Figure 3 - uploaded by Danijela Miljković
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The image of European black poplar leaf (Populus nigra L.) with eight parallel line of comb fan two landmarks (1 and 2) and twelve semi-landmarks (3-8 and 9-14) which define the Curvature and shape of the leaf. The 21 and 22 marks used for calibration. The five marks along the leaf nerve, on the place of intersection with the parallel axes, (15-19 white dots) used for the distance from homologs marks on leaf curvature for differences between leaf and right side of leaf and calculate composite index of fluctuating asymmetry FA LEAF . Slika 3. Slika lista europske crne topole (Populus nigra L.) osam linija osa "ceslja" sa dva orjentira (1 i 2), dvanaest polu-oznaka (3-8 i 9-14) koje definiraju zakrivljenost i oblik list. Za kalibraciju se koriste oznake 21 i 22. Pet oznaka duž glavne ose lista, na mjestu raskrižja s paralelnim osima, (15-19 bijelih točkica) koje se koriste za udaljenost od oznaka homologa na zakrivljenosti lista za razlike između listova i desne strane lista i izračunavaju kompozitni indeks fluktuacije asimetrija FA LEAF .
Source publication
Human activity induced global changes in nature, particularly the flooding regime, which is a stress factor affecting wetland ecosystems. Knowledge of plant strategies of wetland vegetation across a range of flooding gradients is therefore very important. Natural flooding events are increasing as a consequence of constant climate changes. This rese...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... collected leaves were scanned (CANON LIDE 110) in 200 ppi resolution (Fig. 3). The digital images were used in the IMP (Integrated morphometrics package) software package ( Sheets et al., 2004). In the MakeFan6 program a set of median landmarks (LM) (1 and 2) was labeled, according to which "comb" with eight lines were constructed (Fig. 3, dashed thin lines accros the leaf). According to the "comb" with parallel ...
Context 2
... collected leaves were scanned (CANON LIDE 110) in 200 ppi resolution (Fig. 3). The digital images were used in the IMP (Integrated morphometrics package) software package ( Sheets et al., 2004). In the MakeFan6 program a set of median landmarks (LM) (1 and 2) was labeled, according to which "comb" with eight lines were constructed (Fig. 3, dashed thin lines accros the leaf). According to the "comb" with parallel axis a uniform series of semilandmarks pairs (SLM) (3-8 left leaf curvature, 9-14 right leaf curvature and 15 to 19 (across leaf midvein) for measuring the distance of homologous points of the leaf margin and the midvein were used. The marks 21 and 22 in gray ...
Context 3
... with parallel axis a uniform series of semilandmarks pairs (SLM) (3-8 left leaf curvature, 9-14 right leaf curvature and 15 to 19 (across leaf midvein) for measuring the distance of homologous points of the leaf margin and the midvein were used. The marks 21 and 22 in gray square were used as the scale factor (mm/pixel) for every digital images (Fig. ...
Citations
... Considered as one of the momentous plant economic traits, leaves play crucial parts in plant-atmosphere interaction [51], such as gas exchange, available photosynthetic area and thermoregulation [52][53][54]. Accordingly, masses of vegetation generated multifarious leaf morphology to survive under various water transpiration rates or stress conditions [55]. Leaf area, petiole length and leaf biomass determined light capture [56] and resulted in high variability [57]. ...
Inundation shifts plant growth, species diversity and ecosystem stability, but it remains unclear how inundation depth shapes the phenotypic variability of clonal plants in an estuary wetland. To reveal the response of clonal plant populations to inundation depth, we calculated the variation of Phragmites australis using shoot height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf biomass and panicle length in the Liaohe estuary wetland. Reproductive allocation was defined by the ratio of panicle length to shoot height. Linear regression showed that shoot height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf biomass and panicle length were negatively correlated with inundation depth, while the ratio of panicle length to shoot height was negatively correlated with inundation depth (p < 0.0001). Based on data regarding the statistical differences of plant phenotypic traits among P. australis, we recognized populations had generated variation differentiation. Compared with other functional traits, the coefficient of variation of leaf-related traits were at a high level. Therefore, leaf parameters would be the most suitable, and they increased the area and weight to support the action of plants during floods. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that P. australis populations in the Liaohe estuary wetland were divided into two phenotypic clusters, consistent with geographical distance and morphological similarity. Our results provide a novel perspective on the ecological strategy of cloned plants under inundation change and offer theories for the conservation and restoration of estuarine wetland ecosystems.
... Phenotypic variation among a population of the same species usually reflects the plant's response to different environmental pressures [1,2]. The phenotypic diversitycommonly refers to leaf, flower, fruit, and seed morphology [3][4][5][6][7][8]. In general, seed size is considered a component of a co-evolving complex of variables, including plant biomass, dispersal, niche specialization, seed dormancy, and competitiveness [9]. ...
Quercus variabilis Blume is one of the most ecologically valuable tree species in China and is known to have adaptive mechanisms to climate change. Our objective was to quantify the variation pattern in the fruit morphology of Q. variabilis. Fruit samples were collected from 43 natural populations in autumn of 2019. Our results indicated that the coefficient of variation (CV) of the fruit length (FL) and fruit width (FW) were 10.08% and 11.21%, respectively. There were significant differences in the FL, FW, and fruit length-to-width ratios (FL/FW) among the studied populations. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between the FW and FL. The FL decreased with increasing precipitation in the wettest quarter (PWQ). A concave trend was observed in the variations in FL with the equivalent latitude (ELAT), longitude (LON), annual mean air temperature (MAT), and annual precipitation (AP). A similar concave trend was observed for the FL/FW with LON, MAT, and AP. A positive correlation was observed between the FW, FL and FL/FW, and the ELAT. The cluster analysis revealed five groups of the 43 natural populations. Our study findings suggests that Q. variabilis has high levels of phenotypic plasticity for geographical and climatic factors.
SAŽETAK Crna topola (Populus nigra L.) je jedna od najznačajnijih europskih vrsta drveća koja nastanjuje aluvijalna staništa uz obale velikih rijeka. Danas je jedna od najugroženijih vrsta šumskog drveća zbog devastacije staništa, regulacije riječnih tokova, i pretjerane ekspolatacije, kao i unošenja alohtonih vrsta drveća s kojima je hibridizirala. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi varijabilnost morfoloških svojstava listova crne topole unutar i između klonova autohtonih populacija i hibrida, te između riječnih slivova u Bosni i Hercegovini, kako bi se učinkovitije pristupilo zaštiti i oplemenjivanju ove vrste. Istraživan je materijal iz klonskog arhiva crnih topola. Arhiv je osnovan 2005. godine u Žepču, od klonova sa 161 stabla autohtonih crnih topola iz 26 populacija širom Bosne i Hercegovine (iz slivova 6 rijeka) te 15 hibridnih vrsta topola. Mjereno je po 5 listova od svakoga klona, a uziman je peti list od vrha glavnog izbojka. Mjerenje je vršeno digitalnim pomičnim mjerilom sa preciznošću od 0.1mm i kutomjerom. Mjereni su: dužina plojke, širina plojke, dužina peteljke, ukupna dužina lista, ugao insercije prvog bočnog nerva i centralnog nerva, udaljenost između najšireg dijela lista i baze lista, broj zubaca u dužini od 1cm iznad najšireg dijela lista. Podaci su obrađeni korištenjem SPSS 26.0 i EXCEL-a, i to prema populacijama i prema slivovima rijeka. Analizom varijance utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između ispitivanih populacija, kao i između slivova rijeka, za sva istraživana svojstva. Najveću varijabilnost pokazalo je svojstvo dužine peteljke, a najmanju kut in-sercije prvog bočnog i centralnog nerva. Populacija dlakavih crnih topola Čapljina ima najmanje dimenzije listova i značajno odstupa u svim mjerenim svojstvima od ostalih. Najčešći broj zubaca na 1cm lisnog ruba je 4 zupca koji se pojavljuje na 38,3% listova. Ovo istraživanje daje mali uvid u morfološke karakteristike crnih topola u klonskom arhivu Žepče, te može pred-stavljati osnovu za daljnja istraživanja u cilju potpunijeg razumijevanja svojstava crnih topola potrebnih za uspješan nastavak rada na oplemenjivanju ove vrste. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: europska crna topola, klonski arhiv, morfološka svojstva listova
Leaves play a central role in plant fitness, allowing efficient light capture, gas exchange and thermoregulation, ensuring optimal growing conditions for the plant. Phenotypic variability in leaf shape and size has been linked to environmental heterogeneity and habitat characteristics. Therefore, the study of foliar morphology in plant populations can help us to identify the environmental factors that may have influenced the process of species diversification. In this study, we used European wild pear (Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd., Rosaceae) as a model species to investigate the phenotypic variability of leaves under different environmental conditions. Using leaf morphometric data from 19 natural populations from the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula, a high level of variability among and within populations were found. Leaf traits related to leaf size were more variable compared to leaf shape traits, with both influenced by geographic and environmental factors. Consequently, patterns of isolation by environment (IBE) and distance (IBD) were identified, with IBE showing a stronger influence on leaf variability. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that European wild pear populations from the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula can be divided into two morphological clusters, consistent with their geographical distance and environmental conditions. Our results confirm a high level of phenotypic variability in European wild pear populations, providing additional data on this poorly studied species, emphasizing phenotypic plasticity as a major driver in the adaptation of this noble hardwood species to rapid climate change.
Key message
Leaf shape in European beech provenances varies geographically, with narrower and longer lamina observed in southern provenances, indicating a direct selection favoring leaf shape that likely safeguards trees performances under less favorable growing conditions.
AbstractSpatial and environmental patterns of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf size and shape variations were studied using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. The study involved eight provenances originating from three biogeographic regions (i.e., Alpine, Continental, and Pannonian), spanning across six European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania and Serbia). All specimens were cultivated in a common garden experiment. The symmetric component of leaf shape variation was analyzed by Procrustes ANOVA and multi‐variate analyses [principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis (CVA)], whereas MANOVA was used to examine asymmetry. Partial least square (PLS) analysis was used to assess the covariation between leaf shape and size, and geographical position and environmental variables at the sites of provenance origin, respectively. A highly observed phenotypic variation for the shape and size of leaf both within and among provenances, indicates a strong local adaptation of provenances within the species natural range. CVA revealed the existence of two clusters of provenances based on the leaf shape, i.e., the first group included provenances originating from Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe, while the second group consisted of two Romanian provenances and the northernmost provenance from Germany. Likewise, PLS evidenced that leaf shape was spatially structured along latitudinal (− 0.64) and longitudinal (0.60) gradients, with southern provenances having longer and narrower (ovate) lamina compared to the northern ones. In contrast, no correlation was found between centroid size and spatial and environmental variables. Results suggest the presence of direct selection favoring a leaf shape that likely safeguards trees from heat and water loses under less favorable growing conditions.
