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This study investigates the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition in the gluteus medius muscle of the Akhal-Teke horses using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Fifteen horses aged between 1.5 and 23.5 years were used in this study and divided into three age groups: 1.5 to 4 (n = 6), 9 to 13 (n = 5) and 18...
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Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MyHC) fiber type composition is a critical determinant of overall muscle function and health. Various approaches interrogate fiber type at the single cell, but the two most commonly utilized are single muscle fiber sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (smfSDS-PAGE) and fluorescent immunohisto...
Introduction:
Diabetes is associated with accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. We compared the contractile properties of single muscle fibers in young rat soleus muscle of uncontrolled streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals (n = 10) and nondiabetic controls (n = 10).
Methods:
Single fiber maximal force, shortening velocity, and power w...
In the present study, amylase activity existing in the gut of different species of sparid fish was measured and characterized. The study was conducted on five species of Mediterranean sparids, (F. Sparidae), some of which coexist in the same coastal waters; Pagrus pagrus, Pagellus erytrhinus, P. bogaraveo, Boops boops and Diplodus annularis. Main d...
Citations
... These horses were selected for endurance to cover long distances in harsh climates (Cozzi et al. 2018). During the last century, they have been selected for their speed in connection with racing (Leisson et al. 2011). These horses are medium sized (15-15.2 ...
Dareshouri, Arabian, and Akhal-Teke are three Middle Eastern horse breeds that have been selected for endurance and adaptation to harsh climates. Deciphering the genetic characteristics of these horses by tracing selection footprints and copy number of variations will be helpful in improving our understanding of equine breeds' development and adaptation. For this purpose, we sequenced the whole-genome of four Dareshouri horses using Illumina Hiseq panels and compared them with publicly available whole-genome sequences of Arabian (n=3) and Akhal-Teke (n=3) horses . Three tests of FLK, hapFLK, and pooled heterozygosity were applied using a sliding window (window size=100kb, step size=50kb) approach to detect putative selection signals. Copy number variation analysis was applied to investigate copy number of variants (CNVs), and the results were used to suggest selection signatures involving CNVs. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated 8,837,950 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in autosomal chromosomes. We suggested 58 genes and three quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including some related to horse gait, insect bite hypersensitivity, and withers height, based on selective signals detected by adjusted p-value of Mahalanobis distance based on the rank-based P-values (Md-rank-P) method. We proposed 12 genomic regions under selection pressure involving CNVs which were previously reported to be associated with metabolism energy (SLC5A8), champagne dilution in horses (SLC36A1), and synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAT2). Only 10 Middle Eastern horses were tested in this study; therefore, the conclusions are speculative. Our findings are useful to better understanding the evolution and adaptation of Middle Eastern horse breeds.
... These horses were selected for endurance to cover long distances in harsh climates (Cozzi et al. 2018). During the last century, they have been selected for their speed in connection with racing (Leisson et al. 2011). These horses are medium sized (15-15.2 ...
... The Akhal-Teke horse breed has its origin in central Asia and is known for high endurance and the characteristic metallic shine of its hair (Leisson et al. 2011). The Akhal-Teke studbook is closed since 1932. ...
Naked foal syndrome (NFS) is a genodermatosis in the Akhal-Teke horse breed. We provide the first scientific description of this phenotype. Affected horses had almost no hair and showed a mild ichthyosis. So far, all known NFS affected horses died between a few weeks and 3 years of age. It is not clear whether a specific pathology caused the premature deaths. NFS is inherited as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait. We mapped the disease causing genetic variant to two segments on chromosomes 7 and 27 in the equine genome. Whole genome sequencing of two affected horses, two obligate carriers, and 75 control horses from other breeds revealed a single non-synonymous genetic variant on the chromosome 7 segment that was perfectly associated with NFS. The affected horses were homozygous for ST14:c.388G>T, a nonsense variant that truncates more than 80% of the open reading frame of the ST14 gene (p.Glu130*). The variant leads to partial nonsense mediated decay of the mutant transcript. Genetic variants in the ST14 gene are responsible for autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis 11 in humans. Thus, the identified equine ST14:c.388G>T variant is an excellent candidate causative variant for NFS and the affected horses represent a large animal model for a known human genodermatosis. Our findings will enable genetic testing to avoid the non-intentional breeding of NFS affected foals.
... However the breeding selection during the last 100 years has been strongly based on speed. The present studies about the muscle characteristics of Akhal-Teke horses have shown that there is a great variability of the MyHC and MyLC content in Akhal-Teke breed among the individual animals Leisson et al., 2011). As this finding is also noted in other breeds (Gondim et al., 2005;Lopez-Rivero et al., 1991Wood et al., 1988), therefore it is interesting to investigate whether the pedigree influences the muscle fiber composition within a breed. ...
... The skeletal muscles of Akhal-Teke horses have relatively high amount of fast fibers (about 50% MyHC IIx isoforms) but both the current and the previous studies show that the myosin isoform pattern can vary greatly among the individuals Leisson et al., 2011) proving that the horses of this breed can have the capacity both for endurance or speed (Kawai et al., 2009;Leisson et al., 2008;Rivero and Serrano, 1999). ...
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between MyHC and MyLC isoforms and the pedigree of the horses from different genetic background and gender. 26 Purebred Akhal-Teke horses (8 stallions and 18 mares) were used in this study, the horses belonged to 7 different sire lines and 9 different dam families. A muscle biopsy of depth 60 mm from the left gluteus medius muscle was obtained. The present study found the highest heritability for MyLC 1(fast), MYLC 2(slow) and MyHC I isoform proportions, while only the first was statistically significantly different from zero. The mares had higher proportion of MyHC IIx and MyLC 3(fast) isoforms than the stallions. No statistically significant differences were found between sire lines and dam families. However, as the heritability of MyHC and MyLC in horses is found to be of moderate value, our study does not reject the hypothesis that it could be used as additional parameter in choosing the right animals for sport and breeding.
... The number of MyHC isoforms expressed in skeletal muscle depends on the species. In large mammals, three isoforms are expressed in skeletal muscle (MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx) [16,34]. Proof of the abovementioned standpoint about the functional role of myosin isoforms is shown in the studies, where MyLC 1 fast and MyLC 2 fast isoforms relative content was found to increase in parallel with the increase in relative content of MyHC IIb isoform during muscle atrophy [4]. ...
... It may also be that variations in MyHC isoforms are not sufficient for fulfilling motor functions of muscles, and other myofibrillar proteins or posttranslational modifications of these proteins may have a significant role in the regulation of main muscle function [38,39]. Although among horses, the Akhal-Teke breed is known for great endurance and speed capacity [34], the relative content of MyHC IIx/d isoform is about 2.7 times higher in horse muscle and about 2.2 times higher in rat muscle than in human muscle. There is also a higher relative content of MyLC 1 fast and MyLC 2 fast isoforms in horse and rat muscle. ...
The distribution of myosin heavy (MyHC) and my-osin light chain (MyLC) isoform pattern in horse, rat and human skeletal muscle was investigated to estab-lish relations between them and the role of myosin isoform patterns in mammalian muscle with different twitch characteristics was studied. These two iso-forms were separated in a SDS-PAGE gel system, stained using the coomassie and silver staining pro-cedures, and the results were analyzed using a G:BOX system. The relative content of MyHC I iso-form in muscle was 2.6 times higher than in human compared to horse muscle (p < 0.001), and 6.3 times higher than in rat muscle (p < 0.001). The relative content of MyHC IIx/d isoform in horse muscle is 2.7 times, and in rat muscle 2.2 times higher in compari-son with human muscle (p < 0.001). The role of the MyLC isoform distribution in mammalian skeletal muscle seems to depend on the oxidative capacity of muscles.
... Little is known about age-related changes in skeletal muscle contractile proteins in Akhal-Teke horses [31]. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to find relationships between MyHC and MyLC isoforms' composition and the age of sedentary Akhal-Teke horses. ...
The primary purpose of the present study was to examine age dependence of gluteus medius muscle phenotypic plasticity with regard to myosin light chain (MyLC) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression of sedentary Akhal-Teke horses. A total of 23 Akhal-Teke horses (11 horses, 1.5 to 2.5-year-old; nine horses, 9 to 20-year-old; and three horses, 21 to 23.5-year-old) were studied. A muscle biopsy of depth 60 mm from the left gluteus medius muscle was obtained. MyHC and MyLC isoform pattern was determined in three age groups. The current study demonstrated that in the 21 to 23.5-year-old age group, the relative content of MyHC I isoform and MyLC 1slow isoform decreased significantly. The results of the current study indicate that gluteus medius muscle of Akhal-Teke horses consists of a relatively high percentage of MyHC I and IIa isoforms, which together compose about 50% of MyHC. MyHC IIa and IIx isoforms together compose 88% to 94% of MyHC isoforms. Age-related decrease of the relative content of MyHC I and MyLC 1slow isoforms in gluteus medius muscle starts in Akhal-Teke horses older than 20 years.
... This breed has shown great endurance ability [30], but the trend of breeding selection during the past 100 years has been strongly toward speed. Little is known about age-related changes in skeletal muscle contractile proteins in Akhal-Teke horses [31]. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to find relationships between MyHC and MyLC isoforms' composition and the age of sedentary Akhal-Teke horses. ...
During a single-bout of 6-h swimming, myosin heavy chain (HC) and actin in m. gastrocnemius turned over more slowly than they did in the pre-exercise period, whereas the turnover rate of myosin light chain (LC) increased; 48 h after swimming, actin and myosin HC had a significantly higher turnover rate, but the turnover rate of myosin LC remained at the pre-exercise level. Exercise caused a remarkable decrease in the incorporation of the 14C leucine into actin and myosin HC, but an increase in the incorporation into myosin LC. An elevation of the synthesis rate of actin and myosin HC was observed 48 h after exercise. Myofibrillar proteinase activity at alkaline pH reached its maximum level during exercise, but the same was observed for the proteolytic activity at acid pH 6 h and at neutral pH 24 h after exercise.
Understanding the genetic variations of the horse (Equus caballus) genome will improve breeding conservation and welfare. However, genetic variations in long segments, such as structural variants (SVs), remain understudied. We de novo assembled 10 chromosome-level three-dimensional horse genomes, each representing a distinct breed, and analysed horse SVs using a multi-assembly approach. Our findings suggest that SVs with the accumulation of mammalian-wide interspersed repeats related to long interspersed nuclear elements might be a horse-specific mechanism to modulate genome-wide gene regulatory networks. We found that olfactory receptors were commonly loss and accumulated deleterious mutations, but no purge of deleterious mutations occurred during horse domestication. We examined the potential effects of SVs on the spatial structure of chromatin via topologically associating domains (TADs). Breed-specific TADs were significantly enriched by breed-specific SVs. We identified 4199 unique breakpoint-resolved novel insertions across all chromosomes that account for 2.84 Mb sequences missing from the reference genome. Several novel insertions might have potential functional consequences, as 519 appeared to reside within 449 gene bodies. These genes are primarily involved in pathogen recognition, innate immune responses and drug metabolism. Moreover, 37 diverse horses were resequenced. Combining this with public data, we analysed 97 horses through a comparative population genomics approach to identify the genetic basis underlying breed characteristics using Thoroughbreds as a case study. We provide new scientific evidence for horse domestication, an understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying the phenotypic evolution of horses, and a comprehensive genetic variation resource for further genetic studies of horses.
Objective:
The study investigated the origin of the Akhal-Teke horse using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data and mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 (HVR-1) nucleotide sequences.
Methods:
Genome-wide SNP data from 22 breeds (481 horses) and mitochondrial HVR-1 sequences from 24 breeds (544 sequences) worldwide to examine the origin of the Akhal-Teke horse. The data were analyzed using principal component analysis, linkage disequilibrium analysis, neighbor-joining dendrograms, and ancestry inference to determine the population relationships, ancestral source, genetic structure, and relationships with other varieties.
Results:
A close genetic relationship between the Akhal-Teke horse and horses from the Middle East was found. Analysis of mitochondrial HVR-1 sequences showed that there were no shared haplotypes between the Akhal-Teke and Tarpan horses, and the mitochondrial data indicated that the Akhal-Teke horse has not historically expanded its group. Ancestral inference suggested that Arabian and Caspian horses were the likely ancestors of the Akhal-Teke horse.
Conclusion:
The Akhal-Teke horse originated in the Middle East.
