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The first of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees (TL = 367; CI = 0.638; RI = 0.928; RC = 0.591) resulting from a parsimony analysis of the LSU (28S) sequence alignment. The bootstrap support values are indicated at the nodes (parsimony bootstrap / distance with HKY85 model bootstrap; only values >74%) and the scale bar represents the number of changes. Thickened branches reflect those branches present in the strict consensus tree. Orders are indicated in darker blue and orange blocks and family names in light blue and light brown blocks. Species names of interest to this study are shown in bold text. The tree was rooted to Dothidea sambuci (GenBank AY544691).
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The type species of the genus Tiarosporella, T. paludosa, is epitypified and confirmed as a member of the Botryosphaeriaceae. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU, 28S) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S rRNA gene of the nrDNA operon, the genus Tiarosporella is shown to be p...
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... 2012) and Macrophomina (Sarr et al. 2014). Phylogenetically however, it proved to be allied to genera in the complex in the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 1), which was quite unexpected. Subram. & K. Ramakr., Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 36: 83 ...
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... phylogenies were generated; the first was based on 56 LSU sequences (including the outgroup Dothidea sambuci GenBank AY544681) and was used to determine the familial and ordinal relationships of the studied species (Fig. 1), the second was based on a combined ITS and LSU alignment of 44 isolates (including the outgroup Saccharata proteae strain CBS 115206) and was used to determine the genus relationships and species identification within the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 2), and the third was based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment of 18 Darkera isolates and was used for species identification (Fig. 3). The first analysis (LSU) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 773 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 604 constant characters, 36 variable parsimony- uninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. The maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (TL = 367; CI = 0.638; RI = 0.928; RC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. The overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree (Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. Overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. The Dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. The Darkera clade itself is well-supported in both analyses, although the deeper structure of the sub-clades of the Phacidiaceae collapses into a basal polytomy in the parsimony analysis (see strict consensus branches in Fig. 1). The Phyllostictaceae is well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Botryosphaeriaceae is strongly supported in the distance analysis (98 % bootstrap support) but less so in the parsimony analysis (76 % bootstrap support). The LSU phylogeny based on the current dataset alone does not provide a well-supported topology for the Botryosphaeriaceae and therefore the data was combined with ITS for the second analysis. The second analysis (combined ITS and LSU alignment) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 1243 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 976 constant characters, 92 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 175 parsimony-informative characters. Twenty-two equally most parsimonious trees were obtained (TL = 619; CI = 0.577; RI = 0.809; RC = 0.467), the first of which is presented in Fig. 2. In this phylogeny, all genera that are presented by more than one strain or species are supported with a parsimony bootstrap support value of at least 80 %; the only exception is Diplodia which is split into two lineages without support for the connecting node. The tiarosporella-like strains are polyphyletic in the tree and therefore novel genera are introduced below to accommodate those not clustering in the Tiarosporella clade. Except for Tiarosporella tritici (= Eutiarosporella tritici , see below) and T. africana (= Eut. africana , see below), all species in the ITS-LSU phylogeny could be resolved. In the case of this exception, the two species can easily be distinguished based on their TEF or TUB sequences (data not shown). The third analysis (combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment) was based on the resulting dataset of 2879 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 2857 constant characters, 3 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 19 parsimony-informative characters (TL = 22; CI = 1.0; RI = 1.0; RC = 1.0). Only a single most parsimonious tree was obtained, presented in Fig. 3, which clearly separated the strains belonging to Darkera picea from those belonging to D. parca ...
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... phylogenies were generated; the first was based on 56 LSU sequences (including the outgroup Dothidea sambuci GenBank AY544681) and was used to determine the familial and ordinal relationships of the studied species (Fig. 1), the second was based on a combined ITS and LSU alignment of 44 isolates (including the outgroup Saccharata proteae strain CBS 115206) and was used to determine the genus relationships and species identification within the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 2), and the third was based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment of 18 Darkera isolates and was used for species identification (Fig. 3). The first analysis (LSU) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 773 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 604 constant characters, 36 variable parsimony- uninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. The maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (TL = 367; CI = 0.638; RI = 0.928; RC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. The overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree (Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. Overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. The Dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. The Darkera clade itself is well-supported in both analyses, although the deeper structure of the sub-clades of the Phacidiaceae collapses into a basal polytomy in the parsimony analysis (see strict consensus branches in Fig. 1). The Phyllostictaceae is well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Botryosphaeriaceae is strongly supported in the distance analysis (98 % bootstrap support) but less so in the parsimony analysis (76 % bootstrap support). The LSU phylogeny based on the current dataset alone does not provide a well-supported topology for the Botryosphaeriaceae and therefore the data was combined with ITS for the second analysis. The second analysis (combined ITS and LSU alignment) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 1243 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 976 constant characters, 92 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 175 parsimony-informative characters. Twenty-two equally most parsimonious trees were obtained (TL = 619; CI = 0.577; RI = 0.809; RC = 0.467), the first of which is presented in Fig. 2. In this phylogeny, all genera that are presented by more than one strain or species are supported with a parsimony bootstrap support value of at least 80 %; the only exception is Diplodia which is split into two lineages without support for the connecting node. The tiarosporella-like strains are polyphyletic in the tree and therefore novel genera are introduced below to accommodate those not clustering in the Tiarosporella clade. Except for Tiarosporella tritici (= Eutiarosporella tritici , see below) and T. africana (= Eut. africana , see below), all species in the ITS-LSU phylogeny could be resolved. In the case of this exception, the two species can easily be distinguished based on their TEF or TUB sequences (data not shown). The third analysis (combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment) was based on the resulting dataset of 2879 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 2857 constant characters, 3 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 19 parsimony-informative characters (TL = 22; CI = 1.0; RI = 1.0; RC = 1.0). Only a single most parsimonious tree was obtained, presented in Fig. 3, which clearly separated the strains belonging to Darkera picea from those belonging to D. parca ...
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... phylogenies were generated; the first was based on 56 LSU sequences (including the outgroup Dothidea sambuci GenBank AY544681) and was used to determine the familial and ordinal relationships of the studied species (Fig. 1), the second was based on a combined ITS and LSU alignment of 44 isolates (including the outgroup Saccharata proteae strain CBS 115206) and was used to determine the genus relationships and species identification within the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 2), and the third was based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment of 18 Darkera isolates and was used for species identification (Fig. 3). The first analysis (LSU) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 773 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 604 constant characters, 36 variable parsimony- uninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. The maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (TL = 367; CI = 0.638; RI = 0.928; RC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. The overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree (Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. Overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. The Dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. The Darkera clade itself is well-supported in both analyses, although the deeper structure of the sub-clades of the Phacidiaceae collapses into a basal polytomy in the parsimony analysis (see strict consensus branches in Fig. 1). The Phyllostictaceae is well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Botryosphaeriaceae is strongly supported in the distance analysis (98 % bootstrap support) but less so in the parsimony analysis (76 % bootstrap support). The LSU phylogeny based on the current dataset alone does not provide a well-supported topology for the Botryosphaeriaceae and therefore the data was combined with ITS for the second analysis. The second analysis (combined ITS and LSU alignment) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 1243 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 976 constant characters, 92 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 175 parsimony-informative characters. Twenty-two equally most parsimonious trees were obtained (TL = 619; CI = 0.577; RI = 0.809; RC = 0.467), the first of which is presented in Fig. 2. In this phylogeny, all genera that are presented by more than one strain or species are supported with a parsimony bootstrap support value of at least 80 %; the only exception is Diplodia which is split into two lineages without support for the connecting node. The tiarosporella-like strains are polyphyletic in the tree and therefore novel genera are introduced below to accommodate those not clustering in the Tiarosporella clade. Except for Tiarosporella tritici (= Eutiarosporella tritici , see below) and T. africana (= Eut. africana , see below), all species in the ITS-LSU phylogeny could be resolved. In the case of this exception, the two species can easily be distinguished based on their TEF or TUB sequences (data not shown). The third analysis (combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment) was based on the resulting dataset of 2879 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 2857 constant characters, 3 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 19 parsimony-informative characters (TL = 22; CI = 1.0; RI = 1.0; RC = 1.0). Only a single most parsimonious tree was obtained, presented in Fig. 3, which clearly separated the strains belonging to Darkera picea from those belonging to D. parca ...
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... phylogenies were generated; the first was based on 56 LSU sequences (including the outgroup Dothidea sambuci GenBank AY544681) and was used to determine the familial and ordinal relationships of the studied species (Fig. 1), the second was based on a combined ITS and LSU alignment of 44 isolates (including the outgroup Saccharata proteae strain CBS 115206) and was used to determine the genus relationships and species identification within the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 2), and the third was based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment of 18 Darkera isolates and was used for species identification (Fig. 3). The first analysis (LSU) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 773 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 604 constant characters, 36 variable parsimony- uninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. The maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (TL = 367; CI = 0.638; RI = 0.928; RC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. The overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree (Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. Overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. The Dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. The Darkera clade itself is well-supported in both analyses, although the deeper structure of the sub-clades of the Phacidiaceae collapses into a basal polytomy in the parsimony analysis (see strict consensus branches in Fig. 1). The Phyllostictaceae is well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Botryosphaeriaceae is strongly supported in the distance analysis (98 % bootstrap support) but less so in the parsimony analysis (76 % bootstrap support). The LSU phylogeny based on the current dataset alone does not provide a well-supported topology for the Botryosphaeriaceae and therefore the data was combined with ITS for the second analysis. The second analysis (combined ITS and LSU alignment) (including the outgroup sequence) and the resulting dataset of 1243 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 976 constant characters, 92 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 175 parsimony-informative characters. Twenty-two equally most parsimonious trees were obtained (TL = 619; CI = 0.577; RI = 0.809; RC = 0.467), the first of which is presented in Fig. 2. In this phylogeny, all genera that are presented by more than one strain or species are supported with a parsimony bootstrap support value of at least 80 %; the only exception is Diplodia which is split into two lineages without support for the connecting node. The tiarosporella-like strains are polyphyletic in the tree and therefore novel genera are introduced below to accommodate those not clustering in the Tiarosporella clade. Except for Tiarosporella tritici (= Eutiarosporella tritici , see below) and T. africana (= Eut. africana , see below), all species in the ITS-LSU phylogeny could be resolved. In the case of this exception, the two species can easily be distinguished based on their TEF or TUB sequences (data not shown). The third analysis (combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and TUB alignment) was based on the resulting dataset of 2879 characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 2857 constant characters, 3 variable parsimony-uninformative characters and 19 parsimony-informative characters (TL = 22; CI = 1.0; RI = 1.0; RC = 1.0). Only a single most parsimonious tree was obtained, presented in Fig. 3, which clearly separated the strains belonging to Darkera picea from those belonging to D. parca ...
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... three phylogenies were generated; the first was based on 56 lSu sequences (including the outgroup Dothidea sambuci GenBank aY544681) and was used to determine the familial and ordinal relationships of the studied species ( Fig. 1), the second was based on a combined ItS and lSu alignment of 44 isolates (including the outgroup Saccharata proteae strain CBS 115206) and was used to determine the genus relationships and species identification within the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 2), and the third was based on a combined ItS, lSu, SSu, teF and tuB alignment of 18 ...
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... characters, including alignment gaps which were treated as fifth base, consisted of 604 constant characters, 36 variable parsimonyuninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. the maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (tl = 367; CI = 0.638; rI = 0.928; rC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. the overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree ( Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. the dermateaceae was well-supported ...
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... parsimonyuninformative characters and 133 parsimony-informative characters. the maximum of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees were retained (tl = 367; CI = 0.638; rI = 0.928; rC = 0.591), the first of which is presented in Fig. 1. the overall topology was identical between the distance tree (data not shown) and the presented parsimony tree ( Fig. 1) with some minor rearrangements of terminal clades in the different families. overall, the parsimony analysis yielded less well-supported nodes compared to the distance analysis. the dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. the Darkera clade itself is ...
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... the dermateaceae was well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Phacidiaceae was only supported in the distance analysis. the Darkera clade itself is well-supported in both analyses, although the deeper structure of the sub-clades of the Phacidiaceae collapses into a basal polytomy in the parsimony analysis (see strict consensus branches in Fig. 1). the Phyllostictaceae is well-supported in both analyses, whereas the Botryosphaeriaceae is strongly supported in the distance analysis (98 % bootstrap support) but less so in the parsimony analysis (76 % bootstrap support). the lSu phylogeny based on the current dataset alone does not provide a well-supported topology for the ...
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... a secondary invader, which proved to be rather uncommonly encountered. With its unilocular conidiomata, and pigmented, appendaged conidia, it is somewhat reminiscent of Harknessia (Crous CrouS ET AL. Macrophomina (Sarr et al. 2014). Phylogenetically however, it proved to be allied to genera in the Tiarosporella complex in the Botryosphaeriaceae (Fig. 1), which was quite ...
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... paludosa occurs rather commonly in Germany on Carex spp., Eriophorum polystachium and Trichophorum cespitosum (= Scirpus caespitosus) (Sutton 1980, Nag raj 1993, and is obviously widely distributed in europe. It is also known to occur in Canada and the uSa (Nag raj 1993). the present collection closely matches the morphology of the holotype, and is also from Germany, where this taxon occurs commonly on Carex, Eriophorum andTrichophorum (Sutton 1980, Nag raj 1993). ...
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... the epitypification of Tiarosporella, based on T. paludosa, allowed us to separate this genus from its close allies in the Botryosphaeriaceae that actually form a subclade (Fig. 2), representing several genera with conidial appendages. this subclade includes genera such as Botryobambusa (see liu et al. 2012 fig. 11, though appendage overlooked by the authors), and two new genera, namely Marasasiomyces, and Eutiarosporella. Eutiarosporella is morphologically similar to Marasasiomyces (long necked, hairy conidiomata, and holoblastic conidiogenesis), except that it forms conidiomata in clusters, which is not the case in Marasasiomyces. the latter ...
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Dark septate endophytes of the Phialocephala fortinii s.l. – Acephala applanata species complex (PAC) are presumed to be the most abundant root colonizing endophytes of conifers across the Northern hemisphere. To test the competitiveness of different PAC strains, PAC-free Picea abies saplings were inoculated with five different PAC strains by plant...
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... Subsequently, Phillips et al. (2013) provided detailed descriptions and keys to 17 genera and 110 species known from culture at that time. A revision of the Tiarosporella complex resulted in the addition of four new genera (Crous et al. 2015), while Alanphillipsia and Sardiniella were introduced by Crous et al. (2013) and Linaldeddu et al. (2016a), respectively. Yang et al. (2017) introduced Oblongo collomyces and reduced Spencermartinsia to synonymy with Dothiorella. ...
... The Botryosphaeriales has recently undergone extensive revision based on the phylogenetic relationships between its various families and genera (Liu et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2015, Yang et al. 2017). Yet, the identity and taxonomic position of many isolates available in the CBS collection has remained unresolved. ...
The Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes) includes numerous endophytic, saprobic, and plant pathogenic species associated with a wide range of symptoms, most commonly on woody plants. In a recent phylogenetic treatment of 499 isolates in the culture collection (CBS) of the Westerdijk Institute, we evaluated the families and genera accommodated in this order of important fungi. The present study presents multigene phylogenetic analyses for an additional 230 isolates, using ITS, tef1, tub2, LSU and rpb2 loci, in combination with morphological data. Based on these data, 58 species are reduced to synonymy, and eight novel species are described. They include Diplodia afrocarpi (Afrocarpus, South Africa), Dothiorella diospyricola (Diospyros, South Africa), Lasiodiplodia acaciae (Acacia, Indonesia), Neofusicoccum podocarpi (Podocarpus, South Africa), N. rapaneae (Rapanea, South Africa), Phaeobotryon ulmi (Ulmus, Germany), Saccharata grevilleae (Grevillea, Australia) and S. hakeiphila (Hakea, Australia). The results have clarified the identity of numerous isolates that lacked Latin binomials or had been deposited under incorrect names in the CBS collection in the past. They also provide a solid foundation for more in-depth future studies on taxa in the order. Sequences of the tef1, tub2 and rpb2 genes proved to be the most reliable markers. At the species level, results showed that the most informative genes were inconsistent, but that a combination of four candidate barcodes (ITS, tef1, tub2 and rpb2) provided reliable resolution. Furthermore, given the large number of additional isolates included in this study, and newly generated multigene DNA datasets, several species could also be reduced to synonymy. The study illustrates the value of reassessing the identity of older collections in culture collections utilising modern taxonomic frameworks and methods.
Citation: Zhang W, Groenewald JZ, Lombard L, et al. 2021. Evaluating species in Botryosphaeriales. Persoonia 46: 63–115.
https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.03.
... The family accommodates 23 genera including important pathogens such as species of Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Macrophomina and Neofusicoccum. All the genera have been delineated based on comparisons of DNA sequence data in combination with morphological characters (Crous et al., 2015;Phillips et al., 2013;Slippers et al., 2017). ...
The Botryosphaeriaceae is a family of endophytic fungi, many of which are latent pathogens of woody plants. Although extensively sampled in some parts of the world, little is known regarding their occurrence across different environmental conditions. This study considered the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae on Syzygium cordatum trees across a latitudinal gradient. We examined the relative importance of different environmental factors on the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae across this latitudinal gradient. Specifically, Botryosphaeriaceae community composition and species richness were analysed. The optimal growth temperature of the most common Botryosphaeriaceae isolates and its relation to isolate origin was also tested in culture. We identified 14 Botryosphaeriaceae species including seven each of Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum species. The maximum historical temperature emerged as the environmental factor that best predicted the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae species in S. cordatum trees. Specifically, maximum historical temperature influenced Botryosphaeriaceae community composition on these trees, but not species richness. For all the Botryosphaeriaceae species studied in vitro, temperature strongly influenced mycelial growth and they all had an optimal growth temperature of 25 ºC. Contrary to our hypothesis, the optimal growth temperature was not related to isolate origin. These results contribute to understanding the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae in trees and our ability to detect these latent pathogens.
... Thus, we accept Eupelte with septoidium-like and clasterosporium-like asexual morphs. Crous Crous et al. (2015b) introduced this asexually typified genus and showed it belongs to Botryosphaeriaceae. Li et al. (2016) Exosporiella P. Karst. ...
This is a continuation of a series of studies incorporating asexually reproducing fungi in a natural classification. Over 3653 genera (ca. 30,000 morphological species) are known from asexual reproduction (1388 coelomycetes and 2265 hyphomycetes) in their life cycle. Among these, 687 genera are pleomorphic (305 coelomycetous; 378 hyphomycetous and four genera show both coelomycetous and hyphomycetous morphs). We provide notes for these pleomorphic genera in this paper. The 1544 unlinked genera without molecular data (which comprise ca. 3850 species) are listed as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. It is essential to recollect the fungi which are placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis and subject them to DNA based phylogenetic analysis as they might represent new fungal lineages.
... Thus, we accept Eupelte with septoidium-like and clasterosporium-like asexual morphs. Crous Crous et al. (2015b) introduced this asexually typified genus and showed it belongs to Botryosphaeriaceae. Li et al. (2016) Exosporiella P. Karst. ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Eutiarosporella as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi with long-necked conidiomata and holoblastic conidiogenesis (A.J.L. Phillips). ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Marasasiomyces as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi with long-necked conidiomata covered in brown setae (A.J.L. Phillips). ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Mucoharknessia as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi that resembles Harknessia (Harknessiaceae, Diaporthales), but are distinguished by having pycnidia that lack furfuraceous tissue around the ostiole and conidia with a mucoid apical appendage (A.J.L. Phillips). ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Eutiarosporella as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi with long-necked conidiomata and holoblastic conidiogenesis (A.J.L. Phillips). ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Marasasiomyces as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi with long-necked conidiomata covered in brown setae (A.J.L. Phillips). Kärnefelt Thell et al. (2018) proposed to resurrect the genus (A. ...
... Based on ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny, Crous et al. (2015a) introduced Mucoharknessia as a new genus for tiarosporella-like fungi that resembles Harknessia (Harknessiaceae, Diaporthales), but are distinguished by having pycnidia that lack furfuraceous tissue around the ostiole and conidia with a mucoid apical appendage (A.J.L. Phillips). ...
This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class-, order- and family-level. The described number of species per genus is also given. Notes are provided of taxa for which recent changes or disagreements have been presented. Fungus-like taxa that were traditionally treated as fungi are also incorporated in this outline (i.e. Eumycetozoa, Dictyosteliomycetes, Ceratiomyxomycetes and Myxomycetes). Four new taxa are introduced: Amblyosporida ord. nov. Neopereziida ord. nov. and Ovavesiculida ord. nov. in Rozellomycota, and Protosporangiaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliomycetes. Two different classifications (in outline section and in discussion) are provided for Glomeromycota and Leotiomycetes based on recent studies. The phylogenetic reconstruction of a four-gene dataset (18S and 28S rRNA, RPB1, RPB2) of 433 taxa is presented, including all currently described orders of fungi.
... Eutiarosporella was introduced by Crous et al. (2015) and is typified by Eutiarosporella tritici (B. Sutton & Marasas) Crous on Triticum aestivum from South Africa. ...
... ( Crous et al. 2006). Eutiarosporella species are coelomycetes that are saprobes or pathogens which occur in terrestrial habitats ( Crous et al. 2015;Thynne et al. 2015;). Eutiarosporella species have been reported from Celtis africana (Rosales), Triticum aestivum (Poales), Acacia karroo (Fabales) and Dactylis glomerata (Poales) ( Thambugala et al. 2014;Crous et al. 2015). ...
... Eutiarosporella species are coelomycetes that are saprobes or pathogens which occur in terrestrial habitats ( Crous et al. 2015;Thynne et al. 2015;). Eutiarosporella species have been reported from Celtis africana (Rosales), Triticum aestivum (Poales), Acacia karroo (Fabales) and Dactylis glomerata (Poales) ( Thambugala et al. 2014;Crous et al. 2015). On wheat, it causes the economically important disease known as white grain disorder ( Thynne et al. 2015). ...
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and organisms. This paper focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera: Alternaria, Capnodium, Chaetothyrina, Cytospora, Cyphellophora, Cyttaria, Dactylonectria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Entoleuca, Eutiarosporella, Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Lasiodiplodia, Macrophomina, Medeolaria, Neonectria, Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Plasmopara, Pseudopestalotiopsis, Rosellinia, Sphaeropsis, Stagonosporopsis and Verticillium. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. A new database (Onestopshopfungi) is established to enhance the current understanding of plant pathogenic genera among plant pathologists.
... TEF1␣ was sequenced for Darkera species to examine interspecific and intraspecific variation because it is a promising candidate as a universal secondary barcode and is represented by several Darkera spp. sequences (Crous et al. 2015b;Stielow et al. 2015). DNA was amplified using a PCR master mix consisting of 0.5 L 2 M dNTPs, 0.04 L 20 mol/L forward primer, 0.04 L 20 mol/L reverse primer, 1 L 10× Titanium Taq buffer (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.), 0.1 L 50× Titanium Taq enzyme (Clontech), 1 L of DNA template, and 7.3 L sterile purified water per reaction (Allain-Boulé et al. 2004). ...
... Nag Raj (1993) examined the D. parca holotype (DAOM 145413b, as Tiarosporella parca) and recorded larger conidial dimensions than those observed by Whitney et al. (1975): (29-)35-43 m × 9-12 m versus (20-)23-40 m × 4-6(-7) m. Strains identified by Crous et al. (2015b) as D. parca from asymptomatic Picea obovata needles in Siberia have conidial dimensions closer to those described by Whitney et al. (1975) than Nag Raj (1993. Crous et al. (2015b) described D. picea from Picea abies needles in Finland, Norway, and Switzerland; D. picea is characterized by large conidia with dimensions almost exactly those of the Darkera cf. ...
... Strains identified by Crous et al. (2015b) as D. parca from asymptomatic Picea obovata needles in Siberia have conidial dimensions closer to those described by Whitney et al. (1975) than Nag Raj (1993. Crous et al. (2015b) described D. picea from Picea abies needles in Finland, Norway, and Switzerland; D. picea is characterized by large conidia with dimensions almost exactly those of the Darkera cf. parca strains isolated in this study ( Fig. 10; Supplementary data, Table S1). ...
More than 100 fungal endophyte strains belonging to the family Phacidiaceae were isolated from surface-sterilized Picea rubens Sarg. needles collected from the Acadian Forest Region in New Brunswick, Canada. The strains were characterized morphologically by their asexual states, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS) marker and the second largest subunit of ribosomal polymerase II (RPB2). Morphological and phylogenetic data revealed seven species: Darkera cf. parca; Strasseria geniculata; two novel Phacidium species: Phacidium dicosmoanum and Phacidium faciforme; and three novel monotypic genera described to accommodate distinct species: Calvophomopsis rubenticola, Cornibusella ungulata, and Gloeopycnis protuberans. Further analyses of Darkera spp. were performed with ITS and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α), and the results suggest that D. parca is a species complex. Phacidiaceae includes hundreds of known species that are unrepresented by sequence data; therefore, ITS sequences were generated from herbarium material including type specimens of Darkera parca, Phacidium lunatum, and specimens of Allantophomopsiella, Allantophomopsis, Bulgaria, Phacidium, and Pseudophacidium species. The description of novel species combined with morphological observations and reference sequences will facilitate the identification of conifer endophytes, both from specimens or cultures and in environmental sequence data, and improve our understanding of this large and mostly neglected family.
... The Botryosphaeriaceae family comprises 23 phylogenetically well-defined genera and over one hundred species known from culture of which many recognized as aggressive fungal pathogens of economically important plants around the world (Phillips et al. 2013;Hyde et al. 2014;Crous et al. 2015;Dissanayake et al. 2016). Several species belonging to the genera Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum and Spencermartinsia have been extensively studied for their ability to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites some of which potentially involved in the pathogenesis process (Andolfi et al. 2011(Andolfi et al. , 2012Cimmino, Maddau et al. 2017;Cimmino, Cinelli et al. 2017;Masi et al. 2016Masi et al. , 2018Reveglia, Savocchia, Billones-Baaijens, Cimmino et al. 2018;Reveglia, Savocchia, Billones-Baaijens, Masi et al. 2018). ...
In this study the production of secondary metabolites by a virulent strain of Sardiniella urbana, a recently described pathogen originally found on declining European hackberry trees in Italy, was investigated for the first time. Chemical analysis of the culture filtrate extracts led to the isolation of three well known compounds as R-(−)-mellein and (3R,4R)-and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxy melleins which were identified by spectroscopic methods (essentially NMR and ESIMS). The isolated compounds were tested for their phytotoxic, antifungal and zootoxic activities. Among them, only R-(−)-mellein was found to be active.
... Recent molecular studies on Dothideomycetes have revealed hidden lineages and prompted revision of several families in this class (Crous et al. 2015, Guatimosim et al. 2015, Knapp et al. 2015, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Van Nieuwenhuijzen et al. 2016. Although multiple molecular systematic studies, mainly of pathogenic fungi of woody plants , Slippers et al. 2013, Alves et al. 2014, Fan et al. 2015, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015, have generated a robust phylogeny for Botryosphaeriales, many additional new lineages in this group, including endophytes and saprophytes, have been discovered from various niches (Thambugala et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2015, Wyka & Broders 2016, Osorio et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2017. ...
... Recent molecular studies on Dothideomycetes have revealed hidden lineages and prompted revision of several families in this class (Crous et al. 2015, Guatimosim et al. 2015, Knapp et al. 2015, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2016, Van Nieuwenhuijzen et al. 2016. Although multiple molecular systematic studies, mainly of pathogenic fungi of woody plants , Slippers et al. 2013, Alves et al. 2014, Fan et al. 2015, Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015, have generated a robust phylogeny for Botryosphaeriales, many additional new lineages in this group, including endophytes and saprophytes, have been discovered from various niches (Thambugala et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2015, Wyka & Broders 2016, Osorio et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2017. Drawing on many recent collections, our study has revealed previously unrecognised diversity within Lophiotremataceae and its relatives and the potential taxonomic importance of the asexual morphs in defining families. ...
The family Lophiotremataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) is taxonomically revised on the basis of morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of nuclear rDNA SSU, ITS, and LSU regions and tef1 and rpb2 genes. A total of 208 sequences were generated from species of Lophiotremataceae and its relatives. According to phylogenetic analyses, Lophiotremataceae encompasses the genus Lophiotrema and five new genera: Atrocalyx, Crassimassarina, Cryptoclypeus, Galeaticarpa, and Pseudocryptoclypeus. These genera are characterised by ascomata with or without a slit-like ostiole and pycnidial conidiomata. Three new families, Aquasubmersaceae, Cryptocoryneaceae, and Hermatomycetaceae, are proposed. Two genera previously recognised as members of Lophiotremataceae, namely, Aquasubmersa having ascomata with a papillate ostiolar neck and pycnidial conidiomata and Hermatomyces possessing sporodochial conidiomata and dimorphic (lenticular and cylindrical) conidia, are included in Aquasubmersaceae and Hermatomycetaceae, respectively. Cryptocoryneum, characterised by the presence of stromatic sporodochia, cheiroid conidia, and conidial arms developed downward from the cap cells, is placed in Cryptocoryneaceae. Two new genera, Antealophiotrema and Pseudolophiotrema, are established, but their familial placements remain unresolved. Antealophiotrema bears ascomata morphologically similar to those of Lophiotrema, but is differentiated from the latter by having ascomata with a well-developed peridium and a monodictys-like asexual morph. Pseudolophiotrema is also similar to Lophiotrema, but can be distinguished by ascomata with a thin peridium. A total of three new families, seven new genera, eight new species, and two new combinations are described and illustrated.
