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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary malignancy in patients suffering from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis. Recent attention has been paid to the involvement of the gut-liver axis (GLA) in HCC pathogenesis. This axis results from a bidirectional, anatomical and functional relationship between the gastrointestinal system...
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... the gut-liver axis (GLA) is involved in HCC pathogenesis, the study of the mutual interplay between the microbiota and immune response and their cross-talk with the tumor microenvironment are an important focus of current clinical research. Our review investigates and analyzes the potential therapeutic benefits of emerging insights into the mechanisms by which microbiota immunomodulation, as represented by probiotics and prebiotics, impacts HCC via the GLA. between the gastrointestinal system and the liver, largely via the portal circulation (Figure 1). A complex network of interactions between the enteric microbiome and the liver regulates and stabilizes their symbiotic connection, which includes metabolic and immunological crosstalk [16,17]. ...
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According to recent research, bacterial imbalance in the gut microbiota and breast tissue may be linked to breast cancer. It has been discovered that alterations in the makeup and function of different types of bacteria found in the breast and gut may contribute to growth and advancement of breast cancer in several ways. The main role of gut microb...
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... Therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the gut microbiota present a novel avenue harnessing the modulation of the gut-liver axis for HCC management. Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions, designed to restore a healthy microbiome balance, have the potential to attenuate hepatic inflammation and modulate the immune response, thereby reducing oncogenic stimuli in the liver [38,39]. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation is emerging as a potential therapy, with studies suggesting its efficacy in dysbiosis correction, which subsequently imparts positive effects on liver function and inflammation modulation [40]. ...
... Although the liver is not in direct contact with the microorganisms, it is closely connected to the intestine through the biliary tract, hepatic portal vein, and bile secretion. The intestine-liver axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC [21][22][23]. Ecological imbalance is the qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microflora that may destroy the intestinal barrier and increase intestinal permeability. Ecological imbalance and intestinal leakage are associated throughout chronic liver disease. ...
The intestinal flora plays an important role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer, affecting the efficacy and side effects of conventional antitumor therapy. Recently, immunotherapy for liver cancer has been a palliative treatment for patients with advanced liver cancer lacking surgical indications. Representative drugs include immune checkpoint inhibitors, regulators, tumor vaccines, and cellular immunotherapies. The effects of immunotherapy on liver cancer vary because of the heterogeneity of the tumors. Intestinal flora can affect the efficacy and side effects of immunotherapy for liver cancer by regulating host immunity. Therefore, applying probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal transplantation to interfere with the intestinal flora is expected to become an important means of assisting immunotherapy for liver cancer. This article reviews publications that discuss the relationship between intestinal flora and immunotherapy for liver cancer and further clarifies the potential relationship between intestinal flora and immunotherapy for liver cancer.
... In general, Lactobacillus (LAB), most frequently Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, but also Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus species, as well as some yeast strains, are established probiotics that fit these criteria (Russo et al. 2022). In animal trials, a lot of different LABs have demonstrated the potential of probiotics. ...
It’s no secret that cancer is a major cause of mortality in the globe. There are various types of cancer identified. Colon cancer (CCa) is the most well-understood multistep malignancy in molecular genetics. Intestinal mucosal neoplastic polyps are the first signs of carcinogenesis. A polyp’s histology is critical in determining whether or not it is cancerous. Histological classifications such as hyperplastic and adenomatous are both common. More glandular cells with less mucus but no hyperchromatic or stratification are seen in hyperplastic polyps histologically (Tsai and Lu 1995). It is normal for adenomatous nuclei to be large, and tightly packed in a palisading pattern. Viciform villi create a frond in the villus adenomas, which are distinct from tubular adenomas, which are formed of branching tubules. The generalized lifecycle of the formation of colon cancer has been denoted in Fig. 5.1.
... In general, Lactobacillus (LAB), most frequently Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, but also Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus species, as well as some yeast strains, are established probiotics that fit these criteria (Russo et al. 2022). In animal trials, a lot of different LABs have demonstrated the potential of probiotics. ...
The gut microbiota is usually regarded as one of the most crucial aspects in maintaining homeostasis. Probiotic microbes have been proven to come up with substantial task in immunomodulation including anti-tumor characteristics. Bacterial strains perhaps involved in the detection including degradation of possible mutagen, as well as the synthesis of fatty acids short chain, which alter apoptosis including proliferation or used as immune system signaling molecules. Probiotics and prebiotics offer exceptional properties that may contribute to the therapy or prophylaxis of cancer of cervical, inducing cell-death, reducing accretion, lowering inflammation, including quell metastasis, according to research. Probiotics had been demonstrated to give superior diagnostic approach for individuals of cervical cancer when used in combination with anti-infective medicines. Furthermore, recent investigations show that giving probiotics has a considerable influence on gastrointestinal after-effect produced by cancer of cervical treatments.KeywordsCervical cancerProbioticsPrebioticsSynbiotics
The human gut microbiota (GM) is a complex microbial ecosystem that colonises the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is comprised of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The GM has a symbiotic relationship with its host that is fundamental for body homeostasis. The GM is not limited to the scope of the GIT, but there are bidirectional interactions between the GM and other organs, highlighting the concept of the “gut–organ axis”. Any deviation from the normal composition of the GM, termed ”microbial dysbiosis”, is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Only a few studies have demonstrated a relationship between GM modifications and disease phenotypes, and it is still unknown whether an altered GM contributes to a disease or simply reflects its status. Restoration of the GM with probiotics and prebiotics has been postulated, but evidence for the effects of prebiotics is limited. Prebiotics are substrates that are “selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit”. This study highlights the bidirectional relationship between the gut and vital human organs and demonstrates the relationship between GM dysbiosis and the emergence of certain representative diseases. Finally, this article focuses on the potential of prebiotics as a target therapy to manipulate the GM and presents the gaps in the literature and research.
Cancer is a deadly disease that affect a wide range of population worldwide. It is accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. The more common are breast, lung, colon and rectum, and prostate. Heterogenicity of cancers, resistance for drugs used, late diagnosis, drug resistance, late diagnosis, non-selectivity of drugs towards cancer cell are the main challenges towards the treatment of cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the cancer of liver. In early-stage diagnosis, it may be treatable by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. Once it is metastasized it is difficult to cure. The treatment is dependent on the condition of the patient and liver transplant can be performed in early stages. The adverse effects of presently available chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the main drawback for the treatment of HCC. Synbiotics are the combination of pre- and probiotics. Synbiotics have major use in effective treatment of various diseases including cardiovascular, reproductive, metabolic, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, thrombotic, skin, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. In recent years, synbiotics have come up as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers including HCC. Proper use of synbiotics have marked impact on the multiplication of beneficial microbes and these microbes have significant role in the cancer pathophysiology. Moreover, these microbes can influence the environment of tumor cell. These microbiotas have the role in modifying the inflammatory and immune response of tumor cell. Use of synbiotics as monotherapy or in combination with other agents can reduce the severity of HCC. However, further studies are required to prove the above statements.
