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Significance
Understanding of modern government is limited by a lack of comprehensive, reliable, comparable data on what governments do and how they are organized to execute their diverse responsibilities. We demonstrate that such data can be collected from the extensive footprint that governments leave on the Internet, opening a range of unresolve...
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... result is a classification system that ex- pands the 51 Census categories into 166 specific functions (e.g., Consumer Protection and Education; Fire Protection) nested within 28 general categories (e.g., Commerce and Economic Development; Public Safety). Table 1 lists the 28 general categories; see SI Ap- pendix, section 3 for specific functions. Agencies whose website titles contained keywords pertaining to only one functional category were assigned to that category; we manually reviewed and assigned all agencies with keywords pertaining to multiple categories. ...
Context 2
... result is a classification system that ex- pands the 51 Census categories into 166 specific functions (e.g., Consumer Protection and Education; Fire Protection) nested within 28 general categories (e.g., Commerce and Economic Development; Public Safety). Table 1 lists the 28 general categories; see SI Ap- pendix, section 3 for specific functions. Agencies whose website titles contained keywords pertaining to only one functional category were assigned to that category; we manually reviewed and assigned all agencies with keywords pertaining to multiple categories. ...
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Citations
... The Clean Air Act (CAA) is a top-down national act of the US's efforts to regulate major air pollutants. Through a cooperative model, the federal government takes charge of coordination and regulation, while states exercise considerable discretion in their governance (1,2). This has led in remarkable results in air pollutant control (3,4), saving tens of thousands more lives than initially projected (5). ...
Air pollution control in the U.S. has evolved into a comprehensive policy system spanning from the federal to the state level over time. A unified quantitative analysis of policy intensity can shed light on the policy evolution across different levels, the influence of partisan and regional factors on policy, and the relationships with emissions of major pollutants. By harnessing the policy text of the Clean Air Act (CAA) at the federal level and State Implementation Plans (SIPs) at the state governments (1955-2020), we deployed a Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach to define a policy intensity index to systematically quantify the U.S. air policy landscape. Our findings highlight that the 1970 CAA amendment carries the most vigorous intensity as it established a holistic control system for the first time. Subsequent years witnessed a general trend of partisan polarization, eventually leading to a graduate convergence between red and blue states. Blue states demonstrated a closer alignment with federal directives and a superior efficacy in pollutant reduction. Regionally, the Northeast displays the highest overall policy intensity and the West exhibits the highest coordination with the federal benchmarks, making these regions outperform others in air pollution control. Our study not only discusses policy implications for air pollutant reductions considering partisan and regional differences but also provides a novel measurement tool to quantify policies for assessing disparities and synergies.
... However, with digitalization making considerable progress, the legal field has also witnessed growing interest in network science methods to model case citation dynamics [10][11][12][13][14][15], the evolution and structure of legislation [16,17] as well as professional networks of judges [18] and law professors [19]. While untangling the complexity of normative structures [17,20], this literature has delivered new insights on the operations of legal institutions [21] and the possibility to predict case citations [15]. ...
We apply network science principles to analyse the coalitions formed by European Union nations and institutions during litigation proceedings at the European Court of Justice. By constructing Friends and Foes networks, we explore their characteristics and dynamics through the application of cluster detection, motif analysis and duplex analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the Friends and Foes networks exhibit disassortative behaviour, highlighting the inclination of nodes to connect with dissimilar nodes. Furthermore, there is a correlation among centrality measures, indicating that member states and institutions with a larger number of connections play a prominent role in bridging the network. An examination of the modularity of the networks reveals that coalitions tend to align along regional and institutional lines, rather than national government divisions. Additionally, an analysis of triadic binary motifs uncovers a greater level of reciprocity within the Foes network compared to the Friends network.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘A complexity science approach to law and governance’.
... Os resultados obtidos mostram que existe uma relação positiva e significante entre a Diversidade Efetiva de Atividades e a adoção de políticas industriais em todos os cenários analisados. Portanto, os resultados reforçam o argumento de que a política industrial é adotada em resposta A força dessa relação, inclusive, sobrepuja outras variáveis tipicamente associadas à maior intervenção governamental, como a proximidade geográfica, a renda per capita e as preferências político-ideológicas dos eleitores (KOSACK et al., 2018). ...
... Como resultado, os investimentos privados tendem a priorizar setores tradicionais, não existindo demanda desta iniciativa por insumos políticos que favoreçam a inovação e a diversificação na estrutura produtiva. Assim, o argumento proposto por Kosack et al. (2018) é extensível à política industrial, que coevolui com o nível de diversificação produtiva. ...
... Por trás desse indicador existe o argumento de que o nível de complexidade da estrutura produtiva mensura de forma mais fidedigna o nível de diversificação da estrutura produtiva do que outros indicadores comumente utilizados pela literatura econômica, como é o caso do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita. Assim, a hipótese testada é a de que as capacidades governamentais coevoluem com a diversificação produtiva (HIRSCHMAN, 1961;HARTMANN et al., 2017;KOSACK et al., 2018). Nurkse (1953) e Myrdal (1968) argumentam que as variáveis econômicas e não econômicas se reforçam mutuamente e influenciam na capacidade industrial do país. ...
Due the importance of diversifying production for the industrial sector, this study seeks to assess whether the level of diversification of a productive structure influences the adoption of industrial policies. For this, data for 5,570 Brazilian municipalities in 2015 and Hidalgo and Hausmann’s (2009HIDALGO, C. A.; HAUSMANN, R. The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 106, n. 26, p. 10570-10575, 2009.) method of reflections are used. Descriptive statistics ordinary least squares are used to evaluate the tested hypotheses. Results show a positive and significant relation between the effective diversity of activities and the adoption of industrial policies in all analyzed scenarios. Therefore, results reinforce the argument that industrial policies are adopted in response to specific productive activities and are conditioned by the diversification structure of municipalities.
KEYWORDS:
Industrial policy; economic complexity; productive activities; Brazilian municipalities
... However, with digitalisation making considerable progress, the legal field has also witnessed growing interest in network science methods to model case citation dynamics [10][11][12][13][14][15] , the evolution and structure of legislation 16,17 as well as professional networks of judges 18 and law professors 19 . While untangling the complexity of normative structures 17,20 , this literature has delivered new insights on the operations of legal institutions 21 and the possibility to predict case citations 15 . ...
We apply network science principles to analyze the coalitions formed by European Union (EU) nations and institutions during litigation proceedings at the European Court of Justice. By constructing Friends and Foes networks, we explore their characteristics and dynamics through the application of cluster detection, motif analysis, and duplex analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the Friends and Foes networks exhibit disassortative behavior, highlighting the inclination of nodes to connect with dissimilar nodes. Furthermore, there is a correlation among centrality measures, indicating that member states and institutions with a larger number of connections play a prominent role in bridging the network. An examination of the modularity of the networks reveals that coalitions tend to align along regional and institutional lines, rather than national government divisions. Additionally, an analysis of triadic binary motifs uncovers a greater level of reciprocity within the Foes network compared to the Friends network.
... (j) Friendships between high school students (dataset: sp high school diaries [49]). (k) Links between Washington State's government agencies websites (dataset: us agencies washington) [50]). (l) Friendships among students living in a residence hall (dataset: residence hall [51]). ...
First principle network models are crucial to make sense of the intricate topology of real complex networks. While modeling efforts have been quite successful in undirected networks, generative models for networks with asymmetric interactions are still not well developed and are unable to reproduce several basic topological properties. This is particularly disconcerting considering that real directed networks are the norm rather than the exception in many natural and human-made complex systems. In this paper, we fill this gap and show how the network geometry paradigm can be elegantly extended to the case of directed networks. We define a maximum entropy ensemble of geometric (directed) random graphs with a given sequence of in- and out-degrees. Beyond these local properties, the ensemble requires only two additional parameters to fix the level of reciprocity and the seven possible types of 3-node cycles in directed networks. A systematic comparison with several representative empirical datasets shows that fixing the level of reciprocity alongside the coupling with an underlying geometry is able to reproduce the wide diversity of clustering patterns observed in real complex directed networks.
... pp.1-18. 31 Ref. : Kosack, S. et al., 2018. Functional structures of US state governments. ...
The calculus of design is a diagrammatic approach towards the relationship between design and insight. The thesis I am evolving is that insights are not discovered, gained, explored, revealed, or mined, but are operatively de—signed. The de in design neglects the contingency of the space towards the sign. The — is the drawing of a distinction within the operation. Space collapses through the negativity of the sign; the command draws a distinction that neglects the space for the form's sake. The operation to de—sign is counterintuitively not the creation of signs, but their removal, the exclusion of possible sign propositions of space. De—sign is thus an act of exclusion; the possibilities of space are crossed into form.
... A parte densa é dominada por produtos manufaturados (países ricos) e as partes esparsas são preenchidas por produtos agrícolas e minerais não processados (países pobres), sendo que estes últimos possuem dificuldade para diversificar suas exportações Klinger, 2007;. Outro resultado a se destacar de Hausmann e Klinger (2007) Nos países que se encontram no centro do espaço de produtos a boa governança (Kosack et al., 2018) e a presença de instituições sólidas (Hartmann et al., 2017) podem ser suficientes para estimular o desenvolvimento das capacidades Klinger, 2007;Hidalgo et al., 2007;Vu, 2021). No entanto, nos demais países, a presença de um governo capaz de coordenar o acúmulo de capacidades pode se mostrar necessária, perante as incertezas sobre as possibilidades de aplicação e existência de demanda por novas capacidades, de modo que a iniciativa privada não consiga realizar esses investimentos (Hidalgo, 2009;Pinto, 2019;Hidalgo, 2021 No contexto da rede bipartida municípios-produtos, as participações 0 = ∑ ′ ′ dos produtos na cesta do país podem ser conectadas para se obter um indicador de Diversidade Efetiva de Ocupações (DEO), precisamente: adquiridas para fabricar um novo produto. ...
... Em contrapartida, os municípios que exibem menor diversidade de atividades não conseguem avançar para a fabricação de novos produtos, permanecendo com um baixo nível de renda per capita. Esse resultado corrobora o argumento de Hirschman (1958) (Schultz, 1964;Lucas, 1988;Romer, 1990;Kroth;Dias, 2012 Myrdal (1965), Jacobs (1969, Glaeser et al. (1992), Henderson (1974Henderson ( , 2003, Henderson et al. (1995), Simões (Hartmann et al., 2017;Kosack et al., 2018;Lu, 2019). (Schultz, 1964;Lucas, 1988;Romer, 1990), o crescimento econômico depende da capacidade da região como um todo em formar conexões interespaciais (Yang et al., 2021;Wang, 2020;Meijers;Burger, 2017), compartilhar conhecimentos (Cortinovis et al., 2017;Mccann; Van Oort, 2019) e criar oportunidades derivadas das atividades já existentes Asheim, 2018;Trippl, 2018). ...
... , resultados que corroboramHartmann et al. (2017) eKosack et al. (2018). ...
A literatura de desenvolvimento regional salienta a influência das externalidades jacobianas nas trajetórias de crescimento econômico. Diante disso, o estudo busca contribuir com essa literatura ao avaliar os efeitos de transbordamentos da diversidade produtiva para os municípios brasileiros. Para tanto, utilizam-se o índice I de Moran e os Indicadores Locais de Associação Espacial (LISA) a partir de dados de Diversidade Efetiva de Atividades extraídos da base DATAVIVA para 5.570 municípios. Os resultados encontrados corroboram a hipótese de que a diversificação produtiva gera efeitos diretos e efeitos spillovers aos entes federativos municipais. De maneira mais precisa, além de elevar as taxas de crescimento econômico do próprio município, a diversificação produtiva resulta em menores taxas de crescimento dos municípios vizinhos, evidenciando tendência de concentração regional da produção nos municípios com produção mais diversificada.
... Our first dataset (D 1 ) is scientific publications, using Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) 36 , which is one of the largest bibliometric databases of scientific research in the world (Methods and Supplementary Note 1.1). Our second dataset (D 2 ) leverages the Microsoft Bing search engine to collect about 6 million government documents available online across all branches of the US government 37 . Using a machine reading technology, we systematically identify academic publications that are referenced in these government documents and match these references to MAG. ...
Knowledge of how science is consumed in public domains is essential for understanding the role of science in human society. Here we examine public use and public funding of science by linking tens of millions of scientific publications from all scientific fields to their upstream funding support and downstream public uses across three public domains—government documents, news media and marketplace invention. We find that different public domains draw from various scientific fields in specialized ways, showing diverse patterns of use. Yet, amidst these differences, we find two important forms of alignment. First, we find universal alignment between what the public consumes and what is highly impactful within science. Second, a field’s public funding is strikingly aligned with the field’s collective public use. Overall, public uses of science present a rich landscape of specialized consumption, yet, collectively, science and society interface with remarkable alignment between scientific use, public use and funding. Studying production, funding and consumption of science, the authors find a strong alignment between what the public consumes and what is impactful, as well as an alignment between funding and collective public use.
... Recently, complex networks have received more and more attention and have been studied in disparate fields such as finance [10,46,136], social sciences [73,91,133], ecology [49,132,180], machine learning [59,64,169], epidemiology [30,60,128]. ...
The possibility of using mathematical tools to describe and influence complex interconneced systems is getting more and more attainable. Methods based on network controllability to identify the nodes able to impact the state of a whole system are nowadays increasingly studied. However, the problem has a high combinatorial and numerical complexity because of the huge number of a priori equivalent solutions.There has recently been a growing interest in finding the minimum number of inputs to control the whole or a part of the system, and in evaluating the ability of a single node in steering this process. However, specific problems have drawn less attention. In some biological settings it may be required to act on a single node, and it may be of interest to affect only a well-defined subset of the units, a target set. This leads to a single input target control problem, where we can exploit biological constraints to study the relative importance of different driver nodes.This dissertation aims to apply controllability theory to biological networks in an original way, to understand what insight mathematical controllability theory can bring to biological networks, and to study the importance of different driver nodes in controlling a target set. We develop a heuristic that we call step-wise targetcontrollability, which measures the centrality of a driver node as the number of targets it can control and provides a controllable configuration of targets. We show that this method is efficient for sparse directed networks. Our method represents a practical answer to use to our advantage the complexity of the control problem, exploiting existing biological knowledge.
... On the contrary, link prediction studies in network science also help us confirm the weak-ties phenomenon. Furthermore, we can gain substantial insight into more details for the social phenomenon via the approach of data science Sinatra et al. 2016;Hofman, Sharma, and Watts 2017;Kosack et al. 2018;Fraiberger et al. 2018;Börner et al. ), and then understand the society more widely and deeply. ...
The study of the weak-ties phenomenon has a long and well documented history, research into the application of this social phenomenon has recently attracted increasing attention. However, further exploration of the reasons behind the weak-ties phenomenon is still challenging. Fortunately, data-driven network science provides a novel way with substantial explanatory power to analyze the causal mechanism behind social phenomenon. Inspired by this perspective, we propose an approach to further explore the driving factors behind the temporal weak-ties phenomenon. We find that the obvious intuition underlying the weak-ties phenomenon is incorrect, and often large numbers of unknown mutual friends associated with these weak ties is one of the key reason for the emergence of the weak-ties phenomenon. In particular, for example scientific collaborators with weak ties prefer to be involved in direct collaboration rather than share ideas with mutual colleagues -- there is a natural tendency to collapse short strong chains of connection.
