Figure 1 - uploaded by Sharon Jones-Eversley
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The figure stratifies the four stages of social movements. Adapted from (Christiansen, 2009).
Source publication
Using the theoretical scaffold of the relative deprivation theory, we present a commentary that delineates: (a) the 4 stages of social movements (e.g., emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline) and (b) sociopolitical and ethno-generational leadership, networks, narratives and tactics of the Civil Rights Movement compared with the Blac...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in the failure phase, the emotional toil and disruptive psychological pressures of mainstream social justice protest could adversely impact the leadership or organization and ulti- mately lead to the movement's decline (CRM: assassination conspiracies and BLM: suicides). (See Figure 1). ...
Citations
... While protest has been a long, celebrated freedom for (certain) Americans, historical analyses of protests demonstrate that this right was not always accessible to all Americans (Abrams, 2005;Adamson, 2016;Hansford, 2018;Jones-Eversley et al., 2017;Schmidt, 2000). In modern society, however, researchers have found that protesters continue to face disparate treatment; differential treatment of protesters exists based on the police's perception of the protest's legitimacy (Abbey, 2015;Della Porta & Fillieule, 2004;Earl & Soule, 2006). ...
After the surge in political protests during the summer of 2020, protest rights have been thrust into the forefront of the nation’s consciousness. Specifically, questions have arisen with respect to the boundaries of the First Amendment rights of protesters, in addition to the duty of police officers to maintain public safety and order. In this article, the interpretation and application of relevant First Amendment precedents involving protest policing and the policing of protesters are examined using cases decided by the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals. Using inductive, qualitative doctrinal methods in the tradition of grounded theory, four overarching themes emerged among the caselaw: place of protest, protest permits, law enforcement misconduct, and ordinances that restrict protests. Findings from the court rulings emphasize the importance of supervision of law enforcement and adequate training of officers who police protests. While order maintenance and public safety remain critical, law enforcement must internalize the importance of their role in protecting the First Amendment right to protest.
... The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, which began as a Twitter hashtag in 2013, surged in newfound visibility, popularity, and support from allies (Fahs & Swank, 2022). BLM calls for systemic change within public institutions such as abolishing the police; democratizing political systems; redistributing wealth and power; and centering the voices of women, LGBTQ people, and the poor (Delozia & Birore, 2022;Fahs & Swank, 2022;Jones-Eversley et al., 2017). ...
Drawing on political opportunity theory, this study examined how the political context created by the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests influenced social workers’ perceptions about social welfare policy and political participation in the summer of 2020. Authors conducted a thematic analysis of the open-ended survey responses of 120 social work practitioners. Regarding perceptions of policy, respondents reported that they experienced new awareness about the breadth and depth of structural racism in the United States; that they held pessimistic views of the government’s ability to mitigate harm associated with the pandemic or racial injustice; and that structural change, including the expansion of the social safety net, was needed. Regarding participation, respondents described how they used new forms of political engagement in part because of social distancing, but even more so because they were motivated by highly visible acts of racial injustice. At the same time, they experienced barriers to participation including a fear that they were not adequately prepared and asked for additional support from social work professional organizations. Respondents believed that more education is needed about racial justice and political action. These findings have important implications for social work education and practice, especially work to promote social justice.
... More than 30 local BLM chapters have been founded across the United States. A network called the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) comprising dozens of BLM-related groups and structured institutions was established, including the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation (Jones-Eversley et al., 2017). These are signals of BLM moving from the coalesce stage to the bureaucratization stage, which is characterized by the accumulation of success and the establishment of formal organizations to sustain the movement (Christiansen, 2009). ...
... As mentioned above, the differences in the prominent expressed emotions may be explained by the different stages the two movements are currently in. With over a decade of mobilization, BLM likely entered the late stages of a social movement, characterized by the accumulated success and establishment of formal organizations (Jones-Eversley et al., 2017). Positive emotions can stem from these achievements and a necessity to sustain the members' support. ...
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, two important antiracist movements, namely, Black Lives Matter and Stop Asian Hate, swept across the United States between 2020 and early 2021. Social media platforms such as Twitter have become an increasingly important tool for mobilizing social movements. To gain a comprehensive understanding of social media users’ attention and reactions to racial injustice during this unprecedented time, the current study explores and compares the discursive characteristics of Twitter discussions of these two movements: their volume changes, word diversities, and moral and emotional sentiments. By analyzing the text of approximately 5 million tweets from April 2020 to April 2021 using a dictionary-based word count method, this research showed that compared to #BlackLivesMatter, #StopAsianHate was less diverse, more morally charged, and less positive in emotional sentiment. Additionally, #StopAsianHate contained stronger moral emotions than #BlackLivesMatter. The study connects these distinct characteristics to the two movements’ differences in their objectives, progress and participants’ demographics and provides implications for effective antiracist activism on social media.
... Over the last decade, national attention to incidents of anti-Black racism has increased exponentially, highlighting the legacy of social marginalization and discrimination against Black Americans in the United States (Taylor, 2016). Subsequent outcries and protests for equal rights for Black Americans have ensued (e.g., the Black Lives Matter movement), which have been likened to the beginning stages of the Civil Rights Movement (Jones-Eversley et al., 2017). This heightened national attention is compounded by fatal shootings of unarmed Black youth, including Trayvon Martin (17 years old), Tamir Rice (12 years old), Aiyana Stanley Jones (7 years old), and Michael Brown (18 years old), placing parenting Black children at the forefront of national challenges (Threlfall, 2018). ...
Racial discrimination is related to mental health challenges for Black youth and parents. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of intrafamilial factors, including parent racial worries, depressive symptoms, and racial socialization competency, on internalizing symptoms for youth. A sample of 259 Black parents (Mage = 40.6) of children (ages 6–18) was assessed to investigate how parents’ worries for their child’s racial discrimination experiences may be directly and indirectly associated with youth internalizing problems (e.g., elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression) via parental levels of depression. We then evaluated the moderating role of parental racial socialization competency. Participants completed an online questionnaire battery that included measures of racial discrimination, depression, youth internalizing problems, and racial socialization competency. Mediation analyses revealed that parental racial worry was directly and indirectly associated with youth internalizing problems via increased levels of parental depressive symptoms. Furthermore, racial socialization competency moderated the association between parental racial worries and parental depression, wherein greater racial socialization competency (e.g., confidence and skills factors) was associated with less impact of parental racial worries on parental depression. These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the implications of racial stress for Black Americans and identify culturally relevant and familial coping mechanisms.
... Consequently, the Civil Rights Movements of the 1950s and 1960s, which began in the US and had a profound influence in Australia (Edmonds 2012), sought to reform the overt legal entrenchment of racial inequality and segregation. US Civil Rights activists focussed on repealing Jim Crow laws (Jones-Eversley et al. 2017;Morris 1999), and in Australia, advocates challenged the constitutional excision of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples from the Australian population (Watson 2018). Despite the significant legal reforms won by Civil Rights Movementswhich included US court cases making many Jim Crowe laws unconstitutional and an amendment of the Australian Constitution to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in the national censusracial exclusion has remained a prominent part of the American and Australian political landscape. ...
Although Giorgio Agamben figures prominently in research examining sovereign state-based exclusion, his theories are marked by two commonly identified limitations. The absolute nature of Agamben's conceptualization of exclusion diminishes meaningful minority resistance, and his disembedded account of excised peoples as homo sacer hides the common racial basis of sovereign violence. Consequently, this article draws on the work of Achille Mbembé and Alexander G. Weheliye to reframe Agamben's sovereign exclusion as an everyday and contested process that is inseparable from the racial production of minorities. This reconceptualised framework is used to demonstrate how police violence towards Black Americans in the United States of America and the death of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in custody in Australia is orientated towards the production of political communities. I argue that these cases of racial exclusion treat Bla(c)k people as homo sacer to define the colonial sovereign-state polities of the US and Australia in covert racial terms.
... This group was chosen as a case to reflect their prominent participation in and organization of this movement (Garza, 2020;Higdon, 2019). Further, millennials' high levels of education, disproportionate identification with liberal ideals, navigation of a 'colorblind' society characterized by covert (rather than overt) racism, and status as the first generation of digital natives makes them a distinct sociopolitical group with perspectives worthy of concentrated examination (Jones-Eversley et al., 2017;Milkman, 2017). These interviews are part of a broader project examining perceptions of, exposure to, experiences within, and impacts of the movement. ...
... 4 When the BLM movement emerged, millennials spanned the range of young adulthood -the youngest were just coming of age while the oldest were in the final years of this stage. Members of this generation cover an age range shown to be more commonly engaged in protest (Earl et al., 2017), and millennials have already proven to be a primary group engaged in BLM (Garza, 2020;Higdon, 2019;Jones-Eversley et al., 2017). Further, millennials are more likely to use social media platforms for social connection and obtaining information about current events (Perrin & Anderson, 2019). ...
As the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement fights to build an alternate future characterized by racial equality and justice, a priority is studying this projected image of what society could look like and how oppressed groups and activists who fight on their behalf feel this might be achieved. This article integrates knowledge from social movement studies, critical race theory, and futures research to add to this critical discussion. Specifically, I use the concept of social movement prospectus to investigate perspectives on future social change in relation to racial justice activism. Through analysis of interviews with 36 U.S. Black millennials about BLM and its potential impact on race relations in the United States, I examine the varied conceptualizations within this group of what success would look like for this movement and whether that success is likely to occur. Broadly, I find that Black millennials are skeptical about BLM’s ability to effect social change, but are more optimistic when change is viewed in terms of cultural outcomes than structural ones. I consider the implications of these perspectives for the future of the movement, as well as for scholarship that investigates how social movements produce social change and shape the future of society.
... ). For instance, the participants described that technology use and accessibility have advantages of virtual interactions and communication, disseminating information, and maintaining connections, especially during the Pandemic(Darby, 2020a;Darby, 2020b;Jones-Eversley et al., 2017;Kaskazi, & Kitzie, 2021 ;Rice & Mays, 2020). Also, social media was a valuable resource for the participants on several fronts: (1) to ameliorate conditions for socially disadvantaged Black youth during crises ...
Abstract
A Phenomenological Study of Young Black American Professionals Deploying Social Capital to Support Black Youth in Underserved Communities. Kathy Andrews-Williams 2022: Applied Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice.
Keywords: phenomenology, IPA, social capital theory, Critical Race Theory, prosocial behaviors, anti-Black racism
This phenomenology explored the lived experiences of young Black professionals deploying social capital to support Black youth in underserved communities. The six participants (five female and one male), averaging 33.3 years of age, were medical, legal, and engineering professionals. They responded to online recruitment flyers, completed an eligibility survey, and met study requirements. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted to gather data on their lived experiences. The interviews were audio and video captured, transcribed, and coded. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the Researcher collected and analyzed data and applied a double hermeneutics lens to understand the young Black professionals’ meaning making of their experiences. Based on the findings, the four themes that emerged were anti-Black racism and oppression, prosocial behaviors, commitment, and care. The participants illustrated a critical consciousness of the intersectionality of race, class, and social capital from their lived experiences to act as institutional and/or empowerment agents for Black youth.
The participants decried the impact of anti-Black racism that disparaged underserved communities yet counteracted with prosocial behaviors to provide resources to Black youth. Despite enduring the socioeconomic challenges of the new millennia, the Black professionals remained steadfast to deploy their social capital in underserved communities. The Researcher discovered that they maintained prosocial behaviors during the Pandemic and social protests against police brutality via technology tools and social media to cultivate, communicate and sustain relationships with the youth. The Black professionals mentored and networked in their wake work, an attentiveness and activism to resist and interrupt racial injustices. They recommended being authentic and present to build relationships and actively listen to the youth. In addition, the professionals underscored the importance of self-care while engaging in these prosocial behaviors.
... ). For instance, the participants described that technology use and accessibility have advantages of virtual interactions and communication, disseminating information, and maintaining connections, especially during the Pandemic(Darby, 2020a;Darby, 2020b;Jones-Eversley et al., 2017;Kaskazi, & Kitzie, 2021 ;Rice & Mays, 2020). Also, social media was a valuable resource for the participants on several fronts: (1) to ameliorate conditions for socially disadvantaged Black youth during crises ...
Abstract
A Phenomenological Study of Young Black American Professionals Deploying Social Capital to Support Black Youth in Underserved Communities. Kathy Andrews-Williams 2022: Applied Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice.
Keywords: phenomenology, IPA, social capital theory, Critical Race Theory, prosocial behaviors, anti-Black racism
This phenomenology explored the lived experiences of young Black professionals deploying social capital to support Black youth in underserved communities. The six participants (five female and one male), averaging 33.3 years of age, were medical, legal, and engineering professionals. They responded to online recruitment flyers, completed an eligibility survey, and met study requirements. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted to gather data on their lived experiences. The interviews were audio and video captured, transcribed, and coded. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the Researcher collected and analyzed data and applied a double hermeneutics lens to understand the young Black professionals’ meaning making of their experiences. Based on the findings, the four themes that emerged were anti-Black racism and oppression, prosocial behaviors, commitment, and care. The participants illustrated a critical consciousness of the intersectionality of race, class, and social capital from their lived experiences to act as institutional and/or empowerment agents for Black youth.
The participants decried the impact of anti-Black racism that disparaged underserved communities yet counteracted with prosocial behaviors to provide resources to Black youth. Despite enduring the socioeconomic challenges of the new millennia, the Black professionals remained steadfast to deploy their social capital in underserved communities. The Researcher discovered that they maintained prosocial behaviors during the Pandemic and social protests against police brutality via technology tools and social media to cultivate, communicate and sustain relationships with the youth. The Black professionals mentored and networked in their wake work, an attentiveness and activism to resist and interrupt racial injustices. They recommended being authentic and present to build relationships and actively listen to the youth. In addition, the professionals underscored the importance of self-care while engaging in these prosocial behaviors.
... Inclusive, pesquisas recentes tem clamado por uma ação coletiva contra o preconceito, o racismo e a supremacia branca nos espaços de elite e poder, sobretudo na academia (BELL et al., 2020). Muitas dessas discussões voltaram para o centro do debate sobre inclusão desde a acendência do movimento #Black Lives Matter (CLAYTON, 2018;JONES-EVERSLEY et al., 2017). ...
Este caso de ensino relata uma situação real de uma jovem e sua candidatura em um processo de recrutamento e seleção (R&S) de funcionários para atuar como docente em uma instituição de ensino profissionalizante. A situação-problema suscita debates atuais, no ambito da gestão, sobre práticas de Recursos Humanos (RH), Gestão de Pessoas (GP) e Comportamento Organizacional (CO) recontando a história de Dalila e Dandara, mulheres jovens e negras, em um processo seletivo de contratação de professores. A situação objetiva auxiliar reflexões importantes sobre problemas vinculados à gestão da diferença e diversidade nas organizações, bem como políticas de contratação, entrada no mercado de trabalho e gerenciamento de crise. Ademais, estabelece em um ambiente propício ao diálogo e dialogicidade, como a sala de aula, a problematização sobre assuntos que impactam profundamente questões éticas e morais nas empresas. Trata-se de uma situação que permite aos alunos o exame de políticas e práticas de RH, bem como avaliar o impacto do julgamento das redes sociais nos negócios.
... Like these civil rights movements, Black Lives Matter has also engaged in collective planning for their campaigns. Jones-Eversley et al. (2017) state that the citizenship activism of Black Lives Matter has galvanized not only around the shooting of unarmed African Americans but in creating a new mechanism to address racial inequality in the twenty-first century. To do this, the movement uses cyber activism, hashtags, and imagery on social media platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook to promote its agenda. ...
This paper critiques black citizenship in America. Using the “warring ideals” of W.E.B DuBois, it posits that African American citizenship is a complex interplay between the universality of citizenship, i.e., the ideals of the western liberal tradition, and the lived realities of citizenship. Highlighting the paradox of race, the article underscores that black citizenship has never been a guarantee in American society. “Warring ideals” encompass a struggle between aspirational ideals of what American citizenship is supposed to be and what it actually is—especially for those who are marginalized. Lived realities of citizenship often mean coming to terms with daily encounters with racism and structural discrimination which affirm and reaffirm citizenship boundaries. The manuscript also evaluates how watershed movements such as the civil rights, black power, and Black Lives Matter movements have attempted to reconcile the ideals and the realities of American citizenship.
