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In this paper we used three nonlinear resonant rings inside two dimensional photonic crystals structure for realizing all optical half-adder gate. The nonlinear resonant rings were created by adding some nonlinear rods to the photonic crystal based ring resonator structure. The proposed structure has two input and two output ports. The simulations...
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Three kinds of nonlinear ring resonators were used for designing an all optical encoder based on photonic crystals. The simulation results show that when more than one input port is active the priority is with the highest order input port. Therefore the proposed structure can serve as an all optical photonic crystal based priority encoder. The rise...
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... In recent decade, PCs have found a highly practical application in the field of all-optical logic gates. Some of the all-optical logic gates employing PCs are XOR ), OR, NOR Mafi and Esmaile 2022), AND , NAND Mafi and Esmaile 2022), DMUX (Yang et al. 2019), decoders (Pal et al. 2017;Alipour-Banaei et al. 2016a), encoders (Alipour-Banaei et al. 2016b, and half and full adders (Swarnakar et al. 2018;Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2018;Serajmohammadi et al. 2018;Cheraghi et al. 2018;Joannopoulos et al. 1995). ...
The main goal of this study is to design, analyze, and simulate a novel ultra-fast 1×2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1\times2$$\end{document} photonic decoder. The device is composed of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PC) where silicon rods are placed in air. It includes two beam splitters and a phase shifter, which are implemented using point defects. Additionally, line defects are integrated into the device to steer the light wave without causing dissipation. The simulation yielded 0.09 ps delay time, reaching steady-state time of 0.66 ps, transmission of 0.85%, and contrast ratio of 4.13 dB. The simulation was performed using 2D finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods. The findings suggest that this device holds great potential as a candidate for all-optical digital integrated circuits.
... Also, PCs photonic crystals have found a highly practical application in the field of all-optical logic gates, garnering substantial attention because of their versatility in various all-optical signal processing applications. Numerous variants of all-optical logic gates employing PCs have been suggested, with examples such as the XOR [25,26], OR, NOR [16,17], AND [13], NAND [16,17], DMUX [12], decoders [27,28], encoders [29], and half and full adders [30][31][32][33][34]. ...
The objective of this study is to design, analyze, and simulate a novel and ultrafast 1 × 2 photonic decoder. The device is composed of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals where silicon rods are placed in air. It includes two beam splitters and a phase shifter, which are implemented using point defects. Additionally, line defects are integrated into the device to steer the light wave without causing dissipation. The simulation yielded 0.1 ps response time, contrast ratio of 2.55 dB, and a bit rate of 0.66 Tb/s. The simulation was performed using 2D finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods. The findings suggest that this device holds great potential as a candidate for all-optical digital integrated circuits.
... Photonic crystal cavities and PCWs offer immense opportunities in designing optical interconnects [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Besides the optical transport of data, the PhC structures also have the potentials for designing all-optical building blocks like polarizers [15,16], isolators [17][18][19][20], couplers [21][22][23][24], logic decoders [25][26][27][28][29], logic multiplexers [30][31][32][33] arithmetic adders/ subtractors [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], and all-optical logic gates [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] for processing data in the optical domain itself. Moreover, PhC structures are the excellent platforms for harnessing the benefits of slow-light propagation in dielectric mediums. ...
Optical demultiplexers are among the crucial optical components that are required for efficient data transmission and all- optical processing. The article summarizes the recent developments on all-optical demultiplexers reported in the past decade based on the Photonic Crystal (PhC) platform. Detail description of the different demultiplexer designs reported along with the underlying parameters and performance metrics have been presented. The review is essentially clustered into two catego- ries of the PhC namely rods in air (RIA), and holes in slab (HIS) structures that are being utilized in the reported designs. The comparative merits and demerits are also discussed with sufficient deliberation. Finally, some perspectives for future investigations have been discussed thereby providing the direction to upcoming researchers in this domain.
... One of the interesting capabilities of PCs is the switching threshold capability for resonant rings [2,3]. Based on this issue, different kinds of optical devices such as logic gates [4][5][6][7][8][9], decoders [2,[10][11][12][13], encoders [14][15][16][17], adders [18][19][20][21][22][23][24], comparators [25][26][27], data converters [28][29][30][31][32], flip-flops [33,34], and multiplexers [35] have been designed. ...
In this paper, a photonic crystal-based structure for an all-optical full-subtractor has been proposed. The structure includes six nonlinear resonant rings to transmit the incoming optical waves toward the output ports. Using the different radii for nonlinear rods made the possibility of the dropping operation for different amounts of optical intensities. The nonlinear rods are made of a doped-glass with an optical Kerr coefficient of 10 –15 m ² /W. To calculate the components of the optical waves throughout the structure, the finite-difference time-domain method has been used. The simulation results prove the correct functionality of the proposed structure. Besides, the maximum rise time of the device is equal to 2 ps. The contrast ratio and the area of the structure are around 8.08 dB and 2790 µm ² , respectively.
... Photonic crystals can be used to realize many optical components, such as filters [4][5][6][7], demultiplexers [8][9][10][11], logic gates [12][13][14], encoders [15,16], adders [17,18], decoders [19][20][21][22][23] and analog/digital converters [24,25], unidirectional absorption (1D) PPCs [26], (1D) GPCs [27], (1D) superconducting photonic crystals (SPCs) [27], and (3D) nonlinear plasma photonic crystals (PPCs) [28]. ...
In this paper, we proposed that a 3 × 8 all-optical decoder operates around 1.55 µm. We combined a 3-input port mixer (A1, A2, and A3) with an excitation port (E) and an 8-output port switch to create the proposed structure. The mixer is a square array of GaAs dielectric rods with a refractive index of 3.37. The switch is a square network of GaAs with a linear refractive index equal to 3.37 and a nonlinear Kerr coefficient equal to 1.6 × 10–17 m²/w. We controlled the switch’s optical behavior via the applied optical power intensity. The switch insertion loss values are between − 0.043 and − 0.6 dB, and the maximum cross talk is between − 7.96 and − 14.62 dB. The intensity applied to the combiner input ports is 600 w/m². In order to activate the decoder, we excited it to a power of 100 w/m². To perform the necessary simulations, we used the finite-element method implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The proposed structure works completely in the optical domain without any electronics.
... At the same time, it is required to design and fabricate practical photonic circuits with high processing speeds, low power consumption, and small footprints. However, photonic logic devices based on microring resonators usually comprise a large footprint structure, including the large radius bend waveguides of microrings and the electrical structure for applying signals to microrings, which is not conducive to large scale applications, and the manufacturing of a small microring is also complicated [18,19]. To reduce the footprint, a PhC that can guide light propagation in a 90 • bend waveguide has been applied to design photonic logic gates [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
The explosive development of the big data era has driven the rapid growth of silicon photonics, and logic operators based on photonic circuits have also been intensively investigated. Photonic integrated logic operators possess a high degree of design freedom and novel prospects, and they are regarded as promising platforms for future signaling and data processing. In this work, considering all-optical logic operation with lower power consumption and a smaller device footprint, multifunctional all-optical logic gates based on silicon photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides and phase-encoded light beams are proposed and applied to realize several logic operators, including XNOR, XOR, NOR, AND gates as well as a half adder and half subtractor. The initial phases ( $\pi$ π and 0) of incident light represent the input digital states (1 and 0), and the logic operation results are determined by the output light intensity. Also, simulations are carried out to verify the proposed concept and to investigate the rise time, fall time, and cross talk of the devices. Theoretically, the bit rate for the proposed device can reach 1.25 Tb/s, and the proposed structures have the potential to be extremely compact due to PhC waveguides.
... There are plenty of optical logic circuits (OLCs) (Askarian 2021;Chen et al. 2021;Mehdizadeh et al. 2017a;Yaghoobi and Javahernia 2021), which can be required for implementing optical processing tasks inside an optical communication network. These OLCs can be as simple as logic gates (Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban et al. 2020a;Mehdizadeh and Soroosh 2016;Serajmohammadi et al. 2019;Zhao et al. 2019;Zhu et al. 2019) or as complex as arithmetic logic units that are composed of basic logic structure like gates (Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban et al. 2020b;Yaghoobi and Javahernia 2021), adders (Andalib 2018;Jalali and Andalib 2019;Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2017;Serajmohammadi et al. 2018;Swarnakar et al. 2021;Vali-Nasab et al. 2019), and optical multiplexers (Jile 2021;Rao et al. 2021). ...
An all optical structure will be designed with four input, two control and an output ports. The control ports manage the connection between inputs and output. This circuit can work as a logic optical multiplexer. Different optical waveguides along with 3 nonlinear resonant rings will be used at the final circuit. The intensity of the optical signals used at the inpust is 0.2 W/µm2. The rise and fall times of this circuit are 1 ps and 0.5 ps.
... Three optical pulses with optical intensity of 10 W/µm 2 are used for simulating the proposed all optical OR and NOR gates base on finite difference time domain (FDTD). When these optical waves propagate into the waveguides and pass the nonlinear ring resonator (NRR1), the output power is measured from the power monitors located at output ports [31][32][33][34][35]. The FDTD method is applied to calculate the optical structure characteristic parameters such as time response, bit rate, Normalized output power and contrast ratio [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. ...
... When these optical waves propagate into the waveguides and pass the nonlinear ring resonator (NRR1), the output power is measured from the power monitors located at output ports [31][32][33][34][35]. The FDTD method is applied to calculate the optical structure characteristic parameters such as time response, bit rate, Normalized output power and contrast ratio [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The operating modes of the proposed all optical OR and NOR gates for various states will be discussed in the following sections: ...
In the present work, nonlinear ring resonator based on two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal structure is designed for all optical OR and NOR gates in the wavelength range of 1355–2053 nm. The OR and NOR gates are made up of four optical waveguides which are critically coupled to a nonlinear ring resonator. The electric field distribution and photonic band gap characteristic of the proposed gates are solved by Maxwell equations using finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods, respectively. Simulation results by finite difference time domain approach show the minimum contrast ratio of 12.04 and 11.81 dB for OR and NOR logic gates, respectively. Also, the minimum delay time is obtained 1 ps for OR and 1.5 ps for NOR logic gates.
... Therefore, optoelectronic devices that are capable of addressing these demands are highly sought after. Among these are fully optical signal processing devices whose main body is made of logic circuits (Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2018;Saghaei et al. 2017;Sharifi et al. 2016;Wabnitz and Eggleton 2015). These devices incorporate logic gates (Cheraghi et al. 2018;Chhipa et al. 2021;Jiang et al. 2015;Liu and Ouyang 2008;Maleki et al. 2020;Sani et al. 2020;Vali-Nasab et al. 2019), combinational logic circuits, and full-adders to realize high-speed signal processing. ...
Fast and compact optoelectronic devices are highly sought after for applications in high-speed signal processing in optical communication networks. One approach to realizing such devices is through all-optical digital logic circuits. One of the main building blocks of such circuits is a decoder. In this work, we present a novel design for a tunable optoelectronic 2-to-4 binary decoder. The presented structure is realized by utilizing three photonic crystal (PhC) ring resonators. Each PhC ring resonator is formed by silicon rods encircled by silica (SiO2) rods coated with graphene nanoshells (GNSs). By adjusting the chemical potential of GNS with a proper gate voltage, we can tune the desired PhC resonant mode. The fundamental PhC microstructure’s photonic band structure is analyzed by using the plane wave expansion method. Furthermore, the finite-difference time-domain technique is used to solve Maxwell's equations and analyze the light propagation within the structure. Our numerical results reveal that 0.8 ps and 0.3 ps are the maximum rise and fall times for the final structure, respectively and the total size of this device is 850 µm². Due to the short rise and fall times and its size which are among very important features in high-speed systems, the proposed design could be utilized for high-speed signal processing systems in miniaturized optical communication network devices.
... In these PBGs possess unique optical resonances and their properties can be customized through proper design of the band gap and the introduced defects. Thanks to the bandgap (PBG), several optical devices can be realized such as: optical filters (Rostamizadeh et al. 2020;Delphi et al. 2019;Alipour-Banaei et al. 2014a;Farah et al. 2016;Badaoui et al. 2011;Chaker et al. 2020), demultiplexers (Naghizade and Sattari-Esfahlan 2020;Mehdizadeha et al. 2016), logic ports (Mokhtari et al. 2020;Sharifi et al. 2017;Yan et al. 2019), adders (Neisy et al. 2018;Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2018), analog-to-digital converters (Mehdizadeh et al. 2017b, c), encoders (Moniem 2016;Gholamnejad and Zavvari 2017), decoders (Parandin et al. 2018;Alipour-Banaei et al. 2014b;Daghooghi et al. 2018b) and splitters (Fedaouche et al. 2018;Fedaouche 2016 ...
... The dielectric used to realize the final structure is gallium arsenic GaAs proposed by Moungar et al. (2019) and Skauli et al. (2003), such that the linear refractive index is 3.37 around 1.55 (Moungar et al. 2019). We also used chalcogenide glass for the design of the resonators, with a linear index and a high non-linear Kerr coefficient equal respectively to 3.1 and 9 × 10 -17 m 2 /w (Daghooghi et al. 2018a, b;Li 2010;Rostamizadeh et al. 2020;Delphi et al. 2019;Alipour-Banaei et al. 2014a, b;Farah et al. 2016;Badaoui et al. 2011;Chaker et al. 2020;Naghizade and Sattari-Esfahlan 2020;Mehdizadeha et al. 2016;Mokhtari et al. 2020;Sharifi et al. 2017;Yan et al. 2019;Neisy et al. 2018;Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2018;Mehdizadeh et al. 2016Mehdizadeh et al. , 2017bMoniem 2016;Gholamnejad and Zavvari 2017;Parandin et al. 2018;Fedaouche et al. 2018;Fedaouche 2016;Jiang et al. 2012;Ye et al. 2004;Assefa et al. 2004;Singh et al. 2017;Pal et al. 2017Pal et al. , 2018. The final structure of our decoder was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software which is based on the FEM finite element method. ...
... The role of this device is to combine different intensities coming from different input ports. The second stage, is an optical switch with four output ports, it operates according to the amount of intensity applied to it, because the rods inside the resonators used in the realization of the switch are made of chalcogenide glass which has an index of refraction depending on the intensity, is known as the Kerr effect, and in general, n = n 1 + n 2 I is defined for the Kerr effect where n 1 and n 2 are respectively the linear refractive index and the non-linear Kerr coefficient and I is the intensity of the light power (Daghooghi et al. 2018a, b;Li 2010;Rostamizadeh et al. 2020;Delphi et al. 2019;Alipour-Banaei et al. 2014a, b;Farah et al. 2016;Badaoui et al. 2011;Chaker et al. 2020; Naghizade and Sattari-Esfahlan 2020; Mehdizadeha et al. 2016;Mokhtari et al. 2020;Sharifi et al. 2017;Yan et al. 2019;Neisy et al. 2018;Rahmani and Mehdizadeh 2018;Mehdizadeh et al. 2016Mehdizadeh et al. , 2017bMoniem 2016;Gholamnejad and Zavvari 2017;Parandin et al. 2018;Fedaouche et al. 2018;Fedaouche 2016;Jiang et al. 2012;Ye et al. 2004;Assefa et al. 2004;Singh et al. 2017;Pal et al. 2017Pal et al. , 2018Maleki et al. 2019;Moungar et al. 2019;Skauli et al. 2003;Fibich and Gaeta 2000). So, one of these ports will be active and the others will be inactive, and we can change the state (active-inactive) of the ports by changing the amount of intensity applied to the switch. ...
In this paper, we have presented an efficient original architecture of all-optical 2 × 4 photonic crystal decoder based on non-linear ring resonators. The fundamental structure is a square lattice of 2D GaAs rods, operating around the wavelength 1.55 µm. The proposed decoder is composed of a combiner with three input ports, where the port E is used for excitation and A1, A2 are the control ports, and an optical switch with four output ports, and it is a nonlinear DMEX. For the creation of a switch at the wavelength of 1.55 µm, we used nonlinear chalcogenide glass rods with a nonlinear Kerr coefficient equal to 9 × 10–17 m2/w. The switching intensity and structure size are 1 Kw/µm2, 27.12 µm × 17.96 µm, respectively. The contrast ratio is about 8.7. The maximum crosstalk and insertion losses are calculated to be about − 22.1 and − 4.5 dB. The maximum and minimum power levels for logic states 0 and 1 are 0.05 × P0 and 0.37 × P0 where P0 is the input power. The finite element method was used to perform the necessary calculations.
