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The germination percentage (a) and germination index (b) of A. membranaceus seeds and the effects of ABA and MeJA. The sterilized seeds were sowed on petri dish with sterile filter paper soaked with distilled water (CT), 10 μM ABA solution (ABA), or 800 μM MeJA solution (MeJA). The number of germinated seeds was recorded in 0.5–5 days after sowing (DAS). All experiments were performed in triplicate (200 seeds/replicate), and error bars represent SE.
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Astragalus membranaceus is a major traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Here, we investigated the mobilizations of seed reserves during its germination and post-germination growth, as well as the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). It was found that both starch and protein were rapidly mobilized during the seed ger...
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... Seedlings subjected to WR had a significant developmental delay (i.e., cotyledons still present during sampling) (Fig. 1). One possible explanation is that treatment with MeJA may have reduced the mobilization of reserves during seedling establishment, as also observed by Yang et al. (2018) for Astragalus membranaceus seedlings, making it not possible to maintain osmotic adjustment when subjected to WR. This would delay the mobilization of reserves. ...
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a phytohormone involved in plant defense against stress. However, its application as pretreatment in soybean seeds is limited. Here, we investigated whether seed pretreatment with MeJA mitigated the negative effects of water restriction (WR) and mechanical wounding (MW) in soybean seedlings at the V1 vegetative stage. Seeds of Glycine max (Monsoy 6410 variety) were pretreated with water or 12.5 µM MeJA for 14 h. The obtained seedlings were transferred to pots containing substrate (soil and sand) kept in a greenhouse and subjected to different growth conditions: control (no stress), WR (40% water retention), and MW. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme (2 seed pretreatments × 3 growth conditions). The variables analyzed were ethylene levels, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system enzymes, sugars, amino acids, proteins, proline, and growth (root and shoot length). WR negatively affected seedling growth, regardless of seed pretreatment, but proline levels increased with MeJA application. In seedlings subjected to MW, MeJA increased ethylene release, which was related to reduced damage. It suggests that pretreatment of soybean seeds with MeJA is a promising tool to mitigate the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses during seedling establishment, inducing distinct tolerance strategies.
... VI = (mean seedling length (cm) × the final germination percentage on day 5)/100, time (MGT) is measured using the following formula[61]. MGT = ∑ (Seeds germinated on each day × Number of days since the start of the experiment)index (GI): The formula from[62] is used to measure the germination index (GI). GI = Σ (Number of seeds germinated per day/Day of observation), ...
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a facultative halophyte renowned for its importancein enhancing food security, and it supports forage production across diverse climatic regions. Theobjective of this study is to examine the impacts of multiple pre-treatment methods on C. quinoa seed(Titicaca cultivar) germination parameters, identify the optimum pre-treatment to diminish the conse-quence of salinity, and promote the productivity of this crop, especially in marginal environments.For this purpose, a spectrum of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations spanning from 0 to 500 mMand gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations ranging from 0 to 300 ppm were tested, and mechanicalscarification (MS) was carried out. The effect of a combination of these pretreatment NaCl/GA3and NaCl/MS on the germination parameters of C. quinoa seed was also investigated. The resultsshowed that the total germination, vigor index, and germination index decreased progressively withan increase in salinity. Hence, salinity exhibited a notable influence on most germination parameters.Moreover, seeds scarified with 500 mM of NaCl negatively affected all measured parameters. Incontrast, gibberellic acid applied at 200 ppm was effective on most of the parameters measured,particularly under 100 mM of NaCl. These findings indicate that immersing seeds in gibberellic acidcould mitigate the adverse impacts of salinity.
... In Phase II, which is known as the lag phase, water uptake ceases, and reserve mobilization commences. Drought stress decreases the activity of hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, which catalyzes the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars, Plants 2024, 13, 384 3 of 15 thereby prolonging the time required for carbohydrate hydrolysis and resulting in failed seed germination [8][9][10][11]. Plant hormones, such as gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), play pivotal roles in seed germination; GA activates hydrolytic enzymes, while ABA exerts an opposing influence. Water deficiency triggers an increase in ABA levels but a decrease in GA levels, thus failing to stimulate the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes and impeding reserve mobilization [12][13][14]. ...
Drought stress is an annual global phenomenon that has devastating effects on crop production, so numerous studies have been conducted to improve crop drought resistance. Plant-associated microbiota play a crucial role in crop health and growth; however, we have a limited understanding of the key processes involved in microbiome-induced crop adaptation to drought stress. In this review, we summarize the adverse effects of drought stress on crop growth in terms of germination, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, biomass, and yield, with a focus on the response of soil microbial communities to drought stress and plant-microbe interactions under drought stress. Moreover, we review the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying the mitigation effect of microbes on crop drought stress. Finally, we highlight future research directions, including the characterization of specific rhizosphere microbiome species with corresponding root exudates and the efficiency of rhizobacteria inoculants under drought conditions. Such research will advance our understanding of the complex interactions between crops and microbes and improve crop resistance to drought stress through the application of beneficial drought-adaptive microbes.
... Breaking the dormancy of A. griseum seeds using gibberellin may not be effective, and more research is needed to find effective methods to break the dormancy. (Baskin et al., 1998；Baskin et al., 2004)。槭属(Acer) 绝大部分植物种子具有休眠特性，通过低温层积，休 眠种子中生长抑制物质浓度下降，生长促进物质浓度 上升 (Sinska et al., 1984)，从而促进种子的萌发。Pinfiel (Pinfield et al., 1990a)和巴尔干枫(Acer hyrcanum) (Naseri et al., 2018)等。物理休眠是由于种 皮或者果皮的不透水性阻碍种子萌发引起，如意大利 枫(Acer opalus) (Gleiser et al., 2004)、 深 灰 槭 (Acer caesium) (Phartyal et al., 2003)、 茶 条 枫 (Acer ginnala) (Vordtriede et al., 2012) Fujihara et al., 1978)，而尿囊素能促进一些植物种子的 萌发，比如拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) (Nourimand et al., 2019) (Berestetzky et al., 1991)、苹果(Malus communis) (Yildiz et al., 2007)和 西 洋 梨 (Pyrus communis) (Yildiz et al., 2008)休眠种子的萌发，但是对蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus) (Yang et al., 2018)、 苍 耳 (Xanthium pennsylvanicum) (Nojavan-Asghari et al., 1998) ...
【Objective】Acer griseum is a plant native to China that is endangered and also an excellent ornamental tree
species. However, the seeds of A. griseum have deep physiological dormancy, which hinders its population restoration and
production application. This study aims to better understand the seed dormancy mechanism of A. griseum and to find ways to
alleviate dormancy, so as to provide reference for the research of seed dormancy mechanism of A. griseum and other plants and
production practice.【Method】The germination process of A. griseum seeds in natural condition was dynamically observed to
study the natural dormancy duration. Low temperature stratification, detachment of embryos, and different concentrations of
gibberellin solution were conducted to explore methods to break the dormancy of A. griseum seeds. Wheat seeds were treated with
extracts from various parts of dormant A. griseum seeds, and the germination vigor, germination rate, and germination index of
wheat seeds in each treatment group were analyzed to identify the location of substances that inhibited the germination of A.
griseum seeds. Finally, metabolomics techniques were used to explore the specific substances that could affect the dormancy of A.
griseum seeds. 【Result】1) In natural condition, the dormancy duration of A. griseum seeds was approximately 29 months. Low
temperature stratification for 3–12 months, detachment of embryos, and 200, 400, and 800 mg·L–1
concentrations of gibberellin solution did not break the dormancy of A. griseum seeds. 2) Wheat seeds treated with extracts from the wings and outer seed coat
of dormant A. griseum seeds had higher germination vigor and germination rate than those in the control group. Wheat seeds
treated with extracts from the embryos of dormant A. griseum seeds had significantly lower germination vigor, germination rate,
and germination index than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The germination vigor, germination rate, and germination index
of wheat seeds treated with extracts from the dormancy-broken A. griseum seed embryos had no differences compared to those in
the control group. 3) The metabolomics analysis showed that there were 289 and 215 significantly different metabolites in the
dormant and dormancy-broken A. griseum seed embryos, respectively. These significantly different metabolites were matched
through secondary spectra, with 146 in the positive ion mode and 109 in the negative ion mode; Among the 20 metabolites with the
highest multiple of difference (|log2FC|), 19 showed a significant decrease in content after seed dormancy was broken, mainly
distributed in fatty acyl groups and benzene and its substituted derivatives. A class of significant differential metabolites, phenolic
phosphates, were identified through a first-order spectra. These metabolites included fatty acyls and phenolic compounds, and they
played a key role in affecting the seed dormancy of A. griseum. The substances that inhibited the seed germination of A. griseum
were fatty acyl 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, jasmonic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid, and 1, 11-undecanedicarboxylic acid of the fatty acyls
and methylgingerol, xanthurenic acid, and methyl vanillate of the phenols. 【Conclusion】 The dormancy of A. griseum seeds
belongs to deep physiological embryo dormancy, with a dormancy period of about 29 months. The seed wings, outer seed coat, and
inner seed coat of A. griseum have no inhibitory effect on its germination, and the seed wings and outer seed coat contain
substances that promote seed germination. The substances that inhibit the germination of A. griseum seeds exist in the embryo. The
dormancy of A. griseum seeds is not caused by a single endogenous substance, but may be the result of the interaction or
superposition of multiple substances. Breaking the dormancy of A. griseum seeds using gibberellin may not be effective, and more
research is needed to find effective methods to break the dormancy.
... Mobilization may occur during germination and/or during initial seedling growth. In most cases, carbohydrates and proteins are the first compounds utilized (Yang et al., 2018). Carbohydrates are converted into sucrose for respiration and proteins into amino acids for production of new enzymes and building blocks (Paula et al., 2016;Mazzottini-dos-Santos et al., 2017). ...
... Carbohydrates are converted into sucrose for respiration and proteins into amino acids for production of new enzymes and building blocks (Paula et al., 2016;Mazzottini-dos-Santos et al., 2017). As high-energy metabolites, lipids are generally mobilized after proteins and carbohydrates, given the complexity of lipid degradation (Yang et al., 2018). ...
Abstract Temperature may affect the mobilization and hydrolysis of storage reserves for energy production during seed germination. This study investigated germination performance and reserve mobilization in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. seeds incubation at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C. The germination process was favored by incubation at 25 to 35°C and negatively affected at 20 and 40°C. At 35°C there reduction in germination speed, however, without significantly compromising the final germination percentage. The results showed that lipids and proteins are the predominant metabolites in D. spruceana seeds. Mobilization of soluble sugars was highest at 25 and 30°C. At 20 and 40°C, mobilization occurred more slowly, negatively affecting germination. This finding, combined with changes in lipid and protein reserves, suggests that lipid and protein hydrolysis products were used for starch synthesis. Reserve mobilization patterns in D. spruceana embryos were influenced by germination temperature, with the highest utilization efficiency occurring between 25 and 35°C.
... Then, MeJA was shown to reduce postharvest sprouting and improve the storage quality of radishes [12]. MeJA was also found to inhibit seed germination in a series of species [13][14][15]. In recent years, more and more studies have demonstrated that MeJA could enhance the quality attributes of postharvest agricultural products such as color, texture, nutrition, etc. [16,17]. ...
Potato tubers tend to sprout during long-term storage, resulting in quality deterioration and shortened shelf life. Restrictions on the use of chlorpropham, the major potato sprout suppressant, have led to a need to seek alternative methods. In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) solutions and MeJA microcapsules on sprouting and other key quality attributes of the potato tuber were investigated. The results showed that the MeJA solution was most effective at 300 μmol L−1 according to TOPSIS analysis. To prepare MeJA microcapsules, the optimal formulation is with 0.04% emulsifier, 2.5% sodium alginate, 0.5% chitosan and 3% CaCl2. Compared to 300 μmol L−1 MeJA solution, MeJA microcapsules consumed a lower dose of MeJA but demonstrated a better retaining effect on the overall quality attributes of potato tubers. MeJA microcapsules are promising agents for the preservation of postharvest potato tubers.
... MeJA as a plant growth regulator is widely present in plants, and some of its effects are considered similar to ABA (Creelman and Mellut 1997). MeJA also inhibits seed germination and growth (Tsai et al. 1997;Yang et al. 2018). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to synthesize a MeJA analogue and tests its effect on reducing PHS in wheat and elucidating its potential modes of action. ...
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat commonly occurs in rainy or humid weather conditions before harvest. It not only affects the yield but also decreases the wheat quality and seed value. As the most important grain crop in the world, reducing PHS and improving the yield and quality of wheat is essential. In this study, a new compound of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) analog, N-(2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyl) acetamide, was synthesized and its effect on PHS tested. Concentration screening of the new compound showed that [1500 mg L⁻¹ N-(2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyl) acetamide + 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.1% penetrant (T2)] was suitable for inhibiting PHS. Exogenously applied T2 effectively inhibited seed germination and increased abscisic acid (ABA) and decreased gibberellin (GA) concentration. These changes in endogenous hormones led to a significant reduction in α-amylase activity. The results of RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR indicated that expression of genes encoding biosynthesis and catabolism of ABA, GA and α-amylase had a consistent trend with the results of hormone concentrations and α-amylase activity. In conclusion, application of T2 can delay PHS by 2 to 3 days through changing of endogenous hormones to significantly decrease the α-amylase activity and ensure the vigor of wheat seed. These findings can provide some help for the development of a retardant to prevent PHS.
... However, GA 3 is probably not the essential factor in the natural process of germination in oil palm. Hormonal profiling of germinating oil palm seeds has shown that several hormones vary in the first days, not only gibberellins, which only show a small increase [65]. The most visible events are a strong decrease in abscissic acid and a modest increase in auxin [52,66]. ...
... In non-oleaginous seeds such as Sichuan pepper tree (which produces starchy seeds), gibberellins inhibit SDP1-dependent lipid remobilization and increase sugar content [72]. In Astragalus (proteaginous legume seed), abscissic acid and methyl-JA delay lipid remobilization [65]. In oleaginous seeds, it is also probable that gibberellins and abscissic acid regulate lipid remobilization. ...
Oil palm is an oil-producing crop of major importance at the global scale. Oil palm mesocarp lipids are used for myriads industrial applications, and market demand has been growing for decades. In addition, oil palm seeds are oleaginous, and the oil extracted therefrom can be used for several purposes, from food to cosmetics. As such, there is a huge need in oil palm seeds to maintain the global cohort of more than 2 billion trees. However, oil palm seed germination is a rather difficult process, not only to break dormancy, but also because it is long and often reaches lower-than-expected germination rates. Surprisingly, despite the crucial importance of germination for oil palm plantation management, our knowledge is still rather limited, in particular about germinating oil palm seed metabolism. The present review incorporates different pieces of information that have been obtained in the past few years, in oil palm and in other palm species, in order to provide an overview of germination metabolism and its control. Further insights can also be gained from other oleaginous model plants, such as Arabidopsis or canola, however, palm seeds have peculiarities that must be accounted for, to gain a better understanding of germinating seed metabolism.
... The period of germination peak is from the beginning time of germination to the time when the germination percentage reaches more than 80%. GE is the percentage of germinated seeds in total seeds during germination peak (Amooaghaie et al., 2015;Wei et al., 2014); MGT is the weighted mean of the germination time of seeds during the time intervals of the peak period (weighted by the number of germinated seeds) (Ribeiro-Oliveira and Ranal, 2016; Soltani et al., 2015); T 50 is calculated by the linear fitting equation of germination number versus time during the peak period (Amooaghaie et al., 2015;Farooq et al., 2005); GR is the weighted sum of the ratio of the number of germinated seeds to time within a certain time interval during the peak period (weighted by the number of germinated seeds) (Rekik et al., 2017;Yang et al., 2018); RL is the length from the tip of the radicle to the bottom of the hypocotyl (Hillis et al., 2011;Rusan et al., 2015). The details for calculating the relevant indices can be seen from Eqs. (1)À(3). ...
Biological tests with plant seeds have been adopted in many studies to investigate the phytotoxicity of pollutants to facilitate the control of risks and remain to be optimized. In this work, the experiment with a small sample size (Experiment 1) and the experiment with a large one (Experiment 2) were designed to study the effect of tetracycline (TC) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) at seed germination and radicle elongation stages. At the former stage, germination number data were obtained to analyze the germination energy (GE) and to judge the probability of the number of germinated seeds (Pn) by the binomial distribution model in Experiment 1. While germination time-to-number data were obtained to analyze the mean time to germination (MGT), the estimate of mean time to germination (EMGT) by survival analysis method, the time to germination for 50% of total seeds (T50) and the germination rate (GR) besides GE in Experiment 2. At the latter stage, the data of radicle length (RL) were obtained in all the experiments and the influence from the former stage on this stage was excluded in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Results showed that TC had universal adverse effects on the latter stage but not on the former stage in the experiments. Considering the availability of germination data for statistical analysis and the robustness of RL data, the methods adopted in Experiment 2 were more feasible than those in Experiment 1. In addition, Chinese cabbage seeds with medium size have the character of rapid germination compared with the commonly used crop species and can be used to shorten the experimental cycle to study the responses of seeds to pollutants to evaluate the phytotoxicity.
We introduced survival analysis method to analyze the germination time-to-number data obtained in seed germination test to evaluate the phytotoxicity of tetracycline.
... MJ inhibited germination of dormant seeds and cooperated with ABA in the jasmonate receptor, Coronatine Insensitive 1 (COI1)--independent manner [Dave et al. 2011]. Exogenous 800 µM MJ treatment inhibited the germination and post-germination growth of Astragalus membranaceus [Yang et al. 2018]. It decreased the weight of mobilized seed reserves and seed reserves utilization efficiency, detained the mobilization of proteins and lipids leading to exceeded consumption of carbon energy. ...
... It decreased the weight of mobilized seed reserves and seed reserves utilization efficiency, detained the mobilization of proteins and lipids leading to exceeded consumption of carbon energy. It changed the fatty acid composition in cotyledons, with decreasing the double bond index and average carbon chain length [Yang et al. 2018]. On the other hand, there are the opposite reports, in which MJ promotes dormancy release, for example in Triticum aestivum and is correlated with a transient increase in JA content and expression of JA biosynthesis genes [Xu et al. 2016]. ...
Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a widely occurring molecule. Since it is synthesized constitutively, its presence is substantial to plant normal growth and development. Moreover, its elevated concentration detected under abiotic and biotic stress conditions seems to be crucial to plant in reacting to adverse events and its ability to survive. Because of the sophisticated biochemical machinery inside the plant body, MJ, among other molecules, helps the plant to adopt to the surrounding environmental changes and is involved in its defense system.
