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The hysteresis in I–V is brought out under influence of voltage poling direction. The simulated I–V characteristic for interfacial defects (Model 1). Insets shows the hysteresis in I–V characteristics for different voltage poling direction for the case of (layer defects) Model 2
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We presented one dimensional defect model to simulate hysteresis in perovskite solar cells.
It can be numerically simulated in perovskite devices with p
+
-i-n
+
coniguration by consid-
ering ions migration under influence of different voltage biasing. The availability of mobile
ion which contribute towards ion migration, ion accumulation at inte...
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Quasi‐2D perovskites have received wide attention in photovoltaics owing to their excellent materials robustness and merits in the device stability. However, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) reported on quasi‐2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still lags those of the 3D counterparts, mainly caused by the relatively high voltage loss. Her...
Citations
... (5) corresponds to the Poisson equation. It can finetune the configuration of solar cell devices by simulating various phenomena related to photovoltaic (PV) devices such as cross-over, light soaking, roll-over, S-kink, multi-junction, split spectrum technique, hysteresis, impurity photovoltaic effect and more [54][55][56][57]. This is achieved through the utilization of defect models, batch setups, special conditions, script files, and etc. ...
We report design simulation on multilayer solar cell architecture aimed at enhancing the absorption efficiency in antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3) absorber based cell via spectrum splitting approach. The poor experimental efficiency chalcogenide absorber (say; ~8% for Sb 2 S 3) based solar cell has been attributed to inadequate rear contact barrier, a high concentration of point defects (both acceptor and donor) within the bulk, low carrier lifetime, and the presence of defects at the absorber/buffer interface. A hetero-structure design modification vis-à-vis experimental report using bandgap tunability of Sb 2 S 3 via point-focusing spectral splitting technique approach has been implemented to upscale the efficiency. The incident solar spectrum has been split into three well defined regimes for a focussed bandgap matching to enable light absorption and minimize transmission and thermali-zation losses. The adopted point-focusing spectral splitting technique in this work has resulted in an efficiency of 18.0%, which is an advancement by 2.25 times over the highest reported efficiency of 8.0% in the literature for Sb 2 S 3 absorber based solar cells.
... Numerical simulations are an established tool to support the development of solar cells and have been used extensively both in the world of silicon [16][17][18][19][20][21] and perovskite [10,[22][23][24][25][26][27] single junction solar cells. While for Pero-Si tandem devices, there exist a lot of publications and modelling tools for the optical simulation and yield analysis [11,22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], there are only very few electrical simulation models published [22,[38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
Perovskite-silicon (Pero-Si) tandem solar cells have made remarkable progress in recent years, achieving certified cell efficiencies of up to 33.9%. However, accurately measuring the efficiency and current density-voltage (JV) curves of these devices poses various challenges including the presence of mobile ions within the perovskite absorber that lead to short-and long-term transient effects. Consequently, both the measurement setup and the preconditioning of the device significantly affect measurement results. This study focuses on enhancing the reliability and comparability of JV and other efficiency measurements for Pero-Si tandem devices through a systematic analysis of the influence of mobile ions, preconditioning and measurement conditions. For the first time, a full opto-electrical simulation model for Pero-Si tandem devices is presented in Sentaurus TCAD which includes the drift-diffusion of anions and cations and is therefore able to describe short-and long-term transient device effects in state-of-the-art Pero-Si tandem cells. Experimental validation and evidence are given by comparison to in-house Pero-Si tandem cells, as well as Pero-Si mini modules from Oxford PV. We analyze by simulation and experiment how the cell preconditioning at different preconditioning voltages and times impacts the resulting measured tandem efficiency, as well as impact of JV scan times for the measured hysteresis in Pero-Si tandem devices. Furthermore, we demonstrate the impact of current-mismatching conditions on the measured hysteresis of the Pero-Si tandem device and the need of correct spectral irradiance settings during measurements. We showcase that even a very slight variation in short-circuit current density (jsc) around the current-matching point leads to signi-1 Introduction
... These non-linear differential equations are numerically solved using the Gummel iteration scheme with Newton-Raphson sub-steps. The Poisson equation generally gives information on the relationship between the electric field in the p-n junction and space charge region and is expressed as Ranjan 2021, 2020;Kumar 2021a;Gomathi et al. 2023;Prasanna et al. 2022;Livingston et al. 2023;Islam et al. 2021; http:// scaps. elis. ...
The Urbach energy (EU) strongly influences voltage output and efficiency, which is observed upon close analysis of performance limiting factors in various thin film solar cell systems. We simulated the one-to-one correlation between the sub-bandgap defect position and the magnitude of Urbach energy. The higher the extent of the band tail into the forbidden gap higher the Urbach energy. The simulation results show that the Urbach energy increases and efficiency decreases with increasing sub-bandgap defect energy levels. The magnitude of the EU depends upon the extent of impurities and defects in material systems, limits the achievable VOC in the device and increases the VOC deficit. The capacitance of the p–n junction diode of thin film solar cells falls for high EU > kT. The magnitude of EU larger than thermal energy kT (EU > kT) have significant and observable deviation on the device's efficiency. This result shows the applicability of the EU in selecting the new system for photovoltaic applications.
... Fig. 9) under biasing voltage are one of the aspects involved in creating hysteresis in the J-V characteristics of a PSC. 52 Two types of models entitled Model-01 where ETL and HTL defects were termed as donor type and acceptor type defects, respectively, keeping the other defects as neutral type. In Model-02, defects of HTL/MPL, as well as MPL/ETL, were considered acceptor-type defects and donor-type defects, respectively, whereas MPL and FTO defects were considered neutral-type defects. ...
The first and foremost intent of our present study is to design a perovskite solar cell favorable for realistic
applications with excellent efficiency by utilizing SCAPS-1D. To ensure this motive, the detection of
a compatible electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) for the suggested mixed
perovskite layer entitled FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3 (MPL) was carried out, employing diver ETLs such as
SnO2, PCBM, TiO2, ZnO, CdS, WO3 and WS2, and HTLs such as Spiro-OMeTAD, P3HT, CuO, Cu2O, CuI,
and MoO3. The attained simulated results, especially for FTO/SnO2/FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3/SpiroOMeTAD/Au, have been authenticated by the theoretical and experimental data, which endorse our
simulation process. From the detailed numerical analysis, WS2 and MoO3 were chosen as ETL and HTL,
respectively, for designing the proposed novel structure of FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3-based perovskite
solar cells. With the inspection of several parameters such as variation of the thickness of FA0.85Cs0.15Pb
(I0.85Br0.15)3, WS2, and MoO3 including different defect densities, the novel proposed structure has been
optimized, and a noteworthy efficiency of 23.39% was achieved with the photovoltaic parameters of VOC
= 1.07 V, JSC = 21.83 mA cm−2, and FF = 73.41%. The dark J–V analysis unraveled the reasons for the
excellent photovoltaic parameters of our optimized structure. Furthermore, the scrutinizing of QE, C–V,
Mott–Schottky plot, and the impact of the hysteresis of the optimized structure was executed for further
investigation. Our overall investigation disclosed the fact that the proposed novel structure (FTO/WS2/
FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3/MoO3/Au) can be attested as a supreme structure for perovskite solar cells
with greater efficiency as well as admissible for practical purposes.
... Defect density is also a factor that affects the hysteresis. [21,22] Defect where V TFL represents the limiting voltage of trap filling, e represents the charge unit, L represents the thickness of the perovskite film, e represents the relative permittivity, e 0 is the vacuum permittivity and N d is the trap density. As shown in Fig. 2f, the V TFL of PSC based on spray-coated tin oxide is lower than that on spin-coated tin oxide. ...
J–V hysteresis brings great challenges to the performance and stable measurement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). One of the factors affecting the J–V hysteresis of PSCs is the morphology and optoelectronic properties of the electron transport layer (ETL). In this study, PSC devices with negligible hysteresis effects are obtained using a spray-coated tin oxide film as the ETL. Compared with PSC devices using spin-coated ETLs, devices containing spray-coated ETLs retain a lower density of defect states and better electron extraction efficiency. Therefore, the hysteresis effect of the PSC devices using the spray-coated ETL is significantly reduced. Then, through a simple substrate preheating method, the uniformity of the sprayed tin oxide film is improved, and the ETL/perovskite interface is promoted. The PSCs with good reproducibility deliver a hysteresis index of 0.029. This work reveals a new method for the large-scale fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a low hysteresis effect.
... A good coherence between experimental results and simulation reports can be provided by simulating with SCAPS-1D version 3.3.06. It performs one-dimensional modelling of thin film polycrystalline solar cells like CdTe, (Klenk 2001) CIGS, (Houck et al. 2019) CZTS (Meher et al. 2016), SnS (Islam et al. 2021), Sb 2 S 3 (Islam and Thakur 2020), FeS 2 (Hossain et al. 2021), Perovskite (Minemoto et al. 2019;Kumar 2021a), c-Si and a-Si (Khelifi et al. 2008;SCAPS manual, 2020), etc. All our device simulations are performed under room temperature and AM 1.5 solar spectrum in this work. ...
Pyrite (FeS2), an ultra-cheap material, has garnered much interest in photovoltaic applications due to its suitable bandgap and high absorption coefficient. However, low VOC values and high defect density have limited its efficiency. The high carrier density of FeS2, suboptimal conduction band offset, and interface defects are some of the issues limiting its efficiency. We here performed a computation study to discover the various avenues that could enhance the efficiency of such cost-effective and widely abundant pyrite material. The carrier density and conduction band offset optimization have improved efficiency from 0.01 to 2%. The efficiency improved considerably from 2 to 11% after the crucial Fermi level pining optimization at the FeS2/CdS interfaces. We, step by step, increased the efficiency from ~ 0.01 to 11% by diagnosing the FeS2 defect and following the remedial optimization.
... A few approaches were suggested in literature for modeling the hysteresis of HPSCs. Some of the models are numerical (Nandal and Nair 2018;Kumar 2021;Nandal and Nair 2017;Agarwal et al. 2014), while the others are analytical (Pedesseau et al. 2016;van Reenen et al. 2015;Ravishankar et al. 2017). A few equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are also proposed for the same (Nemnes et al. 2017a, b;Anghel et al. 2019;Seki 2016;Liao et al. 2018;Cojocaru et al. 2015Cojocaru et al. , 2017Todinova et al. 2017;Guerrero et al. 2021;Bisquert et al. 2021;Bisquert and Guerrero 2022). ...
Hybrid perovskite solar cell technology has a distinct advantage over the conventional solar cell technologies due to its high predicted efficiency and low manufacturing cost. However, its commercialization is hindered by the unpredictability existing in its J-V characteristics leading to ambiguous efficiency estimation. Modeling the hysteresis in the J-V characteristics is a means of curtailing this ambiguity. It is established in literature that hysteresis models can be derived from the non-linear behavior of ferroelectric materials. Perovskite, which forms the light absorbing region of the solar cell is a ferroelectric material. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for the hybrid perovskite solar cell is proposed in which the reasons for origin of hysteresis is characterized as varying capacitance to model hysteresis. A Landau–Khalatnikov subcircuit which portrays this variation is the principal addition to the conventional model to include hysteresis effect. The model parameters of the subcircuit are estimated from the inherent properties of perovskites. Hence, the proposed equivalent circuit model is completely physics based and it links the material property of perovskite to its equivalent circuit model parameters.
... A few approaches were suggested in literature for modeling the hysteresis of HPSCs. Some of the models are numerical [8][9][10][11], while the others are analytical [12][13][14]. A few equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are also proposed for the same [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
Hybrid perovskite solar cell technology has a distinct advantage over the conventional solar cell technologies due to its high predicted efficiency and low manufacturing cost. However, its commercialization is hindered by the unpredictability existing in its J-V characteristics leading to ambiguous efficiency estimation. Modeling the hysteresis in the J-V characteristics is a means of curtailing this ambiguity. It is established in literature that hysteresis models can be derived from the non-linear behavior of ferroelectric materials. Perovskite, which forms the light absorbing region of the solar cell is a ferroelectric material. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for the hybrid perovskite solar cell is proposed in which the reasons for origin of hysteresis is characterized as varying capacitance to model hysteresis. A Landau-Khalatnikov subcircuit which portrays this variation is the principal addition to the conventional model to include hysteresis effect. The model parameters of the subcircuit are estimated from the inherent properties of perovskites. Hence, the proposed equivalent circuit model is completely physics based and it links the material property of perovskite to its equivalent circuit model parameters.
... A few approaches were suggested in literature for modeling the hysteresis of HPSCs. Some of the models are numerical [8][9][10][11], while the others are analytical [12][13][14]. A few equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are also proposed for the same [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
Hybrid perovskite solar cell technology has a distinct advantage over the conventional solar cell technologies due to its high predicted efficiency and low manufacturing cost. However, its commercialization is hindered by the unpredictability existing in its J-V characteristics leading to ambiguous efficiency estimation. Modeling the hysteresis in the J-V characteristics is a means of curtailing this ambiguity. It is established in literature that hysteresis models can be derived from the non-linear behavior of ferroelectric materials. Perovskite, which forms the light absorbing region of the solar cell is a ferroelectric material. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for the hybrid perovskite solar cell is proposed in which the reasons for origin of hysteresis is characterized as varying capacitance to model hysteresis. A Landau-Khalatnikov subcircuit which portrays this variation is the principal addition to the conventional model to include hysteresis effect. The model parameters of the subcircuit are estimated from the inherent properties of perovskites. Hence, the proposed equivalent circuit model is completely physics based and it links the material property of perovskite to its equivalent circuit model parameters.
... But as V A increases, junction shrinks to absorber thickness, and thereby the C increases which is in sound agreement with the Mott-Schottky relationship. The V bi for the device was found to be 0.89 eV and was evaluated by intercepting the V A axis [63]. ...
... The Capacitance frequency relation is given by (8) wherein C Lf is the lower frequency capacitance which depends on trap density and carrier concentration, ω is the angular frequency, C dep is the depletion region capacitance [63]. ...
... On the exposure of solar cells to practical environment, series resistance within a solar cell increases due to climatic conditions and thermomechanical fatigue [60][61][62][63][64]. To account this effect, the series resistance of solar cell was varied from 0 to 5 Ω m 2 . ...
Here we detailed a computational investigation of novel structured formamidinium tin tri-iodide (HC(NH2)SnI3or FASnI3where FA=formamidinium) perovskite solar cell. The proposed perovskite solar cell is of the architecture of glass substrate: fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-oxide layer (OL)/Titanium di-oxide – electron transport layer (ETL)/ (HC(NH2SnI3−FASnI3) –perovskite absorber/spiro-omeTad-hole transport layer (HTL)/gold (Au) contacts. A power conversion efficiency of 21.24% was achieved using uniform doping and 21.5% with gradient doping. The incorporation of 0.01 μm grain boundary layer considerably effected the device performance and efficiency was dropped to 19.8%. The absorber layer parameters including layer thickness and defect density (or trap density) were also varied to inspect their impact on device performance. Further the paper also provide insights on the Mott-Schottky behavior, frequency dependent capacitance spectrum, optical absorption spectra, temperature variation impacts and the influence of resistance variation on device performance. The results of the quantum efficiency as a function of incident light wavelength depict that the proposed perovskite solar cell has a great potential to absorb a wider range of wavelengths (300 nm–900 nm) across the solar spectrum. The in-detail investigation of device characteristics revealed that the simulation model can become a useful guide in future fabrication of the efficient nano-structured formamidinium tin iodide based perovskite solar cells.
