile/composition of pork in direction of increase of unsaturated fatty acids (Migdal et al., 1998(Migdal et al., , 2001Mitchaothai et al., 2007), which is in concordance with health recommendations about reduced intake of saturated fatty acids through food. However, meat with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids may lead to meat and meat products, which can be characterized as ''soft'', and therefore of inferior quality (Jørgensen et al., 1996;Warnants et al., 1998;Cameron et al., 1999). Finally, there is a strong inverse correlation between the amount of fat and the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Wood and Enser, 1997). ...
Total of 40 castrated fatteners of Swedish Landrace breed, divided into two groups based on their gender (20 pigs in each group) were used in the study to determine the effect of gender on share of tissues and chemical composition of the fat taken from the belly carcass part. All pigs were fed diet containing additive of 1.25% of soybean oil. Even though the weight of belly part was similar in animals of both genders, female animals had higher share of muscle tissue (P<0.05), whereas male animals had higher share of intermuscular and total fat tissue (P<0.01). Addition of soybean oil, with high share of PUFA, to pig nutrition can significantly influence the increase of unsaturated fats. Female fatteners had more extracted fat in fat tissue and higher content of PUFA, however, statistically significant difference was established only in share of SFA, which was considerably lower (P<0.05) in comparison to male animals. Consequently, PUFA:SFA ratio was significantly higher in female animals (0.51) compared to male fatteners (0.39). Iodine number/value determined for fat was in the range from 63.00 in males to 64.36 in female animals without statistically significant difference. Based on obtained results it can be conlcuded that, inr egard to the nutritional quality, belly part from female fatteners may provide a balanced fatty acid intake for consumers (PUFA:SFA>0.4). However, in regard to the technological quality, fat (bacon) obtained from female animals had lower sustainability, due to more rapid fat oxidation, and it was of poorer technological quality due to softer fat tissue and more difficult cutting.
... Several experiments have shown that an increase in energy concentration results in a decrease in feed intake but does not negatively affect daily gain, resulting in an improvement in feed efficiency (Hulan et al. 1984; Nir et al. 1994; Zollitsch et al. 1997). Earlier experiments with growing pigs with either addition of animal fat or rapeseed oil showed that digestible fat improved the efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) substantially (Just 1982; Jørgensen et al. 1996a). However, fat inclusion in broiler diets affects carcass fat quality, because dietary fatty acids can be incorporated directly into body fat (Olomu and Baracos 1991; Scaife et al. 1994; Engberg et al. 1996; Jakobsen 1999; Mlodkowski et al. 2003). ...
... 62, No. 4, August 2008, 331 within the liver are avoided (Krogdahl 1985). In addition, the absorbed fat or fatty acids can be directly deposited in adipose tissue without any biochemical transformations which makes the efficiency of ME higher than from dietary protein and starch or fibre (Just 1982; Jørgensen et al. 1996a). Nevertheless, fats used in farm animal diets are extremely diverse in chemical structure, which influences their energy value to a great extent (Huyghebaert et al. 1988; Wiseman and Salvador 1989; Nir et al. 1994; Scheele et al. 1999; Zheng et al. 2006; Straarup et al. 2006). ...
... In another experiment with broiler chickens fed increasing amount of specific structured triacylglycerides at the expense of rapeseed oil Zheng et al. (2006) reported a decreasing weight of the small intestine and colon. A similar hypertrophy of gut tissues has been found in studies on different types of dietary fibres (Savory 1992; Jørgensen et al. 1996a; Simon 1998), and with other animal species such as the rat (Hansen et al. 1992; Zhao et al. 1995) and pig (Jørgensen et al. 1996c). Thus, there is ample evidence that dietary fibre may cause a significant expansion of the gastrointestinal tract. ...
The effect of feeding 0, 4, 8 and 16% rapeseed oil from 12-42 days of age was studied in broiler chickens on performance, digestibility of nutrients, and development of gastrointestinal tract, protein and energy metabolism. Thirty six female chickens (Ross 208) with initial body weight average 246 g were allocated to the four groups and kept pair-wise in metabolism cages. The chickens were fed similar amounts of metabolisable energy (ME) per day and similar amounts of essential amino acids relative to ME by adjusting with crystalline amino acids. The chickens were subjected to four balance periods each of five days with two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air-circuit respiration chambers inserted on the second and third day of each period. The addition of rapeseed oil increased the amount of gutfill indicating a reduced rate of passage and causing a hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a positive effect on feed utilisation as well as on digestibility especially of dietary fat together with higher utilisation of protein with addition of rapeseed oil. The partial fat digestibility of rapeseed oil estimated by regression was 91.1% and the partial metabolisability (ME/GE) of the rapeseed oil was estimated to 85% yielding an apparent metabolisable energy value of 34.30 MJ/kg.
... Thus, the effects on production animals of dietary inclusion of vegetable oils, instead of animal fat, are of interest. In general, pigs digest vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FA) more efficiently than they do animal fats rich in saturated FA (SFA) (Cera et al., 1998(Cera et al., , 1990Jorgensen et al., 1996). The FA composition of subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (IMF) of pigs ...
The apparent digestibility and deposition in carcass of individual dietary fatty acids (FA) were determined in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil. The beef tallow was rich in saturated FA (SFA) and the sunflower oil had a high content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). A total of 39 barrows was used. The experimental diets contained 5% (w/w) of the variable fat source and were fed ad libitum. The dietary fat type had no effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance, even though the apparent digestibilities of crude fat and crude protein were higher (p < 0.05) in the animals fed sunflower oil. The pigs fed the sunflower oil diet showed higher apparent digestibilities (p < 0.05) of the sum of SFA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and PUFA, but had a lower digestibility (p < 0.05) of stearic acid. The intakes of individual digestible FA were derived feed intake data, FA contents of the diets and the digestibility of individual FA. For the entire feeding period of 13 weeks, the ratio of deposition in carcass to intake of digestible FA was increased (p < 0.05) for palmitic and stearic acid in the pigs fed sunflower oil, but the ratios for oleic acid and linoleic acid were decreased (p < 0.001). In the pigs fed sunflower oil instead of beef tallow, the deposition:intake ratio was raised for the SFA (p < 0.001), but diminished for the MUFA (p < 0.05). The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of SFA was increased (p < 0.05) and that of MUFA decreased (p < 0.05) in the pigs fed sunflower oil. It is concluded that the feeding of a diet with sunflower oil instead of beef tallow improved apparent digestibility of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, increased the deposition:digestible intake ratio for SFA, but lowered that for MUFA and PUFA.
