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This paper examines the rightward movement of the clausal complements in Squliq Atayal. It is argued that the extraposition is a phenomenon in which syntax and phonology are interconnected (the syntax-phonology interface); more specifically, it is a PF movement to which two syntactic factors are relevant, i.e., voice morphology and finiteness.
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... In contrast, speakers from the Standard (Vicholi) and Khairpur's dialect may not have such variants. This study is, not as a whole, similar to that of Amin and Ali (2021), who tried to explore the sounds and morphological grounds of standard and Lasi dialects. In contrast, this paper only concerns the lexical choices used by Khairpur and Lar speakers. ...
Aim of the Study: Languages vary in time and place. This variation causes language shift, language change death. Sindhi language is also undergoing continuous change under the influence of Urdu and English languages. There is little research on the historical perspectives of Sindhi language family and its dialectical variation (Ali, 2016). Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap and explores the lexical variations between two dialects, i.e., Lar and Utradi dialects of Sindhi language. These two dialects are adjacent, yet have some differences with respect to the lexical choices. Methodology: This paper is carried out through a qualitative exploratory study. Observation and interviews have been conducted to collect the data. The five participants were selected purposively. Findings: The findings of the study highlight the variations in lexical choices between two dialects. The findings also revealed that the speakers of Lar region chose more typical Sindhi words such as جوت" " (in Roman English "jot", and in English fire, i.e., a bone-fire) and Speakers of Utradi dialect chose modernised lexical choices. Hence, Utradi dialect is more inclined to language change than Lari dialect. Conclusion: The study concluded with the assumption that social and cultural factors can be noticed in understanding the lexical choices made in both regions as the researchers showed the results with examples in which there were almost different linguistic choices. Based on the findings of this study, it can be suggested that there is a need for the research to understand the causes of these differences that may help the language researchers to suggest ways to maintain Sindhi language.
... The long-term objective is to create an automatic Sindhi morphological analyzer, as few studies accurately classify contemporary and historical methodologies. Morphological analysis is crucial for processing Sindhi natural language (5,6) . ...
... Among them, the Vicholi dialect is considered the standard dialect of Sindhi. Amin & Ali (2021) argue that the term Lasi is a geographical name that is used for all tribes that are locally living in Lasbela. There are five major tribes; Roonjha, Jamot, Burah, Shaikh and Angaria, including their brotheries which speak Lasi. ...
This study investigates the phenomenon of verb agreement (subject-verb agreement) in Lasi and English. This study focuses only on transitive and intransitive verbs of simple tenses to analyze the subject-verb agreement in Lasi. The data have been collected through unstructured interviews with the Lasi natives. The X-bar theory of Haegeman (1994) has been applied as a theoretical framework. Descriptive and exploratory research designs (Creswell, 2014) are used in the study. The results of this study show that transitive verbs in Lasi agree with subjects in number, gender, and person in the present and future tenses, but not in the past. However, intransitive verbs do agree with their subjects in the past tense. English verbs show agreement with their subjects in the present simple tense, but their past and future tense inflections remain the same. The results show that Lasi allows omission of subjects in the surface structure; however, they are recoverable in deep structure.
... Verb conjugation is a process in which verb is changed according to tense, person, gender, number, aspect, mood, and voice It may also be seen in the studies of ; Veesar, Kadhim & Bagudu (2015); ; Veesar et al. (2016); Ali, Z. (2021), Ali, Z. et al. (2021) and Amin & Ali (2021); Veesar & Mustafa(2021) ;Ali, et al. (2022). Verb conjugation takes place when inflectional morphemes are added to the root word that doesn't change the grammatical category of main word but only show tense, person, mood, voice, number, and gender of main word. ...
This study aims to explore the properties of Balochi verbs in Makrani dialect. Verbs in Balochi are focused to see their properties in terms of derivations and inflections along with tense, aspect, number, person, voice, and mood. For this qualitative study (Creswell, 2014), the data have been collected through recording of unstructured interviews from native participants. The data have been analysed through Radford's (2009) 'theory of agreement'. In this process, it is found that Balochi, being a pro-drop language, subject agrees with the verb and verb with its subject. It is also found that verbs in Balochi have various properties and these properties are generalized by tense, number, mood, voice, and person. It is found that there are four moods in Balochi which are indicative, subjunctive, imperative and optative. The analysis of the study also shows that future simple and present simple have equal range of tense structure; in other words, they have the same structure. Numbers in Balochi sometime have zero formats and sometime singular nouns carry suffix '=ئےa/e=agreement' and plural suffix '=آںaan=agreement'.Voice in Balochi always carries infinitive form of the verb. The study also finds that Balochi has different personal ending suffixes for each person.
... Lasi also prefers implosive with other dialects. The findings align with Baloch (2008) and Amin, M., & Ali, Z. (2021) who argue that Lasi prefers /ɓ/ instead of /v/. This sound is so common; therefore, it plays a crucial role in loanwords adaptation. ...
Loanwords often go under the adaptation process with native words. In the loanwords adaptation phonology has a vital role. The loanword phonology highlights more features in a particular language. The phonological pattern of loanword phonology is novel. It is the reflection of native phonology. The English loanwords are adapted in the Lasi. This paper addresses the questions: Which sounds are substituted in Lasi? and How substitutions with English loanwords occur in Lasi? The data are collected through observation and interviews. Optimality Theory is used for data analysis and presentation. It is the most used framework in current era. Optimality Theory is used by Ito and Mester (1995, 1999), Davidson and Noyer (1996) Broselow (2004) and other constraint-based approaches by Paradis and LaCharité (1997), LaCharité and Paradis (2005) as well as Crawford (2007). Towards the end, it has been seen that an English loanword and its Lasi counterpart have different structure, they are adopted and used by Lasi speakers in different ways, in their own style. Lasi natives prefer one feature changing rule for the ease of pronunciation. In English, loanwords adaptation terminal devoicing, continuant feature, retroflexion and palatalization are common. Lasi natives prefer unmarked constraints in adaptation. These words are pronounced according to Lasi phonological pattern. It can be claimed on the base of the inputs and outputs that Lasi adapts English loanwords according to it is own pattern. The substitution processes take place while changing one feature. Substitutions have been occurred from marked to unmarked. The preference of distinct feature is given to the unmarked features. So, the process of lenition occurs in Lasi English loanwords. It is common that languages always prefer unmarked as compared to markedness. So, the same rule has been followed by Lasi.
... As a result, this argument can be defined as the agent in an agent theta role with an agentive thematic relation in the sentence. The direct object or theme of the sentence is the second argument, ' اسان = assan khy = (to) us' (Carnie, 2006 and Amin, M., & Ali, Z. (2021). (Chomsky, 1981). ...
The goal of this research is to figure out and analyze the argument/thematic structure of Sindhi verbs. In Sindhi, it emphasizes agent thematic relations. The study aims to determine the agents' argument/thematic structure in English and Sindhi. The information is based on verbal/oral Sindhi. To analyze the agent thematic relations in Sindhi; their relevance and position in sentences, each verb phrase is analyzed in terms of argument/thematic structure. The data are analyzed using Carnie's (2006) "Theta Roles and Thematic Relations." The study finds that Sindhi agents are like English agents in terms of function and relevance. The sole difference is that Sindhi agents are more adaptable than English agents; they have more flexibility in terms of place and position in the verbal form of the language. It has also been seen that spoken Sindhi violates the position of agents. However, this violation does not affect the syntax and semantics of agents; it is equally well accepted. Such violations are very common in Sindhi, and they are grammatically accepted, and theta roles and thematic relations are realized in them. In contrast to English, Sindhi agents can be used at the beginning, middle, or the end of a statement in spoken Sindhi. Sindhi agents have a larger presence than English agents.
... Usually, bigger things are considered masculine and smaller are considered feminine; like dur (door) is masculine and khirki (window) is feminine. (It can be seen also in Maisarah, Kadhim, & Veesar, 2016;Veesar, Z. A., & Mustafa, G., 2021;Amin, M., & Ali, Z., 2021;Ali, Z., 2021). ...
... Lasi is considered one of the dialects of Sindhi (Baig, 2006;Allana, 2010;Jokhio, 2012;Ali, 2016;Veesar et al., 2021). However, there are various morphological and phonological variations between Lasi and Sindhi (Amin, M. & Ali, Z., 2021). The postpositions 'mein', 'te', and 'laai' are decreased into Lasi like 'm', 't', and 'la'. ...
Lasi is said to be one of the dialects of Sindhi which is spoken in Lasbela and some districts of). The research aims to describe and analyse the use of postpositions in Lasi and Sindhi. The study compares postpositions in Lasi and Sindhi in terms of place and position. This research is a qualitative, and it uses descriptive and analytical research designs. The data have been collected through informal conversation (unstructured interviews) with native speakers of Lasi which have been later reproduced by the Sindhi speakers so that we can have comparison of postpositions between the two languages. Chomsky's (1988) principles and parameters have been used as a theoretical/analytical framework. The research has shown differences between the two languages; Sindhi and Lasi. It has been found that Lasi and Sindhi differ in the use of postpositions. Sindhi uses a separate word in the postpositional phrase to show the postposition while Lasi uses postpositional suffixes with the noun in the postpositional phrase to show the postposition. The prominent Lasi postpositional morphemes/suffixes are 'm, k, t, la'. The most interesting finding is that Lasi uses just a phoneme (a consonant) to show a complete morpheme (a word: postposition). However, the two languages have been found similar in the placement of postpositions; both use postpositions after the nouns, because Lasi and Sindhi are head-final languages unlike English.
... Usually, bigger things are considered masculine and smaller are considered feminine; like dur (door) is masculine and khirki (window) is feminine. (It can be seen also in Maisarah, Kadhim, & Veesar, 2016;Veesar, Z. A., & Mustafa, G., 2021;Amin, M., & Ali, Z., 2021;Ali, Z., 2021). ...
... Lasi is considered one of the dialects of Sindhi (Baig, 2006;Allana, 2010;Jokhio, 2012;Ali, 2016;Veesar et al., 2021). However, there are various morphological and phonological variations between Lasi and Sindhi (Amin, M. & Ali, Z., 2021). The postpositions 'mein', 'te', and 'laai' are decreased into Lasi like 'm', 't', and 'la'. ...
Lasi is said to be one of the dialects of Sindhi which is spoken in Lasbela and some districts of). The research aims to describe and analyse the use of postpositions in Lasi and Sindhi. The study compares postpositions in Lasi and Sindhi in terms of place and position. This research is a qualitative, and it uses descriptive and analytical research designs. The data have been collected through informal conversation (unstructured interviews) with native speakers of Lasi which have been later reproduced by the Sindhi speakers so that we can have comparison of postpositions between the two languages. Chomsky's (1988) principles and parameters have been used as a theoretical/analytical framework. The research has shown differences between the two languages; Sindhi and Lasi. It has been found that Lasi and Sindhi differ in the use of postpositions. Sindhi uses a separate word in the postpositional phrase to show the postposition while Lasi uses postpositional suffixes with the noun in the postpositional phrase to show the postposition. The prominent Lasi postpositional morphemes/suffixes are 'm, k, t, la'. The most interesting finding is that Lasi uses just a phoneme (a consonant) to show a complete morpheme (a word: postposition). However, the two languages have been found similar in the placement of postpositions; both use postpositions after the nouns, because Lasi and Sindhi are head-final languages unlike English.
... Like [kaputer] →[kabuter], [lilam] →[nilam] and [gari]→[gaᶑe] etc. Persian words came in Lasi; these words also adapted some changes. The word /ba:dʃa/" King is adopted in Lasi as "Basha" /ba:ʃa/ (Amin, & Ali, 2021; Baloch, 2008). Similarly another word "Ba:d.geer" the passage of air [on the roof of house is common in las]. ...
... We can find many phonological studies about loanwords. Various studies have been conducted on phonological analysis of languages (Amin & Ali, 2021;Paradis & LaCharité, 2011). Languages are in changing process. ...
... The Lasi dialect at Lasbela, Jedgali at Makran and Fraki at Sibi are three dialects in Balochistan (Allana, 1995). MolaiShedai (1958) argues that Sindhi spread from Kashmir to Ketch and from Thar to Mekran and Dasht River (Zahid, 2016;Ali et al., 2021;Amin & Ali, 2021;Veesar & Mustafa, 2021). ...
This paper presents substitution of implosives with English loanwords in Lasi. It is a systematic replacement of a sound. Loanwords are integrated into Lasi from various languages and English loanwords are common. If we compare Lasi with Urdu regarding sound change, we will find plenty of words where sounds have been changed. Like [kaputer] →[kabuter], [lilam] →[nilam] and [gari]→[gaᶑe] etc. Persian words came in Lasi; these words also adapted some changes. The word /ba:dʃa/" King is adopted in Lasi as "Basha" /ba:ʃa/ (Amin, & Ali, 2021; Baloch, 2008). Similarly another word "Ba:d.geer" the passage of air [on the roof of house is common in las]. The /bɑːd.giːr/ is adapted as /bɑː.gir/; /d/ is completely deleted. It is also interesting to investigate how English Loanwords are adapted and which sounds are substituted by Lasi natives.The word 'jug' /dʒʌg/ is pronounced as /dʒʌɠu/ and Doctor /dɒk.tər/ is given output as / ᶑɑːk.dɑːr/. But the substitutions of implosives are common; however, these are the most marked sounds cross-linguistically. In the world languages almost 10 percent implosives are found. Loanwords often go under the adaptation process with native words and phonology has a vital role. If phonemic and prosodic structures of the two languages do not match, the loanword will be reshaped according to the phonological features of recipient language. Optimality Theory is used for data presentation. It is the most used framework for the study of loanwords in current era. The data have been collected through observation; an appropriate method of data collection (Kumar, 2014). The same data have been interviewed through pictures for further consideration. When an English loanword and its Lasi counterpart have different structure, they have been reshaped by Lasi speakers in different ways.
... Like [kaputer] →[kabuter], [lilam] →[nilam] and [gari]→[gaᶑe] etc. Persian words came in Lasi; these words also adapted some changes. The word /ba:dʃa/" King is adopted in Lasi as "Basha" /ba:ʃa/ (Amin, & Ali, 2021; Baloch, 2008). Similarly another word "Ba:d.geer" the passage of air [on the roof of house is common in las]. ...
... We can find many phonological studies about loanwords. Various studies have been conducted on phonological analysis of languages (Amin & Ali, 2021;Paradis & LaCharité, 2011). Languages are in changing process. ...
... The Lasi dialect at Lasbela, Jedgali at Makran and Fraki at Sibi are three dialects in Balochistan (Allana, 1995). MolaiShedai (1958) argues that Sindhi spread from Kashmir to Ketch and from Thar to Mekran and Dasht River (Zahid, 2016;Ali et al., 2021;Amin & Ali, 2021;Veesar & Mustafa, 2021). ...
This paper presents substitution of implosives with English loanwords in Lasi. It is a systematic replacement of a sound. Loanwords are integrated into Lasi from various languages and English loanwords are common. If we compare Lasi with Urdu regarding sound change, we will find plenty of words where sounds have been changed. Like [kaputer] →[kabuter], [lilam] →[nilam] and [gari]→[gaᶑe] etc. Persian words came in Lasi; these words also adapted some changes. The word /ba:dʃa/" King is adopted in Lasi as "Basha" /ba:ʃa/ (Amin, & Ali, 2021; Baloch, 2008). Similarly another word "Ba:d.geer" the passage of air [on the roof of house is common in las]. The /bɑːd.giːr/ is adapted as /bɑː.gir/; /d/ is completely deleted. It is also interesting to investigate how English Loanwords are adapted and which sounds are substituted by Lasi natives.The word 'jug' /dʒʌg/ is pronounced as /dʒʌɠu/ and Doctor /dɒk.tər/ is given output as / ᶑɑːk.dɑːr/. But the substitutions of implosives are common; however, these are the most marked sounds cross-linguistically. In the world languages almost 10 percent implosives are found. Loanwords often go under the adaptation process with native words and phonology has a vital role. If phonemic and prosodic structures of the two languages do not match, the loanword will be reshaped according to the phonological features of recipient language. Optimality Theory is used for data presentation. It is the most used framework for the study of loanwords in current era. The data have been collected through observation; an appropriate method of data collection (Kumar, 2014). The same data have been interviewed through pictures for further consideration. When an English loanword and its Lasi counterpart have different structure, they have been reshaped by Lasi speakers in different ways.
