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!This paper presents the design and realization of a metasurface-based low-profile wideband Circularly Polarized (CP) patch antenna with high performance for Fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. The antenna consists of a modified patch, sandwiched between an array of 4 × 4 symmetrical square ring Metasurface (MTS) and a ground plane. Initia...
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... prototype of the propose metasurface-based wideband CP antenna is fabricated through photolithography to validate the design concept. The photographs of the fabricated antenna and its part of the assembly, and the farfield measurement setup are illustrated in Fig. 10. A 50-Ω 2.92mm K-connector is connected carefully with the patch, while the MTS layer is directly stacked on a patch antenna with the help of an adhesive liquid. The far-field measurements are done at the anechoic chamber. A wellcalibrated standard gain horn antenna (SGH-series) is used as a transmitting antenna (TX), while the ...
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... general, a good agreement between the simulated and measured results are observed. Figure 11 shows the simulated and the measured S-parameter (|S11|) of the antenna. The |S11| is measured using a network analyzer (Rohde and Schwarz ZVA 40) in an open-air condition. ...
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... antenna radiation properties in terms of AR and broadside gain are illustrated in Fig. 12. The measured 3-dB AR bandwidth is 20.1 %, ranging from 24.1 to 29.5 GHz, and this band is fully overlapped by the impedance bandwidth. A little variation between measured and simulated AR curves are due to miss alignment of the MTS layer on the patch and the fabrication imperfections. In addition, the broadside gain varies from 9.5 to ...
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... radiation patterns in both principal planes (xoz and yozplane) at 25, 28, and 31 GHz are plotted in Fig. 13. The antenna has stable and symmetrical radiation patterns with left-hand CP (LHCP) radiation. It can be seen that the righthand CP (RHCP) is very small compared to the LHCP radiation across the operating bandwidth. At the broadside direction (θ = 0°), the LHCP level is more than 13 dB compared to the RHCP level. To get a better ...
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... across the operating bandwidth. At the broadside direction (θ = 0°), the LHCP level is more than 13 dB compared to the RHCP level. To get a better insight of the polarization, the electric-field (E-field) of the antenna at 26 GHz and 28 GHz for various values of ωt (ωt = 0°, ωt = 90°, and ωt= 180°), observed from +z-direction is shown in Fig. 14. The E-field rotates in a clockwise direction at both frequencies suggesting the LHCP radiation of the proposed antenna. ...
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Citations
... In recent years, some researchers focused on methods to enhance the gain and bandwidth of the planar antennas. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In Reference 6, the gain enhancement is achieved using a modified dipole-like unit-cell of the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). Two different AMC structures are employed to operate at 2.4 GHz for medical applications. ...
This paper presents a high‐gain wearable circularly polarized bow‐tie antenna (WCPBTA) with metamaterial unit‐cells and 5 pins (5Ps) technique for telemedicine applications such as telemonitoring the elderly or the patients especially for emergency conditions of contagious diseases. The frequency range of the proposed antenna is 5.725–5.850 GHz, which belongs to the unlicensed‐national information infrastructure (U‐NII‐3) for the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) sub‐channels. A light‐weight and flexible felt with dielectric constant εr = 3, thickness 1.27 mm, and tan (δ) = 0.0095 is used as the substrate for patient comfort and wearability. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 64 × 62 × 1.27 mm³ or 0.102 λg³ at 5.8 GHz. The maximum simulated gain at 5.8 GHz is 8.25 dB, which is more than 4 dB compared to that of the original bow‐tie antenna. Besides, the axial ratio (AR) and the specific absorption rate (SAR) are also analyzed, which meet the perfect requirement for medical applications. The fabricated prototype of the antenna shows good compatibility between simulation and measurement results. These characteristics make the proposed WCPBTA a good choice for wireless body area networks (WBANs) in telemonitoring applications especially with the aim of preventing the spread of contagious diseases.
... Recently, metasurfaces have been employed in several novel antenna designs for bandwidth and gain enhancement [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]. These enhancements are directly related to improving the design's physical properties, i.e., reducing surface waves and back radiations. ...
Weight-size optimization is the main challenge of high-power antenna design. This letter presents a low-profile, metasurface-based wideband antenna. The proposed antenna comprises an N-type-to-waveguide transition to excite the metasurfaces and handle high-power excitations. A metasurface array of 4×4-unit cells is integrated into the waveguide. The proposed waveguide is 3D printed, and its internal faces are covered by copper tape to maintain a low weight (less than 0.5 lb.). The prototype is experimentally tested, and the results confirm the prototype’s functionality from 2.1 GHz to 3.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 52.6 % and a peak gain of 8.5 dBi. Furthermore, the high-power handling capability of the proposed design has been experimentally confirmed by exciting it with a 7 kV pulsed source. These results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed antenna in satellite communication, radar communication, and wireless communication between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
... However, it's not without its drawbacks, as the antenna exhibits high side lobe levels and poor matching at the 4G band, which could impact performance in certain scenarios. Reference [16] proposes the modified patch with a diagonal slot and metasurface, which is characterized by a dielectric constant (εr) of 2.2 and a low loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. One of the standout features of this design is its ability to achieve circular polarization, which is highly desirable for various communication applications. ...
The advent of 6G communication promises a transformative leap in wireless connectivity, ushering in an era of unprecedented data rates, ultra-low latency, and pervasive connectivity. To harness the full potential of 6G networks, it is imperative to address the unique challenges posed by evolving communication environments. In this context, we present a novel framework that integrates Adaptive Composite Bandwidth and Automatic Gain Control techniques into the 6G communication paradigm. Optical wireless receivers experience large input current difference due to the large transmitted power, noise from ambient light and the varying efficiencies of different photodiode receivers. With its large dynamic range of μA to mA, transimpedance amplifiers are suitable to handle photodiode efficiency with a large dynamic range. The receiver design proposed in this article incorporates two characteristic parameter adjustments, namely, bandwidth and automatic gain. By adjusting the bandwidth the signal-to-noise ratio of the incoming signal is automatically controlled. By controlling the bandwidth, the unwanted noise is reduced and amplifier output is liable to low noise and enhances the dynamic range without extra filtering. The automatic gain control adapts its gain based on slight change in the input signal at the receiver front-end. This optimization technique ensures low photo-detection and amplification noise to achieve better quality of service. The results indicate that the bootstrap transimpedance amplifier gain is around 53.3 dB and frequency cut-off at 109.7 MHz. Thus, when gain control capacitance is varied between 50 pF to 1 nF, the bandwidth adjustment falls in the range 7.5–104.1 MHz, and the amplifier’s second stage gain becomes 10.4 dB. The overall gain of the proposed configuration with automatic gain control integrated into the transimpedance amplifier increases up to 31.1 dB, while the bandwidth increases from 9.4 to 60.7 MHz. Consequently, the gain bandwidth product is optimized from 10.4 to 31.1 dB. The main contribution of this work is optimizing the product by selecting a capacitance value within the given range that maximizes the gain-bandwidth product. This optimization paradigm is predicated on identifying a capacitance value that minimizes the gain-bandwidth product, thereby effectuating effective noise mitigation. This proposed framework embodies a significant contribution to the domain of 6G communications, heralding a new epoch in the optimization of wireless connectivity through the strategic integration of adaptive bandwidth and automatic gain control mechanism.
... One of the most common methods is to truncate the corners of a rectangular microstrip patch (Zhao et al. 2017;Nisamol et al. 2020) or insert slots with various shapes in the radiating patch. Combining these two approaches is also proposed to improve antenna efficiency (Niamat et al. 2020). ...
A circularly polarized patch array antenna with a metasurface having a polarization conversion feature at 4.975 THz frequency is proposed. The structure consists of a fully metalized grounded patch array with a metasurface on top of the antenna and separated from the array antenna by a silicon dioxide layer. The modified antenna is placed between a symmetrical surface of 11 rows of 25 fishbone-shaped gold metasurface and a ground plane. The optimal antenna structure dimensions have been examined and provided for the designed array. The performance of an array antenna has been investigated from various aspects including gain, bandwidths of impedance, and axial ratio. Placing the metasurface on the microstrip antenna array causes the radiation waves of the antenna source to be converted from the linearly polarized form to circularly polarized waves, which improves the impedance and bandwidth of the axial ratio. In addition, a transmission line model is provided to show how to achieve a suitable axial ratio, which provides a high gain as well. The overall size of the final antenna is 400 × 400 × 3.3 μm³ and provides a gain of 16 dB in the operating bandwidth of 4.71–5.2 THz (i.e., 10%).
... Currently, various stacked patch antennas have been proposed [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The stacked structures of metasurface and patch radiators provide an improved CP performance [22][23][24]. Several orthogonal linearly polarized (LP) modes are designed in [25,26] with equal magnitude and quadrature phase difference. ...
... And compared with existing center-fed CP patch antennas [30], our proposed CF-CPSPA has much wider impedance bandwidth and AR bandwidth. Besides, the proposed CF-CPSPA is easy to design (compared with [26]) and meets the spacing requirement of the wide-angle scanning (compared with [24]). ...
A center-fed circularly polarized stacked patch antenna (CF-CPSPA) with enhanced axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The antenna is composed of two microstrip patches, the lower patch consists of a circular pad, an elliptical-ring, and two branch lines connecting them, which is used to realize the center-fed condition, and the upper patch is an elliptical patch to achieve the wide band performance. Firstly, two center-fed linearly polarized stacked patch antennas with wide band are designed, one mode radiated with x polarization, and the other generates y polarized radiation. Next, the orthogonal modes of two linearly polarized antennas are combined together by a specific design. Finally, the approximate equal amplitude and quadrature phase difference of the introduced modes are achieved in the operating frequency band with proper parameters analysis. And the impedance bandwidth and 3dB AR bandwidth is improved to 30.4% and 16.5%.
... range in [18]. In [19,20] low profile antennas are presented for higher frequency spectrum. However, [21][22][23] are presented for higher frequency ranges than 1.575GHz of GPS band. ...
In this reported work a single feed, miniaturized, dual layer, and low profile antenna is presented for 1.575GHz frequency band. The proposed antenna offers high gain, lower noise bandwidth, with better sensitivity and range. The ground choke technique is used for back lobe suppression. The prototype is fabricated on FR 4 substrate using manual fabrication technique. This offers an inexpensive and readily available fabrication. Therefore, fabricated antenna is small size, low cost, easily fabricated and tested for satellite communication. The antenna comprises of two layers, containing a patch radiator and a Metasurface layer with 3x3 rectangular ring resonators. The layers are separated using foam with a 12mm width. The proposed prototype is radiating at 1.575GHz and 2.33GHz with an overall dimension of 85.6 x 68.4 x 15.204 mm. The developed antenna provides a gain of 5.9 dBi. The simulated results are verified using VNA and anechoic chamber testing. Moreover, the developed antenna has been successfully tested for L-Band Satellite communication in real time scenario without any LNA. Higher Gain due to Metasurface increase the efficiency of the system. The promising results indicate the aptness of the developed antenna for real-world applications of L-Band and S-Band.
... Therefore, the radiation performance could be improved due to the in-phase parallel image currents. 22 Extra resonances could be generated by surface waves, which obviously enhance the performance of the antenna. The dispersion curves analyzed in HFSS software are shown in Figure 5C. ...
In this paper, a single‐fed broadband circularly polarized (CP) filtering patch antenna based on metasurface is proposed. It consists of a corner‐truncated square patch, a nonuniform metasurface, and a U‐shaped strip. By placing the metasurface above the driven patch antenna, a radiation null is realized at the upper band, and an additional axial ratio (AR) minimum is simultaneously generated to enhance the CP bandwidth. Besides, two more radiation nulls are achieved at each side of the band edges by introducing a U‐shaped strip underneath the patch and embedding a shorting pin into the patch, which further improves the frequency selectivity and suppresses the radiation level. Measured results show that the designed antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 19.7% (4.8–5.85 GHz), a CP bandwidth of 19.9% (4.75–5.8 GHz), and an in‐band average gain of 7 dBic with suppression level of more than 18 dB at out of band.
... To address these challenges and ensure high-quality vehicular communications, the utilization of circularly polarized (CP) antennas is imperative. [6][7][8][9][10][11] These antennas not only provide flexible orientation between transmitting and receiving components but also effectively alleviate the impacts of multipath fading and Faraday rotation effects, thus enhancing overall signal quality. Furthermore, as wireless communications continue to advance, 12,13 the electromagnetic environment becomes increasingly complex, and channel interference becomes more severe. ...
In this work, a wideband compact circularly polarized (CP) antenna using a novel polarization‐rotated metasurface (MS) structure is presented. First, the polarization‐rotated MS structure is designed by using a complementary L‐shaped MS unit cell. By optimizing the width of diagonal gap and radius of corners, the amplitude and phase of its surface impedances along ±45° can be adjusted respectively, and then a large polarization‐rotated bandwidth of 44.4% can be obtained. Secondly, the modal behaviors of the proposed MS are also investigated by adopting characteristic mode analysis (CMA) to explore feasible CP radiation. Furtherly, the proposed MS is applied to construct a wideband CP MS‐based antenna by combining with a coupling slot. The experimental results show a large 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (~31.1%), a large 10‐dB impedance bandwidth (~41.8%) and a compact size of 0.63λ0 × 0.63λ0 × 0.08λ0, verifying that the proposed antenna can be applied to realize a high‐quality vehicular communication.
... Wireless equipment that complies with these 5G standards should be able to process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. These systems have lately acquired popularity (3) . ...
... Recent research has focused on using metasurfaces (MTS), which are 2D planar surfaces created by selectively periodic or quasi-periodic structures with sub-wavelength sizes, to enhance the performance of microstrip patch antennas, particularly bandwidth, and directivity [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]. MTS provide numerous possibilities for modifying EM wave magnitudes, shapes, phases, and propagation directions by getting over the physical restrictions presented in natural materials [35], [38]. ...
... By exploiting the metasurface on both sides of the antenna in [35] the directivity of the antenna is enhanced in both directions. By utilizing the metasurface with the patch antennas, the directivity can be increased on a particular side while the radiation is reduced in the other direction [35], [37], [39]. Fig. 1 demonstrates the typical response of a microstrip patch antenna with and without a metasurface structure. ...
... Here, the back radiation is reduced due to the metasurface, as it acts as a focusing lens to improve gain in the desired direction. This phenomenon has been well documented in [35], [37], and [39]. ...
The prolonged radiation exposure from mobile phone antennas may cause several health problems. In this article, an innovative method derived from a metasurface-based phone case is introduced to reduce the electromagnetic (EM) exposure from mobile phones. A metasurface consisting of 2 × 3 unit cells, is directly printed on a commercially available phone case. The effective utilization of the slotted square metallic metasurface with the phone cover, the EM exposure, expressed as specific absorption rate (SAR) is significantly reduced by more than 26%. Moreover, the overall performance of the mobile antenna including operating bandwidth and gain is also improved using the proposed metasurface phone case. To validate the design concept, SAR is analyzed for the mobile antenna with and without the proposed phone case with the mannequin model that closely resembles a human head. The measurement data shows that the SAR value is reduced in the human head from 1.387 W/kg to 0.985 W/kg using the metasurface-integrated phone case. The proposed method not only provides an effective way to suppress mobile phone radiation exposure but also invites other researchers to explore metasurface-based phone cases to minimize the health risks from radiation exposure to cell phones and other handheld devices.
