Fig 1 - uploaded by Amita Ajit
Content may be subject to copyright.
The hair cycle. This image is reproduced with permission from the published article: Alonso L, Fuchs E. The hair cycle. J Cell Sci. 2006; 119(3):391-393. 10.1242/jcs.02793
Source publication
As per the latest survey statistic reports by the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS), alopecia increasingly affects more men and women of all ages over the decade owing to a decreased regenerative capability of the hair follicles and other factors that affect the hair cycle. Current therapeutic strategies are limited, and the...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... cycle continues throughout the life time supplying new hairs. Figure 1, which has been reproduced with permission, depicts the HF structure and the hair cycle [16]. Well-known molecular regulators of the anagen-catagen transition include the Fibroblast Growth Factor-5 (FGF5), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), neurotrophins such as Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and possibly the p75-neurotrophin receptor, p53 and transforming growth factor-ß (TGFβ) family pathway members such as TGFβ1, and the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type Ia (BMPRIa) [16]. ...
Similar publications
Introduction:
Trichoscopy is a noninvasive diagnostic method for hair and scalp diseases. Data on trichoscopy post hair restoration surgery are limited, and some authors show no relevant changes.
Case presentation:
Trichoscopic findings in 45 patients are described, after being followed for 12 months after hair restoration surgery. They evolved...
Citations
... This pathway, as mentioned earlier, is important for hair regeneration and morphogenesis. Studies indicate that exosomes may represent a revolution in the treatment of alopecia [63,64]. ...
Alopecia is a commonly occurring medical condition. Various types of alopecia are distinguished, with the most common being androgenetic alopecia affecting both men and women. Standard treatments do not always yield the expected results, hence the search for alternative forms of therapy for this condition. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used in medicine for a long time, but it has gained popularity in aesthetic medicine and dermatology in recent years. The action of PRP includes stimulating collagen formation. The therapeutic effects of PRP therapy in alopecia are achieved through the synergistic action of various types of growth factors. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma therapy for baldness, to compare its effectiveness with other treatment methods and to present this issue to the reader. Methods: Analysis of issues related to baldness and platelet-rich plasma therapy from PubMed sources and comparison of the effectiveness of this therapy with other methods. Conclusions: Treatment with PRP for androgenetic alopecia results in an increase in overall hair density. In chronic plaque alopecia, such therapy leads, among other things, to increased hair regrowth. Combined therapy of PRP with minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia yields better results than using these methods separately. The same applies to combined therapy of PRP with finasteride. However, minoxidil with PRP yields better results than finasteride with PRP.
... Additionally, EVs have the potential risk of uncontrolled genetic information, immune response, and biological distribution. Cell-derived EVs have the potential to promote angiogenesis in vitro [126]. A comparison of stem cells, CM, and EVs for hair regeneration is presented in Table 3. ...
Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss aggravated by increased life pressure, tension, and anxiety. Although androgenetic alopecia (AGA) does not significantly effect physical health, it can have serious negative impact on the mental health and quality of life of the patient. Currently, the effect of medical treatment for AGA is not idealistic, stem cell-based regenerative medicine has shown potential for hair regrowth and follicle repair, but the long-term effect and mechanism of stem cell therapy is not quite explicit. In this review, we summarize the methods, efficacy, mechanism, and clinical progress of stem cell therapies for AGA by now, hope it will present a more comprehensive view in this topic.
Graphical Abstract
... A new strategy for androgenetic alopecia treatment to restore the hair follicles cycle is considered. MSC-EVs contain various growth factors and cytokines, which can be involved in hair regeneration [212]. They promote de novo morphogenesis of hair follicles and the dermal papilla formation, a vital component modulating follicle cell activity in hair regeneration via Wnt signaling [213]. ...
... TGF signaling cascades lead to hair follicle downgrowth and hair follicle shape development [214]. Stem cell-secreted EVs also modulate hair re-growth through Fgf, Bmp, Shh, Notch signaling pathways, followed by dermal condensate (accumulation of stem cells) formation, activation and promotion of placode formation (spaced thickenings in the epidermis), and differentiation of hair shaft [212]. ...
... TGF signaling cascades lead to hair follicle down-growth and hair follicle shape development [214]. Stem cell-secreted EVs also modulate hair re-growth through Fgf, Bmp, Shh, Notch signaling pathways, followed by dermal condensate (accumulation of stem cells) formation, activation and promotion of placode formation (spaced thickenings in the epidermis), and differentiation of hair shaft [212]. ...
Each year, millions of individuals suffer from a non-healing wound, abnormal scarring, or injuries accompanied by an infection. For these cases, scientists are searching for new therapeutic interventions, from which one of the most promising is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Naturally, EV-based signaling takes part in all four wound healing phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Such an extensive involvement of EVs suggests exploiting their action to modulate the impaired healing phase. Furthermore, next to their natural wound healing capacity, EVs can be engineered for better defined pharmaceutical purposes, such as carrying specific cargo or targeting specific destinations by labelling them with certain surface proteins. This review aims to promote scientific awareness in basic and translational research of EVs by summarizing the current knowledge about their natural role in each stage of skin repair and the most recent findings in application areas, such as wound healing, skin regeneration, and treatment of dermal diseases, including the stem cell-derived, plant-derived, and engineered EVs.
... A new strategy for androgenetic alopecia treatment to restore the hair follicles cycle is considered. MSC-EVs contain various growth factors and cytokines, which can be involved in hair regeneration [212]. They promote de novo morphogenesis of hair follicles and the dermal papilla formation, a vital component modulating follicle cell activity in hair regeneration via Wnt signaling [213]. ...
... TGF signaling cascades lead to hair follicle downgrowth and hair follicle shape development [214]. Stem cell-secreted EVs also modulate hair re-growth through Fgf, Bmp, Shh, Notch signaling pathways, followed by dermal condensate (accumulation of stem cells) formation, activation and promotion of placode formation (spaced thickenings in the epidermis), and differentiation of hair shaft [212]. ...
... TGF signaling cascades lead to hair follicle down-growth and hair follicle shape development [214]. Stem cell-secreted EVs also modulate hair re-growth through Fgf, Bmp, Shh, Notch signaling pathways, followed by dermal condensate (accumulation of stem cells) formation, activation and promotion of placode formation (spaced thickenings in the epidermis), and differentiation of hair shaft [212]. ...
Each year, millions of individuals suffer from a non-healing wound, abnormal scarring, or injuries accompanied by an infection. For these cases, scientists are searching for new therapeutic interventions, from which one of the most promising is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Naturally, EV-based signalling takes part in all four wound healing phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. Such an extensive involvement of EVs suggests exploiting their action to modulate the impaired healing phase. Furthermore, next to their natural wound healing capacity, EVs can be engineered for better defined pharmaceutical purposes, such as carrying specific cargo or targeting specific destinations by labelling them with certain surface proteins. This review aims to promote scientific awareness in basic and translational research of EVs by summarizing the current knowledge about their natural role in each stage of skin repair and the most recent findings in application areas, such as wound healing, skin regeneration and treatment of dermal diseases, including the stem cell-derived, plant-derived and engineered EVs.
Macromolecules are large, complex molecules composed of smaller subunits known as monomers. The four primary categories of macromolecules found in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; they also encompass a broad range of natural and synthetic polymers. Recent studies have shown that biologically active macromolecules can help regenerate hair, providing a potential solution for current hair regeneration therapies. This review examines the latest developments in the use of macromolecules for the treatment of hair loss. The fundamental principles of hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, hair shaft (HS) development, hair cycle regulation, and alopecia have been introduced. Microneedle (MN) and nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems are innovative treatments for hair loss. Additionally, the application of macromolecule-based tissue-engineered scaffolds for the in vitro and in vivo neogenesis of HFs is discussed. Furthermore, we explored a new research direction wherein artificial skin platforms are adopted as a promising screening method for hair loss treatment drugs. Through these multifaceted approaches, we identified promising aspects of macromolecules for future hair loss treatments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from endocytic membranes. The transfer of biomolecules and biological compounds such as enzymes, proteins, RNA, lipids, and cellular waste disposal through exosomes plays an essential function in cell-cell communication and regulation of pathological and physiological processes in skin disease. The skin is one of the vital organs that makes up about 8% of the total body mass. This organ consists of three layers, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis that cover the outer surface of the body. Heterogeneity and endogeneity of exosomes is an advantage that distinguishes them from nanoparticles and liposomes and leads to their widespread usage in the remedy of dermal diseases. The biocompatible nature of these extracellular vesicles has attracted the attention of many health researchers. In this review article, we will first discuss the biogenesis of exosomes, their contents, separation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of exosomes. Then we will highlight recent developments related to the therapeutic applications of exosomes in the treatment of common skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, alopecia, epidermolysis bullosa, keloid, melanoma, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis.
Background:
Alopecia is a common chief complaint and is challenging to treat. As such, regenerative treatments to promote hair growth are an emerging area of research. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles involved in cell communication, homeostasis, differentiation, and organogenesis, have been shown to play a central role in hair morphogenesis and regeneration with potential for use as alopecia treatment.
Aims:
This review summarizes and assesses the body of literature surrounding exosomes as regenerative therapeutics for alopecia and identifies areas for improvement in future research.
Methods:
A review was conducted using a comprehensive list of keywords including "exosome," "alopecia," and "hair loss" on PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases published from inception to February 2022. Reference lists of identified articles were included. 47 studies were included. Clinical trial databases were searched using the term "exosome," however no trials relevant to hair growth were identified.
Results:
Our updated and comprehensive review details the history of exosome use in medicine, postulated underlying mechanisms in treating hair loss, and current clinical studies. Preclinical studies demonstrate clear benefits of exosome therapeutics in regenerative medicine and for hair loss treatment. Clinical trials demonstrate safety of exosome use in medicine, but data showing efficacy and safety of exosome therapy for alopecia are lacking. We identified several gaps in knowledge required for effective clinical translation including safety, exosome source, and optimal treatment delivery mechanism and dosage.
Conclusion:
Exosomes are on the horizon as an exciting therapeutic for the treatment of alopecia. Further studies and clinical trials are required.
