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The research was carried on rather small tubers (55-60 g) of four Zantedeschia cultivars: 'Black Magic', 'Pink Persuasion', 'Cameo' and 'Florex Gold'. The aim of the experiment was the evaluation of gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment, tuber dips in 0, 50 and 100 mg L-1 GA3 solutions before planting. Plants were grown outdoors, in containers during su...
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... During the experiments, measurements and observations were carried out regarding the mass of tubers and their multiplication ability, the vegetation period of the plant and the development of floral stems, plant height and flower stem length, number of leaves / plant, number of flowers / plant, flowering period (Treder, 2005). The weight of the tubers was determined before planting and after the end of the growing season, when they were lifted for the dormancy period. ...
... Thus, it appears that during the three years of experiment, underground organ weights increased 3-4 times. Similar observations made Treder (2005) in 'Black Magic', 'Cameo', 'Pink Persuasion' and 'Florex Gold' cultivars, noting that tuber weight increased on average 3-5 times compared to the initial weight. ...
... By comparing the average values over the three years, there was positive differences significantly distinct comparing with the control. Treder (2005) confirmed that the yield, after the treatments, was 1.6, 1.7, 2.4 and 2.8 times higher than in control plants at "Black Magic", "Florex Gold ',' Pink Persuasion "and" Cameo " cultivars. These data confirm earlier observations on Zantedeschia (Corr and Widmer, 1987;Dennis et al., 1994;Janowska and Krause, 2001). ...
The species from Zantedeschia genus are included in two major sections, Zantedeschia and Aestivae, differentiated by the type of underground organ, resting period, flowering and color of the spathe. Callas with colored spathe are part of Aestivae section. In this paper it is analyzed the influence of gibberellic acid treatments (GA3) on growth and development of Zantedeschia sprengeri cv. 'Picasso' plants, grown in the greenhouse. Evaluation of gibberellins on calla plants (cv. 'Picasso') was carried out in 2012-2014 in an experimental culture established in the greenhouse soil. Tubers were treated by soaking them in GA3 solution (250 ppm) for 30 min., prior to planting. There have been made determinations and observations regarding the mass tubers and their multiplication ability, the beginning of the vegetation period and the emergence of floriferous stems, plant height and length of flower stems, number of leaves / plant, number of flowers / plant and the flowering period. The results obtained in the treated variant were compared with the control, untreated. Weight and size of the tubers and the start of the vegetation period of the plant were not significantly influenced by GA3 treatment. Instead, the treatment favored the formation of leaves and flower stems, and determined early emergence of flowers and flowering stems with 10-20 days. It has been shown that the treatment with gibberellins on Zantedeschia 'Picasso' tubers caused earlier flowering and the formation of a greater number of flowers and leaves.
... Adjustment of growth and flowering was showed particular concern for plants grown for cut flower production (Al-Khassawneh et al., 2006). Anthurium and Zantedeschia are very attractive plants for cut flowers and pot plants (Treder, 2005). The natural flowering rate is quite low. ...
... These two species could distinguish by inflorescences, but R. vivipara were seldom flowering (Huang and Hsieh, 2014). Previous studies had reported cold temperature and plant hormone (gibberellic acid) can induce flowering in the species of Araceae, such as Zantedeschia spp., and Amorphophallus muelleri (Brooking and Cohen, 2002;Treder, 2005;Zhao et al., 2010). An increasing number of studies also reported that the initial tuber, bulb or rhizome size is one of the critical factors affecting the flowering, production and quality of the flowers and vegetative growth in bulbous or tuberous species (Addai and Scott, 2011;Ahmad et al., 2009;Morales et al., 2009;Raja and Palanisamy, concentrations and tuber size that will produce good quality flowers and vegetation growth in R. vivipara has not been documented in the literature. ...
Remusatia vivipara is an epiphyte of possibly ornamentally and medically important plant, but flowering is rare in fields. The present experiments were conducted to study the influences of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and tuber sizes on the flower initiation, inflorescence characteristics and vegetative growth in R. vivipara. GA3 concentration as low as 25 mg L-1could induce flowering. The results of a binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the flowering was significantly associated both with GA3 concentration and tuber size. However, comparing with the non-GA3 treated tubers, different GA3 concentrations did not significantly affect flowering. The result also showed no significant effect induced by GA3 treatments on the number of days to flower. In contrast, the Wald statistic revealed that both tuber size (2.51–3.00 cm) and tuber size (3.01–3.50 cm) made more significant contributions to the prediction of flowering. Tuber diameters above 3.01 cm with 100 mg L-1GA3 treatment could bring all plants to flower. Results of canonical discriminant analysis and ANOVA tests indicated that there were no differences for all inflorescence characters (inflorescence length, male zone length, sterile zone length and female zone length) among different concentrations of GA3 tested. On the contrary, significant differences among the tuber diameter classes for all inflorescence characteristics measured were markedly evident. Generally, sizes of almost all inflorescence characteristics increased with increasing tuber sizes. When considering vegetative characters, significant differences in the fresh and dry weights of bulbil stolon were found between treated and untreated tubers. Although there was a trend of increase in weights with increasing GA3 concentrations, but this was not statistically significant. Our results for R. vivipara showed the induction of flowering by GA3 only influence of flower initiation, but no effects on inflorescence and vegetation characteristics. The present study also revealed that large tuber size made more significant contributions to the prediction of flowering, and the magnitude of inflorescence characteristics.
... Although the minimal tuber size for inflorescence differentiation can be strongly reduced in in vitro plantlets (Naor et al., 2004), flower yield and quality in Zantedeschia depend on tuber size (Corr and Widmer, 1991). This linkage is further affected by level of apical dominance and gibberellin application in dif-ferent cultivars (Funnell et al., 1992;Reiser and Langhans, 1993;Treder, 2005). Thus, high quality of floral stems is usually achieved by forcing relatively large size tubers. ...
... The remarkable fact that application of GA 3 did not enhance the elongation of inflorescence peduncles, or the elongation of the leaf blade and petiole, was in accordance with previous studies in colored Zantedeschia (Reiser and Langhans, 1993;Dennis et al., 1994;Treder, 2005). The small effect of GA 3 on organ elongation was in contrast to its larger effect on the number of floral stems, tuber weight, and blade width. ...
Involvement of gibberellin in the regulation of size and shape of different plant organs (leaf, floral stem, and tuber) were studied in colored Zantedeschia cv. 'Calla Gold' (CG). The effect of gibberellin on allometric relationships between these organs was also examined. Tubers were dipped in solutions of GA(3) (0.6 mM) or of the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor Uniconazole (3.4 mM) prior to storage, prior to planting, or twice-before storage and before planting. The effects of the growth regulators were followed in plants grown in pots in a screen house under 50% shade. Tuber weight was reduced by both GA(3) and Uniconazole, but by different processes. GA(3) increased the number of the floral stems per plant, but did not affect floral stem length or blade and petiole length. Uniconazole reduced the proportion of flowering plants, and inhibited leaf and stem elongation. Co-application with GA(3) canceled the inhibitory action of Uniconazole on leaf and peduncle elongation. This suggests that gibberellin is involved in the regulation of organ elongation, despite lack of direct effect of exogenous GA(3) application. Linear positive relationships were found across the different treatments between tuber weight vs. leaf area, petiole length vs. blade length, petiole length vs. floral stem length, and blade length vs. floral stem length. The constancy in size relationships suggests that the action of the growth regulators on the growth of the different organs were according to intrinsic allometric relationships among them. The differential action of GA(3) on flowering and on stem and leaf elongation is discussed.
... Many coloured cultivars of calla lily, commonly grown for cut flowers, are derived from crosses between other species of Zantedeschia (Zantedeschia rehmanii, Zantedeschia albomaculata and Zantedeschia pentlandii). They grow naturally in areas of south and eastern mountainous regions of South Africa at altitudes of 1200-2000 m and differ in some botanical characters, mainly in spathe colours (white, yellow, light-rose, creamy, light-yellow and red), leaf maculation and cycle of growth habit (Funnell, 1993;Treder, 2005). ...
Soft rot is the most important disease on calla lily in Poland. The isolation of the presumptive pathogen from symptomatic tubers on nutrient agar yielded bacteria with different colony morphology. Of 41 isolates collected, 10 showed pectolytic activity on crystal violet pectate medium and caused soft rot on potato slices. All pectolytic bacteria appeared to be Gram-negative rods producing typical soft rot on inoculated leaf petioles of calla lily. Bacteria with colonies which morphologically resembled those used for inoculation were re-isolated from diseased petioles. Their identification was based on phenotypic characters and sequence of the gene fragment coding 16S rRNA. It was found that, in addition to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, soft rot of calla lily can be caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas veronii and Chryseobacterium indologenes. The latter two are described for the first time as plant pathogens. The pectolytic activity of all identified bacteria, except that of P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, was lower than that of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, but strains of P. veronii showed a higher activity than P. marginalisand C. indologenes species.
Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Garten.) is one of the most popular cut flower in Thailand for long time, since its flower related to Buddhism ceremony. However, the plant had limited for year round production when it came to dormancy in winter. Lead to less floral product in the market. This study was aim to clarify the effect of gibberellins acid application on flowering of sacred lotus plant. The experiment was conducted in CRD by spraying different GA3 concentrations as 0, 200 and 400 ppm, every 3 times for every week in one years of lotus plant. Plant growth and flowering of sacred lotus were collected. Some biochemical substances in each plant component were analyzed. The result show that parallel increasing of GA3 concentration spraying made the plant to decrease total leaf area and leaf number, but increase leaf stalk length and the percentage of flowering. The longest flower stalk length was found in 400 ppm of GA3 spraying treatment. When all plant components were analyzed for biochemical substance, it was found that the nitrogen (N) content in each organs were fluctuated. While, the application of GA3 400 ppm gave the highest phosphorus (P) content in leaf and leaf stalk and the highest potassium (K) content in leaf stalk. However, the increasing of GA3 concentration gave the lowest reducing sugar in leaf, leaf stalk and stolon.
Two separated experiments were conducted to show brightly the rhizome and pots size effect on the vegetative and floral growth, rhizomes yield under protected cultivation conditions (Glass House and Lath House). The experiments were used the design as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), every experiments included two factors, the first was rhizome size which contains three sizes in depending on the diameter (2.5-3 and 3.1 to 3.5 and 3.6-4 cm), while the second factor was the pots size which were (11, 12, 14 inch). The results showed the superiority of the big size on rhizome in plant height, leaves number which mentioned highest value of 25.78 cm and 7.32 leaves inside the glass house, and also caused flowering advancing with 122.00, 134.50 days for the two situations. The rhizome size investigate high height, diameter, wet weight of inflorescence and flowering period reached to 41.25, 44.48 cm and 12.13 , 12.51 mm and 15.24, 22.12 g and 14.00 , 14.30 day for the two places successively. The pot size appeared superiorly of small one in vegetative growth, bud numbers and leaves numbers 24.05 cm and 2.10 bud.rhizome-1 and 7:44 leaf for plant grew in a glass house, while the grand pot effect on flowering advancing needed 119.16, 132.27 days for two places successively, as well as that flowering period, high height and diameter of inflorescences 16.33, 12.33 days and 43.65, 42.08 cm and 13.58, 11.33 mm for two places successively. The results showed also superiority in plant properties planted in the lath house compared with plants planted in glass house so investigated highest growth vegetative, bud numbers and leaves numbers reached to 44.80 cm and 2.32 bud.rhizome-1 and 9.99 leaf, but the plants need longest period till flowering reached to 149.91 days, as well as flowering plant increased to 48.88% with flowers wet weight reached to 19.16g. Keyword: Calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica), rhizome size, pot size, glass house, lath house.
The international trade in floriculture is estimated to be worth about US$150 billion, with the global demand for ornamentals
steadily increasing. Consumer choice is influenced by factors such as plant architecture and flower colour. Conventional breeding
has been responsible for the introduction of novel traits into ornamental plants and has played an important role in the development
of new cultivars. However, a restricted gene pool and failure of distant crosses have led to the exploitation of somatic cell
techniques, particularly genetic transformation, to generate plants with desirable traits. Gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous
plant hormones that control key aspects of growth and development. Chemical growth regulators that modify GA biosynthesis
are used extensively in horticulture to control plant stature, increasing production costs, manpower, and environmental risks.
An alternative strategy involves genetic manipulation of GA metabolism to induce phenotypic changes, particularly alteration
of stature. Because ornamentals are not used for human consumption, genetic manipulation approaches with these plants may
be more acceptable in the immediate future to the general public, in certain parts of the world, than genetically manipulated
food crops.
KeywordsGibberellins (GA)-GA oxidase genes-
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
Gibberellins (GAs) control many aspects of plant development, including seed germination, shoot growth, flower induction and growth and fruit expansion. Leaf explants of Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade; Solanaceae) were used for Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of GA-biosynthetic genes to determine the influence of their encoded enzymes on the production of bioactive GAs and plant stature in this species. Constructs were prepared containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene for kanamycin resistance as a selectable marker, and the GA-biosynthetic genes, their expression under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The GA-biosynthetic genes comprised AtGA20ox1, isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, the product from which catalyses the formation of C(19)-GAs, and MmGA3ox1 and MmGA3ox2, isolated from Marah macrocarpus, which encode functionally different GA 3-oxidases that convert C(19)-GAs to biologically active forms. Increase in stature was observed in plants transformed with AtGA20ox1, MmGA3ox2 and MmGA3ox1 + MmGA3ox2, their presence and expression being confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR, respectively, accompanied by an increase in GA(1) content. Interestingly, MmGA3ox1 alone did not induce a sustained increase in plant height, probably because of only a marginal increase in bioactive GA(1) content in the transformed plants. The results are discussed in the context of regulating plant stature, since this strategy would decrease the use of chemicals to promote plant growth.
