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The future of End-User Development
Source publication
The research field of end-user development has evolved, during recent years, to a certain degree of internal structure, problem
awareness and consistency. Both academia and industry have begun to consider it an important field for research and development.
In order to let EUD research contribute to the Information Societies, research and developmen...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... order to outline a roadmap for research in EUD, as illustrated in Figure 1, we suggest here to focus on three intertwined lines of research: software architectures, interfaces, and support for collaboration. Starting with the current state of EUD, we discuss what research activities could reasonably be carried out until about 2007, what status would then be reached, and how research could continue until 2012. ...
Context 2
... Figure 1 shows, the road to achieving an EUD enabled Information Society is still long, even if prototypes, mainly research ones, have already appeared. Particu- larly challenging areas that will be addressed in the near future are novel interface techniques for EUD, integration of context-awareness and adaptability, effective sharing of EUD artefacts through repositories with recommendation support, and decomposition guidelines for flexible component-based systems. ...
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Citations
... The End-User Development (EUD) field is a new research discipline, which has emerged from research in Human-Computer Interaction, Cognitive Science, Requirements Engineering, Software Engineering, CSCW, Artificial Intelligence, Information Systems, and the Psychology of Programming [11]. As a relatively young discipline, the field is not mature enough when it comes to definition, terminology, approaches and subject areas [11]. ...
... The End-User Development (EUD) field is a new research discipline, which has emerged from research in Human-Computer Interaction, Cognitive Science, Requirements Engineering, Software Engineering, CSCW, Artificial Intelligence, Information Systems, and the Psychology of Programming [11]. As a relatively young discipline, the field is not mature enough when it comes to definition, terminology, approaches and subject areas [11]. However, Lieberman et al. [8] defines EUD as " a set of methods, techniques, and tools that allow users of software systems, who are acting as non-professional software developers, at some point create, modify and extend a software artifact " . ...
This paper investigates End-User Development of Information Visualization. More specifically, we investigated how existing visualization tools allow end-user developers to construct visualizations. End-user developers have some developing or scripting skills to perform relatively advanced tasks such as data manipulation, but no formal training in programming. 18 visualization tools were surveyed from an enduser developer perspective. The results of this survey study show that end-user developers need better tools to create and modify custom visualizations. A closer collaboration between End-User Development and
Information Visualization researchers could contribute towards the development
of better tools to support custom visualizations. In addition, as empirical evaluations of these tools are lacking both research communities should focus more on this aspect. The study serves as a starting point towards the engagement of end-user developers in visualization development.
... The trade-offs exist between expressiveness, freedom, and being general purpose on the one hand, and usability, learnability, control, and being domain specific on the other [Klann et al. 2006]. The challenge is to abstract away from JavaScript by identifying recurrent abstractions in augmentation scripts. ...
Web augmentation is to the Web what augmented reality is to the physical world: layering relevant content/layout/navigation over the existing Web to customize the user experience. This is achieved through JavaScript (JS) using browser weavers (e.g., Greasemonkey). To date, over 43 million of downloads of Greasemonkey scripts ground the vitality of this movement. However, Web augmentation is hindered by being programming intensive and prone to malware. This prevents end-users from participating as both producers and consumers of scripts: producers need to know JS, consumers need to trust JS. This article aims at promoting end-user participation in both roles. The vision is for end-users to prosume (the act of simultaneously caring for producing and consuming) scripts as easily as they currently prosume their pictures or videos. Encouraging production requires more “natural” and abstract constructs. Promoting consumption calls for augmentation scripts to be easier to understand, share, and trust upon. To this end, we explore the use of Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) by introducing Sticklet. Sticklet is an internal DSL on JS, where JS generality is reduced for the sake of learnability and reliability. Specifically, Web augmentation is conceived as fixing in existing web sites (i.e., the wall) HTML fragments extracted from either other sites or Web services (i.e., the stickers). Sticklet targets hobby programmers as producers, and computer literates as consumers. From a producer perspective, benefits are threefold. As a restricted grammar on top of JS, Sticklet expressions are domain oriented and more declarative than their JS counterparts, hence speeding up development. As syntactically correct JS expressions, Sticklet scripts can be installed as traditional scripts and hence, programmers can continue using existing JS tools. As declarative expressions, they are easier to maintain, and amenable for optimization. From a consumer perspective, domain specificity brings understandability (due to declarativeness), reliability (due to built-in security), and “consumability” (i.e., installation/enactment/sharing of Sticklet expressions are tuned to the shortage of time and skills of the target audience). Preliminary evaluations indicate that 77% of the subjects were able to develop new Sticklet scripts in less than thirty minutes while 84% were able to consume these scripts in less than ten minutes. Sticklet is available to download as a Mozilla add-on.
... As the research community interested in EUD gathered in 2009 for the Second International Symposium on End-User Development [Pipek et al., 2009], an interesting question was: What has changed since the first symposium that took place in 2003 (as documented in the book End-User Development [Lieberman et al., 2006], which includes a chapter about the future of EUD [Klann et al., 2006 , 2006]) and social computing [Kellogg, 2007], complementing and transcending the broadcast web (or Web 1.0), which dominated the first decade of the web. The Web 1.0 model primarily supports web page publishing and e-commerce, whereas the Web 2.0 model is focused on collaborative design environments, social media, and social networks creating feasibility spaces for new cultures that allow people to participate rather than being confined to passive consumer roles [Brown et al., 1994]. ...
The first decade of the World Wide Web predominantly enforced a clear separation between designers and consumers. New technological developments, such as the participatory Web 2.0 architectures, have emerged to support social computing. These developments are the foundations for a fundamental shift from consumer cultures specialized in producing finished goods to cultures of participation in which all people can participate actively in personally meaningful activities. End-user development and meta-design provide foundations for this fundamental transformation. They explore and support new approaches for the design, adoption, appropriation, adaptation, evolution, and sharing of artifacts by all participating stakeholders. They take into account that cultures of participation are not dictated by technology alone: they are the result of incremental shifts in human behavior and social organizations. The design, development, and assessment of five particular applications that contributed to the development of our theoretical framework are described and discussed.
... Instead, the mechanisms available for user assessment have been strictly ad hoc: users have had only their gut reactions to what they serendipitously happen to notice. In their perspectives on the future of end-user development, Klann et al. pointed to the need both for intelligent customizations and quality control in end-user development [15] . In addition to Klann et al.'s arguments, there are at least three reasons why enduser assessment of today's customized assistants has become of key importance. ...
Intelligent assistants are handling increasingly critical tasks, but until now, end users have had no way to systematically
assess where their assistants make mistakes. For some intelligent assistants, this is a serious problem: if the assistant
is doing work that is important, such as assisting with qualitative research or monitoring an elderly parent’s safety, the
user may pay a high cost for unnoticed mistakes. This paper addresses the problem with WYSIWYT/ML (What You See Is What You
Test for Machine Learning), a human/computer partnership that enables end users to systematically test intelligent assistants.
Our empirical evaluation shows that WYSIWYT/ML helped end users find assistants’ mistakes significantly more effectively than
ad hoc testing. Not only did it allow users to assess an assistant’s work on an average of 117 predictions in only 10 minutes,
it also scaled to a much larger data set, assessing an assistant’s work on 623 out of 1,448 predictions using only the users’
original 10 minutes’ testing effort.
... As the research community interested in EUD gathered in 2009 for the Second International Symposium on End-User Development [Pipek et al., 2009], an interesting question was: What has changed since the first symposium that took place in 2003 (as documented in the book End-User Development [Lieberman et al., 2006], which includes a chapter about the future of EUD [Klann et al., 2006 , 2006]) and social computing [Kellogg, 2007], complementing and transcending the broadcast web (or Web 1.0), which dominated the first decade of the web. The Web 1.0 model primarily supports web page publishing and e-commerce, whereas the Web 2.0 model is focused on collaborative design environments, social media, and social networks creating feasibility spaces for new cultures that allow people to participate rather than being confined to passive consumer roles [Brown et al., 1994]. ...
The first decade of the World Wide Web predominantly enforced a clear separation between designers and consumers. New technological developments, such as the cyberinfrastructure and Web 2.0 architectures, have emerged to support a participatory Web. These developments are the foundations for a fundamental shift from a consumer culture (specialized in producing finished goods to be consumed passively) to a culture of participation (in which all people are provided with the means to participate actively in personally meaningful activities). End-user development and meta-design provide foundations for this fundamental transformation. They explore and support new approaches for the design, adoption, appropriation, adaptation, evolution, and sharing of artifacts by all participating stakeholders. They take into account that cultures of participation are not dictated by technology alone: they are the result of incremental shifts in human behavior and social organizations.
... As a result, there is a need for partner tools that help the designers in identifying the key contexts of use in the wild on mobile devices such as cell phones. Recent works in the field of end-user development underline the need for monitoring the end-user's environment (task, place, time, etc.) in order to provide context-aware adaptivity [6]. In addition, experience shows that users tend to have distinct contexts of use when in mobility. ...
This paper addresses software plasticity, i.e. the ability of interactive systems to adapt to context of use while preserving user-centered properties. In plasticity, a classical approach consists in concen trating design efforts on a set of pre-defined contexts of use that deserve high qu ality User Interfaces (UIs), and switching from one to another according to vari ations of context of use at runtime. However, key contexts of use cannot be fin ely envisioned at design time, especially when dealing with the specific fie ld of mobility. Thus, we propose a designer's partner tool running on the en d-user's mobile device to probe key contexts of use in the wild. The underlyi ng principles are data gathering, bayesian learning, and clustering techni ques. Probing key contexts of use can save design efforts.
This paper investigates the issue of trust mediation in ebanking.
It proposes an analysis of trust factors based
grounded in semiotic de-constructional analysis. The card
sorting technique was used to probe affective and rational
factors influencing user attitudes to alternative home page
designs at the point of initial contact. The data seems to
suggest that both affective and rational factors influence
initial consumer trust formation. The study also revealed
that trust formation is deeply embedded within a
consumer’s normative user-experience.
The first decade of the World Wide Web predominantly enforced a clear separation between designers and consumers. New technological developments, such as the participatory Web 2.0 architectures, have emerged to support social computing. These developments are the foundations for a fundamental shift from consumer cultures (specialized in producing finished goods) to cultures of participation (in which all people can participate actively in personally meaningful activities). End-user development and meta-design provide foundations for this fundamental transformation. They explore and support new approaches for the design, adoption, appropriation, adaptation, evolution, and sharing of artifacts by all participating stakeholders. They take into account that cultures of participation are not dictated by technology alone: they are the result of incremental shifts in human behavior and social organizations. The design, development, and assessment of five particular applications that contributed to the development of our theoretical framework are described and discussed.
The End-User Development (EUD) consists of a research area that has been under study for some time and covers a wide variety of domains and types of end users. However, there is still a lack of studies that analyze how EUD research has been reflected in practice. Therefore, this paper contributes to enable an understanding of the current scenario of EUD solutions, revealing trends that are emerging and gaps to be addressed. For this, a systematic literature review was carried out, aiming to characterize the solutions that have been developed using the EUD approach. The results show that most of EUD solutions are for web platform and focus on customizing existing applications, using visual programming techniques as interaction style. However, issues related to quality of use found in some results indicate that more research approaching IHC models, methods and techniques in design and evaluation of EUD tools is needed.
Many small and medium-sized enterprises still seem to rely on very basic information systems, often including self-developed applications based on office suits, such as spreadsheet and database programs. However, this end-user development activity is often supported modestly, if at all, in organisations. Using on-line sources would be one way to alleviate these issues, but which source would or should developers pick to use? This paper presents and argues a framework of four key factors: context, cooperation, interactivity, and immediacy that, it is argued, influence end-user developers’ ability to obtain/use development support. These four factors which were derived from an extensive literature review are used to analyse and compare the effectiveness of several existing support sources (mainly focusing on the on-line versions) for end-user developers: personal contacts; help desks; trial and error; several different knowledge repositories; virtual communities and Internet searches. Based on this analysis, tempered with the perceived needs of (mainly novice) developers from real life situations, the paper concludes that virtual communities is the most suitable support source (in the sense that it fulfils needs that developers may or may not be ware of), especially for this category of end-user developers.
