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The high-resolution XPS spectra of C1s a and O1s b obtained before and after metal ions sorption on HA and HA/WV
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Heavy metal lead is a typical widespread potentially toxic element (PET) contamination due to their extensive and wide applications in industrial processes. The development of cost-effective methods for preventing potentially toxic element lead residues from soil into food is thus highly desirable. A new type of humic acid-based remediation materia...
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In order to explore the comprehensive utilisation and recycling technology of Caragana korshinskii resources, a new agricultural biomass waste, 15 kinds of Caragana korshinskii biochar (CB) were prepared by controlling the pyrolysis temperature and time at the anaerobic environment. Moreover, we pay more attention to deriving the adsorption mechani...
Citations
... 1,2 As a result, the search for cost-effective methods to manage lead pollution and restore normal crop growth and human health has become a key focus in environmental science research. 3 In recent years, the application of engineered magnetic nanoparticles has become common in the areas of wastewater treatment and remediation. 4 Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) can be produced by several methods. ...
As an adsorbent, biochar has a highly porous structure and strong adsorption capacity, and can effectively purify the environment. In response to the increasingly serious problem of heavy metal pollution in water, this study used nano zero valent iron and rice husk biochar to prepare a new type of magnetic sheet-like biochar loaded nano zero valent iron (BC-nZVI) composite material through rheological phase reaction, showing remarkable advantages such as low cost, easy preparation, and superior environmental remediation effect. The physical and chemical properties and structure of the material were extensively characterized using various methods such as HRTEM, XPS, FESEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and RAMAN. Concurrently, batch experiments were undertaken to assess the removal efficiency of Pb(ii) by BC-nZVI, with investigations into the influence of pH value, temperature, soil water ratio, and initial concentration of heavy metal ion solution on its removal efficiency. The results indicate that the removal of Pb(ii) by BC-nZVI reaches an equilibrium state after around 120 minutes. Under the conditions of pH 6, temperature 20 °C, soil water ratio 1 : 5, and BC-nZVI dosage of 1 g L⁻¹, BC-nZVI can reduce the Pb(ii) content in wastewater with an initial concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹ to trace levels, and the treatment time is about 120 minutes. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and isotherms indicates that the adsorption process of Pb(ii) by BC-nZVI adheres to the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, suggesting a chemical adsorption process. Thermodynamic findings reveal that the adsorption of Pb(ii) by BC-nZVI is spontaneous. Furthermore, BC-nZVI primarily accumulates Pb(ii) through adsorption co-precipitation. BC-nZVI serves as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient adsorbent, showing promising capabilities in mitigating Pb(ii) heavy metal pollution. Its recoverability and reusability facilitated by an external magnetic field make it advantageous for remediating and treating lead-contaminated sites.
... The residual mass after burning is ash. The difference in sample quality before and after burning is the quality of total organic carbon [14,15]. Formula (1) is the calculation of total organic carbon mass. ...
... Crop and forest wastes such as cotton stalks, softwood, and bamboo sawdust have also been investigated [124]. As an adjuvant in soil, WV was referred to as an enhancer that could improve the complexation of remediation materials and Pb(II) ions, which is an exciting application [125]. ...
Simple Summary
One of the most significant challenges nowadays in animal husbandry is the replacement of conventional antimicrobials as growth promoters. Reports about multi-resistant bacteria and environmental contamination caused by antimicrobials increasingly corroborate it. However, any new product developed for such must bring about high performance of animals and economic return for the farmers so the production chain remains profitable. In this context, many research works have demonstrated the potential of wood vinegar from the carbonization process as an efficient antimicrobial agent for animal husbandry. Wood vinegar is a natural and renewable product and may be a valuable alternative to conventional antimicrobials if adequately assessed and directed. In the present work, the potential of wood vinegar as an antimicrobial for animal husbandry is highlighted through several examples of the successful use of the product in managing swine, cattle, and poultry.
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry can result in various types of environmental contamination. Part of the dose of these products is excreted, still active, in the animals’ feces and urine. These excreta are widely used as organic fertilizers, which results in contamination with antimicrobial molecules. The impacts can occur in several compartments, such as soil, groundwater, and surface watercourses. Also, contamination by antimicrobials fed or administrated to pigs, chickens, and cattle can reach the meat, milk, and other animal products, which calls into question the sustainability of using these products as part of eco-friendly practices. Therefore, a search for alternative natural products is required to replace the conventional antimicrobials currently used in animal husbandry, aiming to mitigate environmental contamination. We thus carried out a review addressing this issue, highlighting wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, as an alternative antimicrobial with good potential to replace conventional products. In this regard, many studies have demonstrated that WV is a promising product. WV is a nontoxic additive widely employed in the food industry to impart a smoked flavor to foods. Studies have shown that, depending on the WV concentration, good results can be achieved using it as an antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and a valuable growth promoter for poultry and pigs.
... Figure 11a,b display the high-resolution maps of soil C1s and O1s before and after remediation, respectively. The peak at 286.56 eV corresponded to either the C=O peak or the carbon oxide generated by the surface species in contact with CO 2 [48]. After remediation, the peak value decreased and the peak area increased, indicating that the carboxylate increased in the soil after remediation and formed a complex with heavy metal ions, which may be the role of small molecular organic acids and carboxylates secreted by plant roots. ...
Using a phytoremediation technique for soil remediation usually takes many years, which increases the risk that heavy metals spread into the environment during the project period. Currently, the combined remediation technique (phytoremediation and stabilization) is known as the solution to reduce this risk. In this study, the combined remediation of cadmium–arsenic-contaminated soil via phytoremediation and stabilization was studied. The pot experiment was carried out using modified fly ash (MFA) and solid waste material (steel slag (SS): pyrolusite (PY): ferrous sulfide (FS) = 1:2:8) as stabilization materials and Bidens pilosa as the accumulative plant. The characteristics of B. pilosa, including its water content, biomass, root length, plant height, and heavy metal content, were obtained after harvesting, and the reduction rate of the bioavailability of Cd and As and their physico-chemical properties, including the pH, Eh, and Ec values of the soil, were also measured. The remediation effect was evaluated according to the above indexes, and the mechanism of combined remediation was studied through the FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses. These experiments have shown that adding an appropriate amount of MFA can enhance the absorption of heavy metals by plants in the soil and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. In addition, the mechanism study revealed that Cd2+/Cd(OH)+ was easily adsorbed on Si-OH and MnOOH, while AsO43− was more easily adsorbed on Fe-OH and Al-OH.
... The containers were placed in a cool and dry place to drain all the water, and then the flat bamboo flower was placed in an oven [13,14]. The oven temperature was set to 105 • C for 30 min for blanching treatment, and then the flat bamboo flowers were dried to a constant weight at 70 • C. Finally, the obtained materials were placed in a sealed bag, properly numbered, and stored for future use [15,16]. ...
The continuous development of China’s nuclear industry has caused an increasingly serious problem of heavy metal pollution in the ecological environment. A survey of the current situation shows that the quality of China’s groundwater bodies and their surrounding ecological environment has been severely affected. China has started to devote more attention to the issue of nuclear emissions and pollution. In view of this, this study takes an area contaminated by nuclear power plant emissions as the object of research and uses plant–microbe synergy to remediate the cadmium-contaminated environment. Cadmium-tolerant strains were isolated from the soil and identified as Serratia marcescens. The morphological characteristics of the cadmium-tolerant strains were observed with electron microscopy in the presence or absence of cadmium ions. The removal of Cd2+ from wastewater was analyzed in four experimental groups: Cd2+ removal from Cd2+-contaminated wastewater by combining a Cd-tolerant strain with Cd-flower, Cd-tolerant strain with Cd-flower, Cd-flower with alkali treatment, and Cd-tolerant strain with alkali treatment. This study innovatively treated Cd ion concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 300 mg/L. The results showed that the cadmium-tolerant strains were more densely concentrated in the treated Phyllostachys than in the untreated condition. This indicates that the Cd-tolerant strains were effectively enhanced by the alkali treatment of Phyllostachys spp. and that the adsorption of Cd ions to the Cd-tolerant strains was improved. In the presence of Cd2+ flowers only, the best removal of Cd2+ was achieved at a concentration of 50 mg/L, with a removal rate of 74.10%; the addition of Cd-tolerant strains resulted in a removal rate of 91.21%. When the alkali treatment was applied to the flat bamboo flowers, the removal rate was 84.36% when the concentration of Cd2+ was 100 mg/L. Then, when the cadmium-tolerant strain was added to the treated flat bamboo flower group, the maximum removal rate was 89.74% when the concentration of Cd2+ was 100 mg/L. The cadmium ion content of Cd2+ increased positively with increasing experimental time. In addition, the quasi-secondary correlation coefficients for cadmium ions in Lobelia were all greater than 0.9905, indicating that the adsorption kinetics were significantly correlated with the quasi-secondary kinetics. The analysis of heavy metal enrichment in Lobelia was divided into four groups, with Lobelia showing the best tolerance and cadmium adsorption capacity at a cadmium concentration of 20 mg/L. The results of super-enrichment coefficients showed that the enrichment coefficients of Lobelia ranged from 1.03 to 1.97, with values greater than 1. All these results indicate that the combination of cadmium-tolerant strains and plants can effectively remediate nuclear-contaminated soil and wastewater, thus improving soil availability and water regeneration, and improving the human living environment.
... The metal contents of theirs were detected by the five-point sampling method. Using 0.01 mol·L −1 CaCl 2 as an extraction agent at the soil-solution ratio of 1:10, the available metal contents in the experimental soil samples were extracted [27,28]. The reduction rate of available copper and cadmium indicates that the incorporation of the remediation material reduces the percentage content of available copper and cadmium compared to the control sample [21,27]. ...
Soil contaminations by heavy metals near oilfields have been widely reported and are causing great concern. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop cost-effective materials and methods to avoid heavy metal residues contaminating soil and food. An effective, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive remediation material for heavy metal-polluted soil was designed and prepared using biochar (BC) combined with humic acid (HA) resulting from sodium humate (NaHA) simply reacting with wood vinegar (BHW). After adding BHW, the chemical fractions of copper and cadmium in the soil undergo larger changes. Meanwhile, the availability of heavy metals decreases. The maximum adsorption capacity of copper and cadmium in the soil using the BHW is larger than that only using biochar. The adsorption kinetics ensures that the adsorption process of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions on BHW is chemical adsorption, which is best fitted using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The thermodynamics guarantees that the metal ions adsorb on the heterogeneous surface of BHW in multilayer, which is credited to the enhancement of oxygen-containing groups in the biochar combined with the humic acid. The remediation material BHW holds promise for the immobilization of heavy metal in the soils and could be recommended based on its economic feasibility, high efficacy, and environmental safety.
... Enhances the remediation of Pb (II) ions [157] '-' data not available. Table 3. ...
Agricultural residues and fruit/food wastes are a curse to the environment but this can also play an important role in meeting the growing needs for energy, value-added chemicals, and food security problems. Vinegar is an acidic liquid whose major component is acetic acid and consists of different organic acids and bioactive compounds. Vinegar is a substance produced by the acetic acid bacteria Acetobacter and Gluconobacter that has a 4% acetic acid content. For the efficient biological production of acetic acid, a variety of renewable substrates are used, including agro and food, dairy, and kitchen wastes. This reduces waste and lowers environmental pollution. There are different types of traditional vinegar available all over the world and have many applications. Vinegar can be made either naturally, through alcoholic and then acetic fermentation, or artificially, in laboratories. This chapter emphasizes the production and biotransformation of agricultural and fruit wastes into vinegar and the genetic manipulations done on microorganisms to utilize a wide range of substrates and achieve maximum product titer.
... salicylic acid, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid) in PA could explain its biostimulatory properties in regulating physiological and cellular responses of plants when applied [7,8]. Intriguingly, the rich organic acids in PA were demonstrated to possess numerous adsorption sites, which can chelate heavy metals and render them less toxic in soils and unavailable for plant uptake [42][43][44]. Thus, this study suggests that PA can be used appropriately to remediate heavy metal pollutants in degraded soils [45,46]. ...
Background
Pyroligneous acid (PA) is an aqueous smoky fraction produced during pyrolysis of biomass. The chemical composition of PA from different plant biomass has been studied, but reports on PA metabolites and elemental profiles are rare. In this study, we examined the metabolites, elemental profiles and the associated chemical activities of PA derived from white pine (Pinus strobus) at 1100 °C compared to similar work done elsewhere using different biomass at lower temperatures.
Results
PA from P. strobus biomass exhibited a lower electrical conductivity (2.05 mS/cm), salinity (1.03 g/L) and total dissolved solids (1.42 g/L) but higher oBrix content (9.35 ± 0.06) compared to PA from other feedstock. The P. strobus PA showed a higher antioxidant activity characterized by enhanced radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical (78.52%) and accumulation of higher total phenolic (95.81 ± 1.45 gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL) and flavonoid content (49.46 µg quercetin/mL). Metabolite profiling by direct injection mass spectrometry with a reverse-phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (DI/LC–MS/MS) identified a total of 156 metabolites. Four (4) main groups including organic acids (90.87%), hexose (8.60%), carnitine (0.3%) and phospholipids (0.24%) were found in the PA. Mineral element analysis revealed that the P. strobus PA contained high concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), while the content of sodium (Na) and trace/heavy metals were present at levels below the reported limit.
Conclusion
This study indicates that P. strobus PA is a valuable product that can be used in agriculture to improve plant growth and productivity under normal and environmentally stressful conditions.
Graphical Abstract
... (3) 2(≡Si-OH) Pb 2+ → (≡Si-O−)2Pb 2+ + 2H + The high phenolic -OH content without the presence of a carboxyl group makes the biosilica ability lower than humic acid. The carboxyl group will readily form bonds with metals in the pH range of 2.5-7 and form carboxylic bonds, while the phenolic OH groups will react at pH 8-13.5, but these bonds are weak to metals (Wang and Mulligan, 2009) and in particular, Pb will be easily bound to humic acid at neutral pH (Zhu et al., 2020). ...
Sandy loam soils contain low organic carbon and have low ion adsorption capacity. Under certain conditions, the soils contain heavy metals that are harmful to plants. Soil amendments such as biosilica and humic acid from natural sources are expected to increase the soil adsorption capacity to heavy metals. A simulation experiment consisting of two factors was conducted to explore the effectiveness of humic and biosilica, as soil amendments, in adsorbing heavy metals from soils. The first factor was biosilica dose composing 0 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (S0), 0.5 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(S1), 1 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(S2), and 1.5 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(S3). The second factor was the humic acid dose composing 0 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (H0), 20 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (H1), 40 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (H2), and 60 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (H3). The humic acid and biosilica were applied to soil contaminated with Pb and Cd. The results showed that the combination of 0.5 t biosilica ha<sup>-1</sup> (S1) and 20 kg humic acid ha<sup>-1</sup> (H1) significantly increased soil pH, organic C content, cation exchange capacity, and reduced the availability of Pb and Cd at 90 days after treatment. The Pb and Cd contents in plant tissue decreased from roots to grains. Humic acid treatment was more effective in absorbing Pb of 86.89-90.49% and Cd of 71.47-76.33% than other treatments.
... The functional groups of various acids (e.g., -COOH and -OH) are important binding sites for both free metal ions in solution and metals on the soil surface as they can form outer-sphere or inner-sphere complexes with the metals [51]. Citric acid has a much lower molecular weight and fewer functional groups than FA, and it also carries fewer negative charges and has a smaller surface area than FA. ...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles have been regarded as one of the most important materials for high-performance applications in various fields, including environmental protection. Understanding the migration behavior of MOFs in the environmental media is critical for evaluating their opportunities and risks. In this study, the effect of pH, ionic strength, and NOM (fulvic acid and citric acid) were selected to investigate the transport and retention of ZIF-8 in saturated porous media. Experimental results showed that the released Zn²⁺ of ZIF-8 was significantly increased by the high concentration of ionic strength and citric acid. There were new ZIFs phases detected in the transport process. ZIF-8 had weak mobility with a recovery of transport mass ≈ 2.3% in 1 mg/L citric acid at pH 6, while the maximum effluent recovery was 33.7% in the 100 mM NaCl at pH 8. Under all examined conditions, ZIF-8 was mainly retained at segments near the column inlet. Straining increased the retention of ZIF-8 in porous media. These results indicated that physicochemical factors and particle-specific properties played important roles in influencing ZIF-8 transportability, which would lead to the more complex evaluation of the environmental behaviors of MOFs.
