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The grid cellular network topology, in which each Voronoi cell is the coverage area of a source distributed as PPP, where the red circle represents sources, blue dot represents relay, and the black circle represents the destination.
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Cellular networks are extensively modeled by placing the base stations on a grid, with relays and destinations being placed deterministically. These networks are idealized for not considering the interferences when evaluating the coverage/outage and capacity. Realistic models that can overcome such limitation are desirable. Specifically, in a cellu...
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Abstract Interference is the main performance-limiting factor in most wireless networks. Protocol interference model is extensively used in the design of wireless networks. However, the setting of interference range, a crucial part of the protocol interference model, is rather heuristic and remains an open problem. In this paper, we use the stochas...
In order to resolve the issue of coverage limitation for the future fifth-generation network, deploying a relay node within a cell is one of the most capable and cost-effective solution, which not only enhances the coverage but also improves the spectral efficiency. However, this solution leads to the undesired interferences from nearby base statio...
This paper investigates the benefits of incorporating underlaid full-duplex (FD) device-to-device (D2D) communications into cellular networks. Toward this end, we provide an analytical performance characterization of underlaid D2D cellular networks where D2D users operate in FD mode under the presence of residual self-interference. In considered ne...
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... When using a dynamic annulment environment with discrete components and a double-captured antenna, the results of the simulation reveal a 15 dB reduction in SI above 10 MHz [38]. In addition, the tunable annulment network described before is extremely comparable to the electrical balance duplexer (EBD) [36] presented here. Signals in both Differential Mode (DM) and Common Mode (CM) are produced when an EBD is turned on and operational. ...
... The objective of EBD is to modify the impedance of the antenna in such a way that it is compatible with the fluctuating impedance of the region that it is located in [36]. This suggests that it may be utilised in low-power systems with a single antenna without compromising its compatibility with the surrounding environment. ...
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the steps necessary to disable self-interference (SI) in wireless networks and allow full duplex (FD) broadcasting. As a way of constructing mobile networks in regions where there is a scarcity of broadcast signals, the adoption of a frequency division method, also known as an in-band FD approach, has seen a rise in popularity. This method is also known as an in-band frequency division approach. Although the study does include reviews of methods for mitigating self-interference, great care has been taken to highlight not only the various strategies for mitigating the self-interference that occurs when FD equipment is activated, but also other methods that have a significant impact on self-interference in satellite propagation. While the study does include reviews of methods for mitigating self-interference, it is important to note that great care has been taken to highlight not only the various strategies for mitigating the self-interference that This review gives a scientific classification of self-interference and illustrates the usefulness of various kinds of self-interference as well as the limits that come with them. A synopsis of the study, a discussion of the difficulties encountered in the research, and a list of recommendations for the future stages are all necessary components of the review. The findings of this study might be used as a starting point and direction for future work on SI to perform FD propagation in mobile contexts with varied surrounds, such as the Internet of Things.
... When using a dynamic annulment environment with discrete components and a double-captured antenna, the results of the simulation reveal a 15 dB reduction in SI above 10 MHz [38]. In addition, the tunable annulment network described before is extremely comparable to the electrical balance duplexer (EBD) [36] presented here. Signals in both Differential Mode (DM) and Common Mode (CM) are produced when an EBD is turned on and operational. ...
... The objective of EBD is to modify the impedance of the antenna in such a way that it is compatible with the fluctuating impedance of the region that it is located in [36]. This suggests that it may be utilised in low-power systems with a single antenna without compromising its compatibility with the surrounding environment. ...
... These n number of processes may represent the number of mobiles within a macrocell area, which is a Poisson process with the probability that the mobile power under a given macro cell is controlled by an antenna element of interest. The computation of the outage probability based on the Poisson field has received significant attention in a growing body of literature, and we have adopted the approach in [8,33]. We used the expression stated herein below to numerically evaluate the outage probability: variance Poisson process of a non-specified sector of the MC, respectively, n is the mean Poisson process of a given (specified) sector, and Q denotes the Q-function for the standard normal distribution. ...
Future wireless communication networks will be largely characterized by small cell deployments, typically on the order of 200 meters of radius/cell, at most. Meanwhile, recent studies show that base stations (BS) account for about 80 to 95 % of the total network power. This simply implies that more energy will be consumed in the future wireless network since small cell means massive deployment of BS. This phenomenon makes energy-efficient (EE) control a central issue of critical consideration in the design of future wireless networks. This paper proposes and investigates (the performance of) two different energy-saving approaches namely, adaptive-sleep sectorization (AS), adaptive hybrid partitioning schemes (AH) for small cellular networks using smart antenna technique. We formulated a generic base-model for the above-mentioned schemes and applied the spatial Poisson process to reduce the system complexity and to improve flexibility in the beam angle reconfiguration of the adaptive antenna, also known as a smart antenna (SA). The SA uses the scalable algorithms to track active users in different segments/sectors of the microcell, making the proposed schemes capable of targeting specific users or groups of users in periods of sparse traffic, and capable of performing optimally when the network is highly congested. The capabilities of the proposed smart/adaptive antenna approaches can be easily adapted and integrated into the massive MIMO for future deployment. Rigorous numerical analysis at different orders of sectorization shows that among the proposed schemes, the AH strategy outperforms the AS in terms of energy saving by about 52 %. Generally, the proposed schemes have demonstrated the ability to significantly increase the power consumption efficiency of micro base stations for future generation cellular systems, over the traditional design methodologies.
... Of course, this process will require the instantaneous establishment of communication, and this kind of instant communication can easily be realized by MANETs [14]. The beauty of MANETs lies in its ability to provide a flexible, extensible, and easy way to implement a self-generated and self-organized wireless network [15][16][17][18] that can function effectively without the need for any centralized infrastructure, thus, it is widely used for establishing emergency communications in various situations especially for disaster recovery and rescue operations as illustrated in Fig. 1. ...
In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), nodes’ mobility, traffic congestion, and link quality estimation of the intermediate nodes are very crucial factors for establishing a reliable forwarding path between a source and destination node pairs. The unpredictable movement of nodes and random data traffic flow at a single node can cause congestion and network topology instability, which significantly lowers the performance of the ad hoc network. Indeed, the above-highlighted issues can be mitigated by implementing a more reliable mobility-centric, contention, and link quality-aware routing protocol for efficient data transmissions in a mobile network. This paper proposes a routing strategy called Mobility, Contention window, and Link quality sensitive multipath Routing (MCLMR) in MANETs, which considers the nodes mobility, contention window size, and link quality estimated value of the intermediate nodes in the optimal route selection. Also, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution; a multicriteria decision-making technique, which provides weights according to node mobility, contention window size, and link quality estimated values, is also employed for the selection of intermediate nodes, whereas the Expected Number of Transmissions metric is used to minimize the effect of control message storm. The extensive simulations results prove that the proposed MCLMR routing scheme outperforms the conventional Multipath Optimized Link State Routing (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2 routing schemes in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packets loss ratio.
... To handle the scheduling of any base stations [26], the medium access control (MAC) layer could be responsible in LTE [27][28][29]. In order to perform a successful data transmission over LTE network applications, the scheduling approach is considered as the main issue, while it is an open issue for LTE networks [30][31][32]. The scheduling approach has been applied for many applications in wired and wireless networks as well as the SG over LTE networks. ...
Nowadays, the smart grid has demonstrated a great ability to make life easier and more comfortable given recent advances. This paper studies the above issue from the perspective of two important and very useful smart grid applications, i.e., the advanced metering infrastructure and demand response using the instrumentality of a set of well-known scheduling algorithms, e.g., best-channel quality indicator, log rule, round robin, and exponential–proportional fairness to validate the performance. To increase the data transmission bandwidth, a new concept of optical wireless communication known as free-space optical communication (FSO) system based on microring resonator (MRR) with the ability to deliver up to gigabit (line of sight) transmission per second is proposed for the two studied smart grid applications. The range between 374.7 and 374.79 THz frequency band was chosen for the generation of 10 successive-carriers with a free spectral range of 8.87 GHz. The ten multi-carriers were produced through drop port of the MRR. The results show up to 10 times bandwidth improvement over the radius as large as 600 m and maintain receive power higher than the minimum threshold (− 20 dBm) at the controller/users, so the overall system is still able to detect the FSO signal and extract the original data without detection.
... Multiuser diversity has been demonstrated to be aided by packet relaying in wireless networks [3], [11]- [22]. In these works, the source and destination were demonstrated to be aided by a full duplex multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relaying node in [11], [22], time switching based half duplex relaying techniques [12], vertical cooperative relay [13], [16], [17], incremental relaying [21], cooperative relay [23], and full duplex based two-way amplify and forward relaying [24]. ...
... Multiuser diversity has been demonstrated to be aided by packet relaying in wireless networks [3], [11]- [22]. In these works, the source and destination were demonstrated to be aided by a full duplex multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relaying node in [11], [22], time switching based half duplex relaying techniques [12], vertical cooperative relay [13], [16], [17], incremental relaying [21], cooperative relay [23], and full duplex based two-way amplify and forward relaying [24]. With the introduction of relaying techniques, several metrics of interest, such as success probability and ergodic capacity [11], outage probability [12], [13], [24], symbol error probability and channel capacity [24], can be used to evaluate the performance of the network. ...
... In these works, the source and destination were demonstrated to be aided by a full duplex multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relaying node in [11], [22], time switching based half duplex relaying techniques [12], vertical cooperative relay [13], [16], [17], incremental relaying [21], cooperative relay [23], and full duplex based two-way amplify and forward relaying [24]. With the introduction of relaying techniques, several metrics of interest, such as success probability and ergodic capacity [11], outage probability [12], [13], [24], symbol error probability and channel capacity [24], can be used to evaluate the performance of the network. The relaying technique can be implemented as half duplex radios [12], [13], [18], full duplex radios [24], decode and forward nodes [12], [18], amplify and forward nodes [24], time switching relaying [16] etc, depending on the interests of the authors. ...
Interference characterization in cognitive networks with handover has received less attention in stochastic geometry-based interference management and control, especially in cognitive radio networks, because of the possibility of complicating the analysis of various performance metrics of interest, such as outage probability and throughput. However, because of the possible mobility that is observed in real practical systems, some of the receivers may be located outside the coverage regions of their paired transmitters. In order to ensure that any receiver located outside the coverage region of its paired transmitter continues to receive its required service from its paired transmitter while still achieving tractable analysis for various performance metrics of interest, we adopted multiuser diversity via packet relaying. With this approach, any secondary nodes waiting to transmit can be used to sustain coverage between any typical active transmitter and receiver pair, while reducing their own waiting period in the process. We obtained tractable analysis for outage probability, spectral efficiency and throughput and showed the effect of handover rate over the network performance. The outcomes of the numerical results show that the proposed approach is capable of improving the overall network performance by improving coverage and throughput among network users in the cognitive radio networks.
... As the number of communication devices is increasing gradually, the cell network comprises many UEs, RNs, and a BSs, which causes high interferences receiving from different directions with varying intensities due to different positions of the interferers. 45 Thus, it is needed to carefully mitigate the interferences in order to ensure that the overall result is efficient and comparable to the real-life scenarios. 46 A number of researchers have studied the behavior of AF and DF modes in different realizations of the network. ...
In order to resolve the issue of coverage limitation for the future fifth-generation network, deploying a relay node within a cell is one of the most capable and cost-effective solution, which not only enhances the coverage but also improves the spectral efficiency. However, this solution leads to the undesired interferences from nearby base station and relay nodes that affects user’s signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and can cause the ambiguous received signal at the user end. In this article, we have analyzed a relay-based interference-limited network at millimeter wave frequency and proposed a Poisson point process–based model using a stochastic geometrical approach. The results for the proposed Poisson point process model have been evaluated in terms of success probability, network ergodic capacity, and outage probability, compared with the ideal grid model and conventional multiple-antenna ultra-dense network model. The results proved that the success probability and ergodic capacity for the proposed model are 3.5% and 2.3% higher as compared to the most commonly used model for the high-density network, respectively. Furthermore, the results have been analyzed at different multiple-input-multiple-output antenna configuration, which validates the model in the improvement of overall network performance even for higher number of antennas.
... The expected data rate for the 5G network is approximately 100 Gbps with maximum latency of 1 ms, along with better user capacity and battery life [5,6]. In order to achieve an acceptable quality of service (QoS), various potential solutions are being developed, such as the use of the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band [7- 9], massive MIMO [10], cooperative network using RNs [11], coordinated multi-point operation (CoMP) [12], wireless software-defined networking (WSDN) [13], D2D communication [14], internet of things (IoT) [15,16], ethernet passive optical network (EPON) [17], and big data & mobile cloud computing [18]. The 5G network will be capable of incorporating existing technologies, such as several advanced power optimization techniques [19,20] and optimal scheduling algorithms [21]. ...
Due to recent developments in the cellular communication system, stochastic process implementation is necessary. The cellular communication system exhibits random patterns in various domains, thereby compelling the utilization of stochastic processes to achieve an optimal output. User behaviors with respect to the variable geographical pattern, population density, architecture, data usage, and mobility over various cells are random in nature. Therefore, the stochastic-geometry-based Poisson point process (PPP) technique can be implemented to accurately analyze these random processes in device-to-device (D2D)-based cooperative cellular networks. Stochastic modeling entails the consideration of transmitters and receivers as the elements of stochastic point processes. The hexagonal method is not applicable for the implementation of heterogeneous network topologies, as it is not suitable for topologies in which the cell size is not fixed. Therefore, a randomly designed heterogeneous network uses stochastic geometry as a viable solution for predicting probabilistic parameters, including the cell interference, load distribution, coverage probability, base station (BS) mapping, and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Moreover, as a network architecture that is based on relay nodes (RNs), cellular and D2D users can be utilized in the domain of homogeneous random models. The associated phenomenon can be considered independent and Poisson. In this paper, the stochastic-geometric-based PPP approach is introduced for modeling the SINR, success probability, ergodic capacity, and outage probability for the D2D-enabled cooperative cellular network. The proposed PPP realistic model utilizes a BS, RN, cellular user (CU), and D2D user positioning method to design an interference-free network. The success probability, ergodic capacity, and outage probability for cellular and D2D users are used as metrics for evaluating the results with respect to various SINR threshold values and node densities. Moreover, the total success probability, ergodic capacity, and outage probability have been calculated for various multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configurations to validate the results. The results confirmed that the proposed PPP model approach outperforms the grid model and conventional multi-antenna ultra-dense network (UDN) approaches.
... Smart devices in fifth generation (5G) wireless systems can be loaded not only with a variety of sensors, but also by different means of communication that enable access to the Internet. Technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and more recently Wi-Fi P2P (Wi-Fi Direct), can be used to enrich the smart side of these devices by enabling D2D communication and providing more functionality to enhance the user experience [15,16] and facilitate interactivity with the surrounding environment [17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, such level of user experience and interactivity may become seriously reduced in remote areas with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage. ...
To facilitate connectivity to the internet, the easiest way to establish communication infrastructure in areas affected by natural disaster and in remote locations with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage is to deploy an end-to-end connection over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, the potentials of MANETs are yet to be fully realized as existing MANETs routing protocols still suffer some major technical drawback in the areas of mobility, link quality, and battery constraint of mobile nodes between the overlay connections. To address these problems, a routing scheme named Mobility, Residual energy and Link quality Aware Multipath (MRLAM) is proposed for routing in MANETs. The proposed scheme makes routing decisions by determining the optimal route with energy efficient nodes to maintain the stability, reliability, and lifetime of the network over a sustained period of time. The MRLAM scheme uses a Q-Learning algorithm for the selection of optimal intermediate nodes based on the available status of energy level, mobility, and link quality parameters, and then provides positive and negative reward values accordingly. The proposed routing scheme reduces energy cost by 33% and 23%, end to end delay by 15% and 10%, packet loss ratio by 30.76% and 24.59%, and convergence time by 16.49% and 11.34% approximately, compared with other well-known routing schemes such as Multipath Optimized Link State Routing protocol (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2, respectively. Overall, the acquired results indicate that the proposed MRLAM routing scheme significantly improves the overall performance of the network.
... date, the gain equalization using MDM transmission systems has been implemented [2]. The lowest coding complexity in weakly coupled multicore fibers with the lowest achievable information per unit area [3] is enhanced by multiple-input and multiple-output configuration (MIMO) [4][5][6][7][8] in various network architectures. Later, FMF based wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) [9], erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) based few-mode system [10] has been developed. ...
... where J and K in Eq. (3) define the Bessel function and modified Bessel functions of order l and the term b is expressed in Eq. (8). ...
In this paper, a novel fiber is proposed to support few linearly polarized (LP) modes, with the feature of a circular ring-shaped core filled by liquid. This fiber supports four LP modes: LP01, LP02, LP31 and LP11. The properties of all spatial modes are numerically analyzed by considering the different optical parameters such as confinement loss, dispersion and differential modal delay (DMD) at different temperatures. The obtained results show that the proposed fiber reduces the confinement loss as well as DMD over the entire range of the C-band. The same characteristics are also investigated and optimized at 1.55 μm in the temperature range 20–80 °C. Both confinement loss and DMD evidently decrease with temperature leading to the possibility of using this type of fibers as temperature sensors.
