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In the current studies, polyaniline (PANi) was prepared both chemical and electrochemically in the presence of different bronsted acids from aqueous solutions. The effect of thermal treatment on electrical conductivity, and thermal stability of the PANi conducting polymers were investigated using 4-point probe and TGA techniques respectively. It wa...
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... oxidation process is accompanied by the insertion of anion to maintain the charge neutrality. Polyaniline has been reported to have the following idealised structure (Figure 1 The structure containing Y reduced (benzenoid diamine) and (1-Y) oxidised repeat groups(quinoid diamine) where the oxidation state can be defined by the value of (1-Y). Y can in principle be varied continuously from one (the completely reduced material), to zero (the completely oxidised polymer). ...
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... Conjugated polymers are of considerable interest for protection against corrosion. Research on the use of conducting polymers as protective coatings is progressing (Bierwagen 1998;Zarras et al 2003a;MacDiarmid 1985;Abbas 2018;Ansari and Keivani 2006). The expediency of the conjugated polymers is that their properties can be tailored for specific applications by altering the reaction methods and conditions. ...
... Among the conjugated polymers, polyaniline is found to be one of the most promising as it has exceptional environmental and thermal stability (Ansari and Keivani 2006;Chen et al. 2012;Cao et al. 2014;Ghorbani et al. 2011;Ghorbani and Eisazadeh 2012), tuneable electrical conductivity (Luk et al. 2014;Cui et al. 2015), excellent redox properties (He et al. 2012;Sivakkumar et al. 2007;Xu et al. 2010) and nontoxic nature (Spinks et al. 2002;Zarras et al. 2003b;Chen et al. 2016). PANI has been extensively used in anticorrosive coatings due to its activity against aqueous corrosion (Wei et al. 1995a;Kohl et al. 2017). ...
The present study focuses on the protection of aluminium against corrosion using epoxy resin composites. The work involves chemical oxidative polymerisation of polyaniline (PANI) doped with organic acid and in situ preparation of its hybrid with silica gel (SiG) in epoxy matrix. The fillers were characterised using FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectrometry. The electrochemical reversibility and stability of PANI and PANI–SiG hybrid were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The corrosion resistance of aluminium sheet coated with the PANI-based epoxy composites was evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution by Tafel extrapolation measurements. The corrosion parameters obtained from Tafel plots showed that the introduction of PANI considerably improved anticorrosive property of epoxy resin. There was an increase in corrosion potential from − 0.732 V to − 0.623 V and − 0.588 V and a decrease in corrosion current from 11.800 μA to 1.973 μA. The PANI–SiG hybrid further reduced the corrosion current to 0.212 μA. The penetration rates decreased from 0.064 mm/yr to 0.006 mm/yr and 0.001 mm/yr for Aluminium coated with PANI and PANI–SiG composites, respectively. The corrosion protection efficiency of the coating containing PANI–SiG hybrid was found to have a sevenfold improvement, i.e. from 13.8% of the neat resin to 98.2%.
... The large surface area of nanocomposite materials assists the absorption and removal of heavy ions and toxic compounds. Starch-PANI nanocomposites efficiently removed dyes such as Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Violet 4. PANI-dextrin nanocomposite is used for the efficient adsorption of Cu (II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in aqueous media [64]. A nanocomposite synthesized from polyacrylamide, xanthan gum, and nanosilica (PAc-XG-SiO 2 ) has shown an excellent result for removing Pb 2+ in aqueous media with an aqueous media removal capacity of 99.54% within 25 min [65]. ...
Smart biomaterials are designed on the principle of intrinsically conducting polymers. Conducting polymers based on polypyrrole (PPy), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and polyaniline (PANI) exhibit an excellent response to electrical conductivity. Several strategies are involved in biodegradable conducting polymers synthesis. This chapter summarizes recent breakthroughs in the synthesis and design of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with better electrochemical responsiveness and could be used as substrates, dielectrics, conductors, or semiconductor materials in electronics. These polymers also find distinctive biomedical applications such as electronic medical equipment, surgical implants, drug delivery, tissue engineering, cancer application, etc.
... The TGA analysis of PANI and the formed Ncomp (9%) is presented in Fig. 4a, b. It is seen from Fig. 4a, b that a noticeable weight loss has appeared at a lower temperature (below 100 °C), which is attributed to evaporation of accompanied water molecules [32]. It is also seen that the PANI has two decomposition temperatures at 220 and 425 °C, which may be attributed to the removal of higher oligomers of PANI and surfactant [33]. ...
Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite with Zn and Ni has been prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in presence of Ni+2 and Zn+2 ions. The prepared nanocomposite (Ncomp) (PANI/Zn/Ni) has been characterized by spectrophotometric analysis via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra (UV–Vis). Morphological studies via scanning electron microscope SEM, particle size distribution PSD, as well as thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), have been investigated. Besides, the prepared (Ncomp) of different weight percentages wt% has been incorporated into water-based paint formulations for carbon steel protection. PSD analysis revealed that the particle size of the formed composite is on the nano-scale ranging between 60 and 160 nm. SEM analysis revealed that the Zn and Ni nanoparticles are quite dispersed into the polymer matrix as they appear in the form of bright spots and have been confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. TGA analysis for the Ncomp showed enhanced thermal stability than that of pure PANI. The corrosion inhibition performance of the painted films has been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well. The maximum average inhibition efficiency was found to be ranged from 92.8 to 99.4% for the paint of 9% wt% of Ncomp with fair mechanical properties. All measurements have been repeated three times for confirmation.
... The TGA analysis of PANI and the formed Ncomp (9%) is presented in Fig. 4a, b. It is seen from Fig. 4a, b that a noticeable weight loss has appeared at a lower temperature (below 100 °C), which is attributed to evaporation of accompanied water molecules [32]. It is also seen that the PANI has two decomposition temperatures at 220 and 425 °C, which may be attributed to the removal of higher oligomers of PANI and surfactant [33]. ...
Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite with Zn and Ni has been prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in presence of Ni⁺² and Zn⁺² ions. The prepared nanocomposite (Ncomp) (PANI/Zn/Ni) has been characterized by spectrophotometric analysis via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra (UV–Vis). Morphological studies via scanning electron microscope SEM, particle size distribution PSD, as well as thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), have been investigated. Besides, the prepared (Ncomp) of different weight percentages wt% has been incorporated into water-based paint formulations for carbon steel protection. PSD analysis revealed that the particle size of the formed composite is on the nano-scale ranging between 60 and 160 nm. SEM analysis revealed that the Zn and Ni nanoparticles are quite dispersed into the polymer matrix as they appear in the form of bright spots and have been confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. TGA analysis for the Ncomp showed enhanced thermal stability than that of pure PANI. The corrosion inhibition performance of the painted films has been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well. The maximum average inhibition efficiency was found to be ranged from 92.8 to 99.4% for the paint of 9% wt% of Ncomp with fair mechanical properties. All measurements have been repeated three times for confirmation.
Graphical Abstract
... Before doing CV measurement, nitrogen gas (for 10 min) is purged to remove oxygen from solution and maintained inert environment (i.e., N2 atmosphere is maintained). Working electrode i.e., glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has electrocapacitive power towards the redox substances [27][28][29][30]. Therefore, GCE is regularly pretreated with HClO4 acid. ...
PmAP and PmAP/WO3 composite are synthesized by chemical oxidation polymerization process. Synthesized materials are investigated by UV Visible, SEM and cyclic-voltagram (CV) techniques. SEM study of as prepared materials is indicated formation of different sized crystals (small and aggregated). In UV Visible spectra analyses, both transitioned (i.e., π-π* transition and charge transfer of polaron band) are observed. Tauc expression is used to estimate optical band gap. Estimated optical band gap is to be 3.09 eV. Oxidation-reduction potential profile is detected in cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses of PmAP and PmAP/WO3 composite.
... This OH − ion will react with Fe +3 to form a strong passivating layer of Fe 2 O 3 and water. Additionally, the dissolved oxygen again oxidized the LE to ES form, hence protecting the surface of iron from corroding by a cyclic process [28,31,45,46]. The whole process is summarized in the equations below. ...
... This OH − ion will react with Fe +3 to form a strong passivating layer of Fe2O3 and water. Additionally, the dissolved oxygen again oxidized the LE to ES form, hence protecting the surface of iron from corroding by a cyclic process [28,31,45,46]. The whole process is summarized in the equations below. ...
The lack of an eco-friendly approach towards application of polyaniline as a coating ma- terial has been one of the most challenging tasks. Herein, the synthesis of green Prunus domestica gum grafted polyaniline (PDG-g-PANI) composite is reported by a cost-effective emulsion polymer- ization for application as an efficient anti-corrosion material for mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) in a strong corroding environment. The composite formation was confirmed by Ultraviolet Vis- ible (UV-Visible) and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. X-ray diffraction data revealed the amorphous nature of the PDG-g-PANI. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images showed a bi-layered structure having a parent porous layer of PANI coated with afibrous layer of PDG. The solubility test confirmed the dissolution of PDG-g-PANI in common organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, propanol, butanol, chloroform, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfox- ide, and the mixture of propanol and chloroform. The polarization curve, open circuit potential, electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS), and gravimetric analysis were applied to investi- gate the corrosion protection behavior of the composite on MS and SS in 3.5% NaCl and 1 M H2SO4 solution. The PDG-g-PANI-coated MS exhibited 96% corrosion inhibition efficiency as compared to 86% and 43% for pristine PANI and PDG in 3.5% NaCl solution while PDG-g-PANI-coated SS showed 98% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Moreover, 99% and 96.6% corrosion protection was observed for PDG-g-PANI-coated MS and SS in 1 M H2SO4 solution. Gravimetric studies revealed that PDG-g-PANI coating can protect MS up to 93% for 14 days in salt solution while 97% corrosion inhibition efficiency was retained for 2 months in open air.
... Among a variety of conductive polymers, PANI is one of the most promising substances to be the sensing electrode of a pH sensor due to its reversible doping-dedoping. [15][16][17][18] In addition to the high pH sensitivity, PANI can be easily synthesized at a low cost and can be processed into thin films using simple casting or printing techniques such as inkjet printing, screen printing, and blade coating. [19][20][21] This paper introduces a highly flexible and sensitive potentiometric pH sensor based on a woven textile substrate. ...
This paper presents a textile-based pH sensor with high flexibility fabricated by printing a polymer composite as a working electrode and Ag/AgCl/solid electrolyte as a reference electrode on a textile substrate. The textile working electrode is composed of polyaniline, carbon nanotubes, and agarose printed on the textile. A thermoplastic polyurethane overlayer hot-pressed on the textile substrates provides a smooth hydrophobic surface, enabling a more stable formation of the composite films with a reliable output signal. The textile reference electrode is fabricated by printing Ag/AgCl paste and solid electrolyte. The fully textile-based pH sensor, by integrating the textile working and reference electrodes, exhibits a good sensitivity of 45.9 mV/pH with high linearity. The textile pH sensor maintains excellent performance and repeatability with 93% retention even in a bent state and after 1000 bending cycles. Finally, it is demonstrated that the textile pH sensor can detect the pH change on a piece of porcine skin.
... Nevertheless, it is sensitive to moisture and prone to deterioration over time when exposed to a humid environment [33]. In contrast, PANI displays high environmental stability and is the optimal choice for corrosion protection, while its non-biodegradability, low processability, and low flexibility limit its application in biological fields [34][35][36]. PEDOT is another conjugated polymer that shows higher electrical conductivity and thermal stability than PPy. When doped with a polyanion like polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), the formed PEDOT:PSS has become the standard for conductive polymers and extensively used for flexible sensors in a number of applications [37]. ...
Smart textiles have recently aroused tremendous interests over the world because of their broad applications in wearable electronics, such as human healthcare, human motion detection, and intelligent robotics. Sensors are the primary components of wearable and flexible electronics, which convert various signals and external stimuli into electrical signals. While traditional electronic sensors based on rigid silicon wafers can hardly conformably attach on the human body, textile materials including fabrics, yarns, and fibers afford promising alternatives due to their characteristics including light weight, flexibility, and breathability. Of fundamental importance are the needs for fabrics simultaneously having high electrical and mechanical performance. This article focused on the hierarchical design of the textile-based flexible sensor from a structure point of view. We first reviewed the selection of newly developed functional materials for textile-based sensors, including metals, conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, and other two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the hierarchical structure design principles on different levels from microscale to macroscale were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was placed on the microstructure control of fibers, configurational engineering of yarn, and pattern design of fabrics. Finally, the remaining challenges toward industrialization and commercialization that exist to date were presented.
... It is widely used because of its environmental stability, low cost, and strong adsorption application. More than 90% of azo dyes removal efficiency is obtained through PAni adsorbents and its removal efficiency is higher than single-activated carbon adsorbent [4,5,28]. ...
Wet treatment and finishing processes in the textile industry is the major consumer of freshwater in large amounts. Considerable amounts of pollutants in textile wastewater such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dyes, xenobiotic compounds, organic compounds, etc. are released in portable water without treatments, which creates serious environmental and health problems. Treatment of such polluted water has become complicated and a challenging task over the last few decades. Due to the strict regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO), reclamations of wastewater become more and more attractive. However, there are no single and economical treatment methods that can effectively remove these pollutants and make water reusable. In this chapter, different hybrid methods are presented which are very efficient to remove textile effluents from wastewater. These hybrid methods include membrane bioreactor technology (MBR), photocatalyst membrane reactor technology (PMR), mixed adsorbent fixed bed reactor, and other polymer technologies coupled with different convention methods such as biological, chemical, and physical methods as pretreatment or posttreatment are detailed. The advantages and limitations of each method are also discussed. In the end, this chapter also discusses some future perspectives of these methods to make them more efficient, less costly, lower space, low maintenance cost, and easy handling.KeywordsAzo dyes removalTextile effluentsHybrid treatmentMembrane bioreactor treatmentPhotocatalyst bioreactorFixed bed reactorCoagulationFlocculation
