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Renewable energy sources (RES) are among the most popular emerging energy resources during the past two decades. Many countries have introduced various energy policy instruments, such as renewable energy certificates (RECs), to support the growth of RES. RECs are tradable non-tangible assets, which have a monetary value. Tracking and certification...
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... on NIST's and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)'s cybersecurity requirements for the DER environment, the REC process that occurs in that environment is identified through [18]. Fig. 4 illustrates the hierarchical DER system architecture. This REC process occurs at different levels. Cybersecurity requirements differ among these levels. Key levels to note are at the DER generation storage level (Level1) and the Distribution level (Level 4). The cybersecurity requirements for the DER environment can be described ...
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Citations
... This is necessary to control, balance, and harness the potential of integrated power generation across a multitude of production points into the energy infrastructure, encompassing the possibilities offered by artificial intelligence [74], big data [75] and 6-G communications [76,77]. As the digital transition needs to go hand in hand with decentralisation and self-sufficiency to preserve grid stability [77], climate-ambitious cities would need to upscale their digital infrastructure and workforce, while investing in cyber-security [78,79]. Tools like digital twins [80,81] and VPPs [82] are still underused, yet extremely promising. ...
... A proactive approach to cybersecurity is essential, encompassing the integration of innovative cyber protection measures with comprehensive knowledge of grid operations. Fortunately, the grid already incorporates redundancies to withstand physical failures and possesses error detection capabilities that effectively handle awed scenarios [1]. These attributes provide an additional layer of resilience against attacks, which can be harmoniously merged with cyber protection mechanisms within the supporting infrastructure. ...
The increasing instabilities in power transmission and distribution necessitate power grid operators to enhance their utilization of communication infrastructure for the purpose of monitoring and controlling the grid. However, this heightened communication activity also creates a larger vulnerability for malicious individuals. Incidents of cyber-attacks on power grids have already caused significant, temporary blackouts in recent times. This study examines the communication infrastructure of power grids and identifies the fundamental cybersecurity challenges that arise as a result. Subsequently, a wide range of potential attack vectors and scenarios that pose a threat to power grid security are identified. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the adoption of a defense-in-depth strategy that includes measures for device and application security, network security, physical security, as well as policies, procedures, and awareness. Within each of these categories, this paper present a comprehensive collection of cutting-edge approaches and highlight additional opportunities to enhance cybersecurity in interconnected power grids.
