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The germination rate (%) of the seven E. crus-galli populations at different time points under salinity stress. The germination rate (%) of E. crus-galli under four NaCl concentrations at (a) 48 h, (b) 72 h and (c) 96 h after treatment. CH, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Chunhua, Hunan province, China; QR, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Chunhua, Hunan province, China, which were bred for four generations from 2014 to 2017, and resistant to quinclorac; HS, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Hanshou, Hunan province, China; SM, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Shimen, Hunan province, China; HK, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Hekou, Hunan province, China; DC, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Dingcheng, Hunan province, China; QS, the E. crus-galli biotype collected from Chunhua, Hunan province, China, which were bred for four generations from 2014 to 2017, and sensitive to quinclorac. The same as below. Lowercase letters are expressed as least square means ± standard error (p < 0.05).
Source publication
With the expansion of saline-alkaline tolerant rice in China, the effects of salinity stress (NaCl) on quinclorac-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv (E. crus-galli) is unclear. In this study, the growth chamber experiment was conducted to test the germination and growth physiology of seven populations of E. crus-galli with quinclorac-diffe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... salinity stress inhibited the germination of the E. crus-galli seeds, and a negative relation between germination rate of the seed and the corresponding resistance of E. crusgalli was concluded. In addition, the germination rate at 96 h ( Figure 1c) was significantly higher than that at 72 h ( Figure 1b) and 48 h ( Figure 1a) post treatment, while there were no significant differences in the resistance levels in the plants without NaCl treatment (Tables S1-S3). ...
Context 2
... salinity stress inhibited the germination of the E. crus-galli seeds, and a negative relation between germination rate of the seed and the corresponding resistance of E. crusgalli was concluded. In addition, the germination rate at 96 h ( Figure 1c) was significantly higher than that at 72 h ( Figure 1b) and 48 h ( Figure 1a) post treatment, while there were no significant differences in the resistance levels in the plants without NaCl treatment (Tables S1-S3). ...
Context 3
... salinity stress inhibited the germination of the E. crus-galli seeds, and a negative relation between germination rate of the seed and the corresponding resistance of E. crusgalli was concluded. In addition, the germination rate at 96 h ( Figure 1c) was significantly higher than that at 72 h ( Figure 1b) and 48 h ( Figure 1a) post treatment, while there were no significant differences in the resistance levels in the plants without NaCl treatment (Tables S1-S3). ...
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Citations
... Meanwhile, the shortest roots were produced in the single factor P4 treatment with an average of 3.80 cm. This is in accordance with research Wu et al. (2019) and Goharrizi et al. (2019) which stated that the higher the concentration of PEG, the more significant the decrease in the length of plant roots. ...
A prolonged dry season can cause drought stress and have an unfavorable impact on the growth of tomato plants, resulting in crop failure. Therefore, research is needed on the resistance of tomato varieties to drought stress. The recommended technique for drought resistance screening in tomatoes is in vitro cultivation using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). The research aimed to obtain new varieties that could be used as promising lines for varieties tolerant to drought stress. The research method used included using ingredients in the form of 5 varieties of tomatoes (Ratna, Intan, Chung, Palupi, and Amelia) and 5 concentrations of PEG chemicals (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Each seed of each tomato variety that had been sterilized using hypochlorite was germinated on MS0 media, then the germinated seeds with a size of ± 0.3 cm were transferred to MS0 + PEG treatment medium with each treatment concentration. The seeds that had been planted on the PEG-treated medium were then observed for growth for ± 4 weeks. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed with DMRT at the 5% significance level. Based on the results, Palupi variety is the most tolerant variety, and Ratna variety is the most intolerant variety to drought stress. The higher the concentration of PEG used, the more it inhibits plant height, root length, and fresh weight of the roots.
... P.oleracea, in particular, is defined as a halophyte [48]. On the other hand, E. crus-galli shows very different responses to salinity, probably due to its high intraspecific variability [49][50][51]. Different studies report that P. oleracea, C. album and E. crus-galli are already widespread weeds in different parts of the world. In Italy and the rest of the Mediterranean area, they largely occur especially in summer crops such as maize and soybean, where they show high competitiveness with the crops. ...
Background
Weeds represent a great constraint for agricultural production due to their remarkable adaptability and their ability to compete with crops. Climate change exacerbates the abiotic stresses that plants encounter. Therefore, studying plant responses to adverse conditions is extremely important. Here, the response to saline stress at different temperatures of three weed species (Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli and Portulaca oleracea) and three crops (maize, soybean and rice) was investigated.
Results
The germination percentage of soybean notably decreased as salinity and low temperatures increased. In contrast, maize and rice consistently maintained a high germination percentage, particularly when subjected to low salinity levels. Regarding weed species, the germination percentage of C. album was not significantly affected by salinity, but it decreased in E. crus-galli and P. oleracea with increasing salinity. The mean germination time for all species increased with salinity, especially at lower temperatures. This effect was most pronounced for soybean and E. crus-galli. C. album exhibited significant reduction in stem growth with high salinity and high temperatures, while in E. crus-galli stem growth was less reduced under similar conditions.
Conclusion
This study showed that successful germination under saline stress did not ensure successful early development and emphasizes the species-specific nature of the temperature-salinity interaction, perhaps influenced by intraspecific variability. Increasing salinity levels negatively impacted germination and seedling growth in most species, yet higher temperatures partially alleviated these effects.
... Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is economically important for the worldwide vegetable industry. World production of pepper in 2020 was over 36 million tonnes and is still growing; European production was over 3.5 million tonnes, while in Poland, the annual harvest is approximately 159,000 tonnes [1][2][3]. Pepper fruits are a source of natural pigments and antioxidants, including vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolic acids, as well as carotenoids. Given the nutraceutical and anticancer properties of pepper compounds, they are important preventive factors against many diseases, e.g., cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and other aging-associated disorders [4][5][6]. ...
High electrical conductivity (EC) in cultivation systems with the recirculating nutrient solutions can affect plant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the selected physiological and biochemical parameters of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) growing aeroponically at standard and high concentrations of nutritive solutions. Four experimental variants were tested: (1) plants cultivated under low EC conditions, (2) plants cultivated under low EC conditions and treated with foliar SA, (3) plants cultivated under high EC conditions, (4) plants cultivated under high EC conditions and treated with SA on leaves and roots. The obtained results revealed that exogenous SA, regardless of EC, reduced the formation of fruits with calcium deficiency symptoms. Furthermore, SA helps plants to cope with high EC nutrient stress through an increase in leaf SPAD index, maximum light-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII viability. Exogenous SA reduced the number of soluble proteins both under low and high EC; however, increased H2O2 content induced a defence mechanism reflected by the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity. The results of the study provide valuable information on the role of SA in the alleviation of the harmful effect of salinity under aeroponic cultivation.
... The currently available genome sequences of weeds, such as barnyardgrass [22] and Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis) [23], have provided vital references for studying their occurrence in crop fields and herbicide responses. Our previous study compared the adaptability of quinclorac resistance in the susceptible barnyardgrass under drought and salt stress [24,25]. As a continuation, the present study employed iTRAQ to identify proteins related to quinclorac resistance in barnyardgrass with an aim to provide insight into the proteomic changes associated with quinclorac treatment. ...
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) is the most serious weed threatening rice production, and its effects are aggravated by resistance to the quinclorac herbicide in the Chinese rice fields. This study conducted a comparative proteomic characterization of the quinclorac-treated and non-treated resistant and susceptible E. crus-galli using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The results indicated that the quinclorac-resistant E. crus-galli had weaker photosynthesis and a weaker capacity to mitigate abiotic stress, which suggested its lower environmental adaptability. Quinclorac treatment significantly increased the number and expression of the photosynthesis-related proteins in the resistant E. crus-galli and elevated its photosynthetic parameters, indicating a higher photosynthetic rate compared to those of the susceptible E. crus-galli. The improved adaptability of the resistant E. crus-galli to quinclorac stress could be attributed to the observed up-regulated expression of eight herbicide resistance-related proteins and the down-regulation of two proteins associated with abscisic acid biosynthesis. In addition, high photosynthetic parameters and low glutathione thiotransferase (GST) activity were observed in the quinclorac-resistant E. crus-galli compared with the susceptible biotype, which was consistent with the proteomic sequencing results. Overall, this study demonstrated that the resistant E. crus-galli enhanced its adaptability to quinclorac by improving the photosynthetic efficiency and GST activity.
... Salinity stress severely affects healthy plant growth and germination [32]. This study, showed that germination parameters were critically affected by salinity stress. ...
Crop productivity worldwide is being hampered by salt stress. Nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture are noteworthy and fruitful. The current work investigates the potential significance of TiO2 NPs in alleviating salt stress in wheat cultivars. TiO2 NPs were prepared by green synthesis; their characterizations were carried out by UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. In the greenhouse control condition, different concentrations of salt (NaCl) with and without TiO2 NPs were administered to wheat crops. Plants treated with TiO2 NPs showed an enhanced germination rate, morphological, and metabolic profiling with and without salt stress. Different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL) and salt solutions (NaCl 50, 100, and 150 mM) were used. TiO2 NP concentrations of 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL improved the germination attributes, physio-morphic parameters: plant length, the fresh and dry weight of plants, the number of leaves, the leaf area, the RWC, the MSI, and different chlorophyll contents at all saline conditions. These two concentrations also enhanced the biochemical attributes: free amino acids, soluble sugar content, proline content, SOD, and POD, of wheat varieties at all salinity levels. Wheat subjected to salt stress responded best to the application of TiO2 NPs at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. However, the highest concentrations (75 and 100 µg/mL) of TiO2 NPs showed detrimental effects on germination, agronomic, physiological, and biochemical attributes, and caused stress in both wheat varieties (Pirsabak-05 and NARC-09) under control and saline conditions. The outcomes of the current research work are notable, and NPs with such capabilities may be a useful supply of fertilizer in the agricultural industry.
The germination process and seedling growth are crucial stages in the life history of a plant that are severely affected in the face of salinity, osmotic, and extreme temperature conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of osmopriming with calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the tolerance responses of biological parameters of germination to the combined temperature (T) and sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced osmotic potential (Ψ) conditions using a developed hydrotime model. The germination behavior of Ca2+-primed and non-primed seeds was analyzed at different T (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C) and NaCl-induced Ψ (0, − 0.4, − 0.8, − 1.2, − 1.6, − 2, and − 2.4 MPa) conditions. According to the hydrotime model, Ca2+-primed seeds demonstrated a higher tolerance to the joint impacts of chilling and NaCl-induced osmotic conditions than those of non-primed ones. Generally, the priming treatment significantly ameliorated the extent, timing, uniformity of germination, and seedling vigor index at all examined hydro-thermal conditions compared with control seeds. This significance was associated with shifted ecophysiological parameters regarding hydrotime (ϴH), base water potential (Ψb), time taken for germination of a specific percentile (t(g)), and standard deviation of hydrotime (σϴ) toward the lower values following Ca2+-priming treatment, indicating a greater salinity tolerance. Hence, the presented biological parameters can easily be used to predict the physiological changes of germination under environmental factors over time. Also, results suggest that recommended Ca2+-priming treatment could be a time- and cost-effective method for improving quinoa cultivation in salt agriculture, especially in arid lands.
