Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Capacity to remotely monitor and control systems for waste-water treatment and to provide real time and trustworthy data of system’s behavior to various stakeholders is of high relevance. SCADA systems are used to undertake this job. SCADA solutions are usually conceptualized and designed with a major focus on technological integrability and functi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... systems can be designed both for small and very large installations [6,7]. Figure 1 introduces the generic SCADA architecture [2,3,7]. Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 27 terface processes with installations and equipment [3,4]. ...
Context 2
... systems can be designed both for small and very large installations [6,7]. Figure 1 introduces the generic SCADA architecture [2,3,7]. According to Figure 1, field equipment (e.g., sensors, actuators, pumps, switches, turbines, etc.) is connected to PLCs or Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) in a local network, where input data are gathered and processed. ...
Context 3
... 1 introduces the generic SCADA architecture [2,3,7]. According to Figure 1, field equipment (e.g., sensors, actuators, pumps, switches, turbines, etc.) is connected to PLCs or Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) in a local network, where input data are gathered and processed. Actions are triggered based on the result of a control logic which runs inside PLCs or RTUs [2,5,8]. ...
Context 4
... the control center includes design and development of SCADA application and human-process interface (HPI) to visualize processed data that are received from remote automation systems. Connectivity between SCADA application and remote automation systems involves setup and configuration of the communication hardware and services, identification and hiring services from communication providers that can ensure the network coverage, static IPs, and VPN gates for secured According to Figure 1, field equipment (e.g., sensors, actuators, pumps, switches, turbines, etc.) is connected to PLCs or Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) in a local network, where input data are gathered and processed. Actions are triggered based on the result of a control logic which runs inside PLCs or RTUs [2,5,8]. ...
Context 5
... application of the AIDA method for the list of vectors from Table 2 is shown in Figure 4. For each decision area, the AIDA method establishes the level of influence of each element from the row on each element from the column (1, 2, or 3). Then, the value from every box from matrix one is multiplied with the value from the corresponding box from matrix two and introduced in matrix three. ...
Context 6
... application of the AIDA method for the list of vectors from Table 2 is shown in Figure 4. For each decision area, the AIDA method establishes the level of influence of each element from the row on each element from the column (1, 2, or 3). Then, the value from every box from matrix one is multiplied with the value from the corresponding box from matrix two and introduced in matrix three. ...
Context 7
... the IP of the PLC, the cycle time for reading data and connection timeout were configured, as it is seen in Figure 8. Writing or reading data, inputs, and outputs in Logo8! PLC is achieve s7 in and s7 out node-RED functions [32] with respect to mapping resources of the PLC and the variable memory table (see Figures 9 and 10). Writing or reading data, inputs, and outputs in Logo8! ...
Context 8
... or reading data, inputs, and outputs in Logo8! PLC is achieved by means of s7 in and s7 out node-RED functions [32] with respect to mapping resources in the memory of the PLC and the variable memory table (see Figures 9 and 10). Writing or reading data, inputs, and outputs in Logo8! ...
Context 9
... or reading data, inputs, and outputs in Logo8! PLC is achieved by means of s7 in and s7 out node-RED functions [32] with respect to mapping resources in the memory of the PLC and the variable memory table (see Figures 9 and 10). Therefore, the node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 to read the first digital input of the PLC needs to access the memory zone DB1,X1024.0. ...
Context 10
... writing the first digital output of the PLC, the memory zone that must be accessed is DB1,X1064.0, as it is seen in Figure 10. Figures 9 and 10). ...
Context 11
... it is seen in Figure 10. Figures 9 and 10). Therefore, the node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 to read input of the PLC needs to access the memory zone DB1,X1024.0. ...
Context 12
... the node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 to read input of the PLC needs to access the memory zone DB1,X1024.0. While w digital output of the PLC, the memory zone that must be accessed is DB1,X seen in Figure 10. Therefore, the node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 to read the first digital input of the PLC needs to access the memory zone DB1,X1024.0. ...
Context 13
... writing the first digital output of the PLC, the memory zone that must be accessed is DB1,X1064.0, as it is seen in Figure 10. Figure 11 presents one example of the local user interface developed to monitor and control the functionality of the pumping station. ...
Context 14
... it is seen in Figure 10. Figure 11 presents one example of the local user interface developed to monitor and control the functionality of the pumping station. Development of such a user interface requires specific dashboard functionalities to be installed in the node-RED environment. ...
Context 15
... of such a user interface requires specific dashboard functionalities to be installed in the node-RED environment. The node-red-dashboard library is used to develop the user interface, presented in Figure 11. The user interface is divided into several sections: pumping system status, pumping system settings, digital inputs, digital outputs, parameters of pump 1 and parameters of pump 2. Figure 11. ...
Context 16
... node-red-dashboard library is used to develop the user interface, presented in Figure 11. The user interface is divided into several sections: pumping system status, pumping system settings, digital inputs, digital outputs, parameters of pump 1 and parameters of pump 2. Figure 11. The user interface is divided into several sections: pumping system status, pumping system settings, digital inputs, digital outputs, parameters of pump 1 and parameters of pump 2. Figure 11. ...
Context 17
... user interface is divided into several sections: pumping system status, pumping system settings, digital inputs, digital outputs, parameters of pump 1 and parameters of pump 2. Figure 11. The user interface is divided into several sections: pumping system status, pumping system settings, digital inputs, digital outputs, parameters of pump 1 and parameters of pump 2. Figure 11. Local user interface. ...
Context 18
... inputs section provides information related to the status of digital inputs. In Figure 11, it can be observed that the local switch selector is switched "on" for local control; thus, pump 1 runs (i.e., feedback is received from auxiliary contacts of the relay that drives the pump) and the water in the tank is above the first level switch. ...
Context 19
... digital outputs section provides information related to the status of the digital outputs. As in Figure 11, it can be observed that the PLC has activated digital output 1, which is connected to the relay coil that supplies with energy the first pump. ...
Context 20
... parameter sections of pumps 1 and 2 provide information related to the maximum number of starts in 24 h, configured for each pump, and the actual number of starts. If the maximum number of starts of a pump is reached, the pump's control is deactivated Figure 11. Local user interface. ...
Context 21
... inputs section provides information related to the status of digital inputs. In Figure 11, it can be observed that the local switch selector is switched "on" for local control; thus, pump 1 runs (i.e., feedback is received from auxiliary contacts of the relay that drives the pump) and the water in the tank is above the first level switch. ...
Context 22
... digital outputs section provides information related to the status of the digital outputs. As in Figure 11, it can be observed that the PLC has activated digital output 1, which is connected to the relay coil that supplies with energy the first pump. ...
Context 23
... HiveMQ MQTT broker is used by the IOT2040 gateway and cloud platform to publish or subscribe to specific topics. Figure 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED programming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToCloud with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). ...
Context 24
... 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED programming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToCloud with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). ...
Context 25
... HiveMQ MQTT broker is used by the IOT2040 gateway and cloud platform to publish or subscribe to specific topics. Figure 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED programming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToCloud with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). ...
Context 26
... 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED programming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that runs on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToCloud with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). introducing the IP address of the IOT2040, followed by the port and the path to the us interface page: 192.168.0.10:1880/ui/#/0. ...
Context 27
... HiveMQ MQTT broker is used by the IOT2040 gateway a cloud platform to publish or subscribe to specific topics. Figure 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED progra ming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that ru on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToClo with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). ...
Context 28
... 12 presents the configuration of MQTT out function in the node-RED progra ming environment that runs on the IOT2040 gateway. The node-RED application that ru on the IOT2040 gateway publishes data under the topic PumpingStation1/LocalToClo with a JSON structure, where data representation is described (see Figure 13). Cloud platform application control logic has an MQTT node that is subscribed for the above-mentioned topic and receives from the MQTT broker the messages under subscribed topics. ...
Context 29
... a real WWT plant, a professional account must be registered for an affordable annual fee; thus, being offered adequate resources in the cloud. The result of the configuration process is seen in Figure 14. ...
Context 30
... a real WWT plant, a professional account must be registered for an affordable annual fee; thus, being offered adequate resources in the cloud. The result of the configuration process is seen in Figure 14. Another instance of node-RED programming and visualization environment was installed and prepared for operation on top of the IBM Bluemix infrastructure along with specific functionalities required to exchange data with the node-RED application, which runs in the IOT2040 gateway of the testbench. ...
Context 31
... the testbench has only one remote automation unit, the HMI that runs in the cloud is able to provide monitoring and controlling functions related to the pumping station. Therefore, the interface is similar to the one that runs locally on the IOT2040 gateway (see Figures 5 and 11). Another instance of node-RED programming and visualization environment was installed and prepared for operation on top of the IBM Bluemix infrastructure along with specific functionalities required to exchange data with the node-RED application, which runs in the IOT2040 gateway of the testbench. ...
Citations
... SCADA systems have been in use for several decades, providing continuous monitoring and control capabilities, even in the remote mode. These systems allow for rapid adjustments of operating parameters and proactive interventions in the case of malfunctions [19]. A typical SCADA system comprises several key components [20]: ...
... To properly understand the challenges faced in wastewater management in the coal mining industry, precise mapping is needed regarding the position or location of various wastewater sources, wastewater management channel systems, and calculations for the dimensions of the carrying capacity of construction or design of existing IPALs in the Harbor area. This research will help in identifying critical problems, developing effective solutions, and ensuring that the environment around mining sites remains protected (Brad et al., 2021;Syarifuddin et al., 2017). ...
This research aims to design an effective Waste Water Treatment Plant (IPAL) system in the special port area of Persia (PT) in order to ensure the sustainability of mining operations while complying with environmental regulations. The IPAL design is based on assessing the topography, hydrological characteristics, and water quality of the catchment area. Water quality analysis is carried out both during the dry season and after rain, taking important parameters such as pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) into consideration. The results of this research provide important information for designing IPALs that comply with environmental conditions and applicable regulations. Based on the data that has been analyzed, it can be concluded that the proposed WWTP design is an effective solution in managing coal mining wastewater in this port area.
... The wastewater treatment process encompasses a series of stages, including primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment, all aimed at purging pollutants like suspended solids, organic matter, and nutrients from wastewater. AI and ML play a significant role in optimizing these processes, leading to enhanced efficiency and resource utilization [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
The escalating global demand for clean water mandates the development of inventive approaches to wastewater treatment systems. This paper investigates the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies, specifically Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT), to revolutionize and elevate wastewater treatment procedures. The collaborative application of these technologies presents a promising avenue for optimizing efficiency, sustainability, and overall performance within water treatment infrastructure. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning play pivotal roles in the predictive modeling and decision-making processes within wastewater treatment plants. These technologies facilitate real-time monitoring of water quality parameters, enabling dynamic adjustments to treatment protocols based on data-driven insights. The adaptive nature of AI and ML algorithms enhances system resilience, diminishes operational costs, and ensures adherence to rigorous environmental standards. The integration of Blockchain technology introduces a decentralized and secure framework for managing data in wastewater treatment systems. By capitalizing on the inherent transparency and immutability of blockchain, stakeholders can trace the complete lifecycle of water treatment, from source to discharge. This not only promotes accountability but also nurtures trust among regulators, utilities, and the public, fostering a more transparent and sustainable water management ecosystem. Moreover, the Internet of Things contributes to the establishment of a connected and responsive wastewater treatment infrastructure. Sensor networks embedded throughout the treatment process enable real-time data collection, facilitating remote monitoring and control. The seamless communication between IoT devices ensures prompt identification of anomalies and potential system failures, allowing for timely intervention and averting environmental hazards. This research not only underscores the potential of these technologies but also emphasizes the significance of their integration to address the evolving challenges in water management and contribute to a more sustainable future.
Keywords: Wastewater treatment, Waste water management, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Adsorption, Effluents
... 1998'de, PLC üretici firmalarının çoğu, iletişim sistemleri ve açık protokoller kullanarak İnsan Makine Arayüzü'nü (Human Machine Interface HMI) SCADA sistemlerine entegre etmiştir. HMI/SCADA sistemlerine kontrolörler, giriş-çıkış cihazları, ağlar ve sisteme uygun yazılım gibi bileşenleri dahil ederek HMI/SCADA sistemleri PLC'ler ile tam uyumluluk sunmaktadır [6]. Genel bir SCADA sistemi, dağıtılmış bir veri tabanından oluşmaktadır ve bu dağıtılmış veri tabanı, donanım veya yazılım olabilen uç noktalar adı verilen öğeleri içermektedir [7]. ...
... Örneğin, yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları olan rüzgar enerjisi sisteminin takibi [11], akıllı binaların güneş enerjisi sisteminin kontrolü [12], güneş ve rüzgar enerjisi dağıtım sistemlerinin izlenmesi ve kontrolü [10] gibi uygulamaların yanında yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe SCADA sistemleri farklı uygulamalarda başarılı bir şekilde kullanılmıştır [9,[11][12][13]. SCADA sistemleri, su arıtma sistemleri [6,14], su dağıtım sistemleri [15,16] ve kritik altyapı kazalarının [17] izlenmesi ve kontrolü gibi su ve altyapı sistemlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, SCADA sistemleri doğal gaz [18] ve petrol sektörünün [19] dağıtım sistemlerinin izlenmesi ve kontrolü, aynı zamanda petrol arıtıcı sistemlerinde de kullanılmaktadır [20,21]. ...
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are used in various areas such as the automation of oil and water distribution, energy automation, and the automation of water treatment systems. In this study, Visual Studio C#.NET program-based SCADA system software is designed to monitor and control the lighting system for urban and inter-urban roads. In the designed SCADA software, the monitoring and control of all the events of the lighting system of the urban and inter-urban roads are carried out in the form of animated color graphics. These events include how sensors such as light intensity and fault detection in the field and lighting pole equipment work and how they are related. In addition, the designed SCADA software includes daily data of the lighting system of urban and inter-urban roads, alarm management, security management, data archive, and reporting processes. As a result, it has been proven that the SCADA system software designed with the application in the city of Iraq-Kirkuk works simultaneously, error-free, and efficiently in the control of the lighting system of urban and interurban roads.
Municipal wastewater management is a well-established field in most parts of the world nowadays [...]
