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Tyre manufacturers aiming to remain competitive in complex modern markets must promptly adjust to the changes within the production environment. With traditional tyre-manufacturing systems, a slow response during optimization of the manufacturing process and low-level adaptability to system disturbances is evident. The presented approach to virtual...
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... operation stages. In the process of defining the sequence of operation stages, holons performs the following tasks: determination of the sequence of operation phases within operation stages, assignation of operation phases to the machines, description of Fig. 10. UML sequence diagram of inter-holon cooperation within the coordination mechanism of control in stable condition of the "green"-tyre manufacturing system operation. operation phases and determination the initial times value of operation phases. The product holon informs the planning holon about technical and technological ...
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... within the module and monitor the operation phases realization. Thereby, operational plan is not calculated in advance, but arises from contingent interaction. Operational holons define operational parameters for each operation phase. Based on the communication between operational holons within the same module, the coordination mechanism takes Fig. 13. Algorithm of inter-holon cooperation in unstable condition of the "green"-tyre manufacturing operation. Note:OP -operational parameters of the operation phase which a machine has to perform, i -information from sensors, MP -actual parameters of the operation phase, comparison -comparison due to disturbance detection, cooperation ...
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... model of holon cooperation within the coordination mechanism of control in stable condition of the tyre-manufacturing system operation is shown in UML sequence diagram in Fig. 10. The formal modelling of structural and behavioural specification of the control system is developed with UML sequence diagram in order to simplify the understanding and to get the comprehensive view of the system functionality. Messages communicated among holons within coordination mechanisms of control are basic messages of JADE ACL ...
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... model of inter-holon cooperation within the coordination mechanism of control in the hierarchical optimization process in accordance with requested optimization criterion is shown in Fig. 11. The planning holon defines optimized processing time of a "green"-tyre unit (2) on the basis of the optimization criterion, which is communicated by the operator holon (1). The main control holon defines the optimized times of operation stages for each module in the "green"-tyre manufacturing system (3). The algorithm of determination ...
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... the control structure of the system becomes heterarchical. Operational holons increase the level of autonomy and independently from higher levels of hierarchy, the guidelines of which are denied, define operational parameters of operation phases which are sent to the virtual model of the manufacturing system. The algorithm for independent Fig. 15. Time flow of the process of eliminating the machine breakdown impact on productivity Note:p-a number of "green" tyres to be manufactured within the order, p1-a number of "green" tyres manufactured until the occurrence of failure, -time necessary for elimination of the failure impact on productivity, te-processing time of a ...
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... parameters of the operational phases achieved in the previous optimization cycles. Interpolation knots are written in data bases of each operational holon. The model of inter-holon cooperation within the coordination mechanism of control in the heterarchical cycle of the optimization process in accordance with the required criterion is shown in Fig. ...
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... manufacturing system in the event of system disturbances, it is necessary to first detect the disturbance and its position in the manufacturing system and then implement a suitable algorithm for elimination of the disturbance impact on system productivity. Communication between the operational holons and the planning holon is a process of Fig. 17. Time flow of the process of eliminating the machine breakdown failure impact on system productivity Note:p-a number of "green" tyres to be manufactured within the order, p1-a number of "green" tyres manufactured until the occurrence of failure, -time necessary for elimination of the failure impact on productivity, te-processing time ...
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... impact for each scenario of the disturbance occurrence in the system. Since system disturbances can be predicted, the algorithm of elimination of the disturbance impact can be written based on the expected condition of the system after a disturbance has occurred. In our example, the following algorithm in the form of the UML activity diagram (Fig. 13) was developed for the occurrence of a machine breakdown in the ...
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... holons in the structure which independently from the higher levels of hierarchy, the guidelines of which are denied, define the operational parameters of virtual model machines, the purpose of which is to eliminate the failure impact on system productivity. New operational parameters of operation phases of the machine are determined based on time Fig. 16. Simulation results for the scenario of manufacturing system operation in unstable condition in the event of single failure. Table 3 Simulation results for manufacturing system operation in stable condition during optimization process for the optimization criterion for decrease of processing time of a "green"-tyre ...
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... breakdown: FMC 2, P = 150 "green" tyres/day, p = 150 "green" tyres, p1 = 50 "green" tyres, Tz = 3600s, Tp = 400s, t = Tp, p2 = 6 "green" tyres ( Fig. 15) Elimination of the failure impact: within an operation stage of the module in which a failure has occurred. Table 5 Simulation results for the scenario of manufacturing system operation in unstable condition when elimination of the failure impact is performed within operation stages of the left side of the "green"-tyre manufacturing ...
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... breakdown: FMC 2, P = 150 "green" tyres/day, p = 150 "green" tyres, p1 = 50 "green" tyres, Tz = 3600s, Tp = 1200s, t = Tp, p2 = 4 "green" tyres ( Fig. 15) Elimination of the failure impact: within operation stages of the left side of the "green"-tyre manufacturing ...
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... The holonic approach to "green"-tyre manufacturing control in the process of eliminating the machine breakdown impact on system productivity i.e. in unstable condition (Fig. 13) is compared to the existing conventional control method in unstable condition and holonic control approach in stable operating condition of the "green"-tyre manufacturing system (Fig. 9). Example 1. There is a possibility of transferring operational phases performed within a module in which a machine breakdown has occurred into another ...
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... operational phases performed within a module in which a machine breakdown has occurred into another module. Simulation results for the scenario of manufacturing system operation in unstable condition when there is a possibility of transferring operational phases into another module are presented in tables (Tables 4 and 5) and diagrams (Fig. ...
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Citations
... The compounded rubber is then processed into various end products using methods such as extrusion, calendering, and moulding ( Figure 2) [3]. In the manufacturing process, rubber compounds are produced by mixing natural rubber with various additives. ...
... In tire design and manufacturing, properties such as wear resistance, performance in harsh conditions, and high durability are relevant parameters that make it hard to manage used tires and their waste, representing an environmental hazard (Dabic-Miletic et al. 2021). The complexity varies depending on vehicle size, load unit, material, and production processes (Jovanović et al. 2014). So, it is pivotal to undertake a comprehensive review of the tire production process to achieve a sustainable circular economy, aiming to reduce the amount and variety of waste considering its lasting and nonbiodegradable materials (Ghai et al. 2022). ...
Recycling end-of-life tires (ELTs) poses an enormous challenge in waste management, as tires are not biodegradable and, if not correctly disposed of, can cause problems for human health and the environment. The transportation of ELTs from waste collection points to recycling facilities is one of the biggest problems in the recycling process, as a whole piece of ELT takes a large volume, resulting in high costs and transport delays. Therefore, a possible solution is a pre-cutting process at collection points to reduce volume and facilitate transport. Cutting processes play an essential role; hence, the devices used in this operation must be efficient to keep a minimum energy consumption. This study addresses the numerical evaluation of several blade profiles to find the most efficient regarding the force and work done for the cutting of tire tread. The numerical results regarding the performance of the profiles were validated experimentally confirming that the most efficient geometry between the evaluated correspond to a hollow profile.
... However, evaluating the performance of HCAs is reputed to be a difficult task, as it requires a dynamic evaluation of the control system's response to predefined scenario (Cardin and L'anton 2017;Trentesaux et al. 2013). For example, Jovanović et al. (2014) studied the implementation of a HCA on a "green"-tyre-manufacturing system. The objective is to evaluate how the holonic control is able to eliminate the impact of machine breakdowns on productivity. ...
The flexibility claimed by the next generation production systems induces a deep modification of the behaviour and the core itself of the control systems. Over-connectivity and data management abilities targeted by Industry 4.0 paradigm enable the emergence of more flexible and reactive control systems, based on the cooperation of autonomous and connected entities in the decision-making process. From most relevant articles extracted from existing literature, a list of 10 key enablers for Industry 4.0 is first presented. During the last 20 years, the holonic paradigm has become a major paradigm of Intelligent Manufacturing Systems. After the presentation of the holonic paradigm and holon properties, this article highlights how historical and current holonic control architectures can partly fulfil Industry 4.0 key enablers. The remaining unfulfilled key enablers are then the subject of an extensive discussion on the remaining research perspectives on holonic architectures needed to achieve a complete support of Industry 4.0.
... Adaptivno distribuirano holonsko krmilno okolje s pomočjo pristopa objektno-orientiranega programiranja je opisano v delu [92], v katerem se na osnovi ADACOR arhitekture uvajajo nove strukture holonov, kot so: holon operaterja, holon planiranja, glavni kontrolni holon, kontrolni holon modula in operacijski holon. ...
The presented doctoral dissertation deals with conception and structuring of new concepts and models of manufacturing systems. The dissertation is based on two hypotheses: 1) that the development of the concept and model of cyber-physical manufacturing systems will enable realization of more efficient and responsive network production systems, and 2) that based on the developed concept and model, it will be possible to model, manage and control advanced, cyber-physical manufacturing systems in real time.
New concepts of manufacturing systems are proposed, based on restructuring of organizational and system manufacturing structures at different levels, as well as defining reciprocal interactions of the elements of such systems, through which faster and more efficient access to information is enabled. Timely exchange of information enables a management and control of new, advanced manufacturing systems, such as cyber-physical manufacturing systems, in real time.
An ontological modelling framework for modelling advanced manufacturing systems and their elements has been expanded and its application in the domain of cyber approach to the operation, management, control and monitoring of production in advanced manufacturing systems, such as cyber-physical manufacturing systems.
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... The problem statement issues from both literature review and practice from case studies. Figure 1 exhibits two examples of holonic based control implementation in manufacturing: case a) is related to the holonic control in tyre manufacturing industry and exhibits the connection with the virtual counterpart of the actual system [14], whereas case b) deals with the control of a flexible manufacturing system [10] with a Service-oriented Holonic Manufacturing System (SoHMS). In those architectures, we can spot that the main represented elements deals with the communications between the various elements. ...
... Indeed, even if this is usually considered as a "technological" issue, communication is an essential stake for distributed software. [14,10] In such architectures, three classes of communication can be differentiated: ...
... However, evaluating the performance of HCAs is reputed to be a difficult task, as it requires a dynamic evaluation of the control system's response to predefined scenario (Cardin & L'anton, 2017;Trentesaux et al., 2013). For example, (Jovanović, Zupan, Starbek, & Prebil, 2014) studied the implementation of a HCA on a "green"-tyre-manufacturing system. The objective is to evaluate how the holonic control is able to eliminate the impact of machine breakdowns on productivity. ...
The flexibility claimed by the next generation production systems induces a deep modification of the behaviour and the core itself of the control systems. Over-connectivity and data management abilities targeted by Industry 4.0 paradigm enable the emergence of more flexible and reactive control systems, based on the cooperation of autonomous and connected entities in the decision-making process. From most relevant articles extracted from existing literature, a list of 10 key enablers for Industry 4.0 is first presented. During the last 20 years, the holonic paradigm has become a major paradigm of Intelligent Manufacturing Systems. After the presentation of the holonic paradigm and holon properties, this article highlights how historical and current holonic control architectures can partly fulfil I4.0 key enablers. The remaining unfulfilled key enablers are then the subject of an extensive discussion on the remaining research perspectives on holonic architectures needed to achieve a complete support of Industry4.0.
... The problem statement issues from both literature review and practice from case studies. Figure 1 exhibits two examples of holonic based control implementation in manufacturing: case a) is related to the holonic control in tyre manufacturing industry and exhibits the connection with the virtual counterpart of the actual system [14], whereas case b) deals with the control of a flexible manufacturing system [10] with a Service-oriented Holonic Manufacturing System (SoHMS). In those architectures, we can spot that the main represented elements deals with the communications between the various elements. ...
... Indeed, even if this is usually considered as a "technological" issue, communication is an essential stake for distributed software. [14,10] In such architectures, three classes of communication can be differentiated: ...
Communication systems and networks are the backbone for manufacturing systems and IoT in Industry 4.0. In this context, the control software systems are made of scalable services that exchange through communication middlewares. Among them, the definition of the Digital Twin exhibits even more needs for heterogeneous communications, due to the various nature of the devices and their providers and also to legacy applications. The maintenance of such systems becomes tricky when the communication statements are widespreadly merged in the application code. In this paper we investigate the separation of the communication layer from other aspects of the application in order to improve the system evolution and make it adaptable and reconfigurable to different contexts (resources, workshop...). Various approaches are compared and a solution is exhibited with a first prototype.
... It is necessary to develop effective system of management and control, which is able to detect process changes as soon as possible, so corrective measures can be established before a large amount of defective parts are manufactured [8] "optimum" [9]. There is used also so called holistic approach, besides known methods, to solve complex problems [10]. ...
Nowadays, the main implementation weakness of production management methods as Lean, Six Sigma or TOC lies with over focussing on particular method, so those methods are usually used solitary. Complex (i.e. process) approach is usually underestimated. This cannot be changed without changing the way of thinking within all levels of company's management. Process thinking (lean and holistic) becomes nowadays a challenge. This article is focussing on the use of basic principles of process thinking connected with design, technology and manufacturing logistics with emphasizing the role of standardization. There are debated, based on designed preliminary survey, possible key influences of management stuff etc. to implement and aid principles of standardization as defined by DFx (Design for X).
... As a matter of fact, numerous works in literature can be found that exhibit a performance evaluation, but generally on ad hoc scenarios fully customised for the dedi-cated application. Among those, Jovanovic et al. [7] studies the implementation of a holonic control system on a "green"-tyre-manufacturing system. The objective is to evaluate how the holonic control is able to eliminate the impact of machine breakdowns on productivity. ...
... The three studies exhibited in Fig. 6 have various purposes: case a) is related to the holonic control in tyre manufacturing industry [7], case b) deals with the control of a flexible manufacturing system [11], whereas case c) intends to validate the behaviour of a holonic controller of modular conveyor systems [12]. They were developed in parallel without interaction, but show several common features. ...
... 1. The emulation model is based on a discrete-event simulation tool, whose outputs are used as KPI, like in [8] for example; 2. The control system has its own KPI output module, which is used in an emulation study in the same way it would be in real cases, like in [7] for example. ...
Performing an overview of the benchmarking initiatives oriented towards the performance evaluation of Holonic Manufacturing Systems shows that there are very few of them. However, a comparison between all the isolated emu-lation developments for benchmarking in literature was made, and showed that many common features could be extracted. Several deadlocks for a generic approach of these developments are also exhibited. A global architecture dedicated to a generic performance evaluation platform design is suggested. This architecture integrates a scenario manager, whose main specificities were detailed and justified. Those features are meant to both integrate the best practices encountered in literature and fulfil the missing aspects to respond to the problematics.
... As a matter of fact, numerous works in literature can be found that exhibit a performance evaluation, but generally on ad hoc scenarios fully customised for the dedi-cated application. Among those, Jovanovic et al. [7] studies the implementation of a holonic control system on a "green"-tyre-manufacturing system. The objective is to evaluate how the holonic control is able to eliminate the impact of machine breakdowns on productivity. ...
... The three studies exhibited in Fig. 6 have various purposes: case a) is related to the holonic control in tyre manufacturing industry [7], case b) deals with the control of a flexible manufacturing system [11], whereas case c) intends to validate the behaviour of a holonic controller of modular conveyor systems [12]. They were developed in parallel without interaction, but show several common features. ...
... 1. The emulation model is based on a discrete-event simulation tool, whose outputs are used as KPI, like in [8] for example; 2. The control system has its own KPI output module, which is used in an emulation study in the same way it would be in real cases, like in [7] for example. ...
