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The effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in ryegrass seedlings (Lolium perenne L.) were studied. 100 and 150 μM Cd stress had a detrimental effect on ryegrass seedlings. Exposure of 100 and 150 μM Cd inhibited plant growth, decreased chlorophyll concentration, and reduced the absorption of Fe, Cu and Zn. Exc...
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The possible roles of phytochelatin (PC) and glu-tathione (GSH) in the heavy metal detoxification in plants were examined using two varieties (CSG-8962 and C-235) of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The seedlings were grown for 5 days and the roots were treated with 0-20 m M CdSO 4 for 3 days. The CSG-8962 seedlings exhibited more Cd-tolerant charact...
Citations
... Nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive gaseous molecule and acts as a signaling molecule, may enhance the plant's response to environmental stresses, including heavy metals, by regulating their physiological and biochemical processes (García-Mata and Lamattina 2013). Additionally, NO acts as an antioxidant, effectively preventing and scavenging ROS in cells, thus alleviating oxidative damage (Chen et al. 2018). There are some previous studies about the role of exogenous NO in plants under heavy metal stress. ...
... Similar findings have been reported in studies focusing on heavy metal-induced oxidative stress (Zhou et al. 2007, D'Souza Myrene andDevaraj 2013). The possible reason for increased ROS despite the observed increase in content of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and proline), could be the reduced activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, POX and GR, which we noticed after exposure to Hg. Prior studies have documented heavy metal-induced suppression of antioxidant enzymes (Chen et al. 2018). The application of NO donor SNP to Hg-exposed maize seedlings led to a significant improvement in FW, DW, and SL. ...
Like all life forms, plants suffer from high levels of mercury (Hg), known as one of the most harmful heavy metals in soil. The present study was performed to explore the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on Hg toxicity in maize (Zea mays L., cv. Arifiye-2) seedlings. Plants were grown in a hydroponic system containing 1/2 diluted Hoagland at 16 h day length, 25/20 °C (day/night) and 60% relative humidity. Eight day-old maize seedlings were first treated with NO (as 0.1 µM sodium nitroprusside) and then they were exposed to Hg toxicity (as 100 µM HgCl2) after 24 h. The toxic Hg decreased seedling growth, chlorophyll content, proline content, calcium and manganese contents, non-enzymatic antioxidant contents, cell membrane viscosity, and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases, and glutathione reductase) while it increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and super oxide anion (O2.-), and lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde, MDA) content and the amount of sodium ion (Na+) in the seedlings. However, NO treatment markedly enhanced the growth parameters (dry and fresh weight, and plant height) and manganese and potassium contents as well as contents of antioxidants and chlorophyll thus alleviating the negative effects caused by the Hg stress. Also, it decreased the generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation level by activating the antioxidant enzymes. These results show that NO in maize seedlings under Hg toxicity may improve stress response and mitigate oxidative stress by stimulating the antioxidant system and modulating ion homeostasis.
... Several studies have investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in mitigating different stressful conditions in plants [10][11][12][13]. Generally, NO is involved in maintaining different physiological as well as developmental responses in plants. ...
Background
Chitosan biopolymer is an emerging non-toxic and biodegradable plant elicitor or bio-stimulant. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been used for the enhancement of plant growth and development. On the other hand, NO is an important signaling molecule that regulates several aspects of plant physiology under normal and stress conditions. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and use of chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles for improving drought stress tolerance in soybean.
Results
The CSGSNONPs released NO gas for a significantly longer period and at a much lower rate as compared to free GSNO indicating that incorporation of GSNO in CSNPs can protect the NO-donor from rapid decomposition and ensure optimal NO release. CS-GSNONPs improved drought tolerance in soybean plants reflected by a significant increase in plant height, biomass, root length, root volume, root surface area, number of root tips, forks, and nodules. Further analyses indicated significantly lower electrolyte leakage, higher proline content, higher catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity, and reduction in MDA and H2O2 contents after treatment with 50 μM CS-GSNONPs under drought stress conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that CS-GSNONPs protected against drought-induced stress by regulating the expression of drought stress-related marker genes such as GmDREB1a, GmP5CS, GmDEFENSIN, and NO-related genes GmGSNOR1 and GmNOX1.
Conclusions
This study highlights the potential of nano-technology-based delivery systems for nitric oxide donors to improve plant growth, and development and protect against stresses.
... Furthermore, Cd forms disulfide bridges within proteins, which distort membrane ion channels and induce ion leakage (Verma et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2018a). The reduction in protein content under Cd-stressed conditions was also previously reported in Lolium perenne, L. perenne, Hordeum vulgare, and Solanum lycopersicum (Wang et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2018b;Fu et al., 2019;Faizan et al., 2021). ...
An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of cadmium (Cd) on growth, photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, MDA; superoxide radicles; cell viability), mineral nutrients (sodium and phosphorus), leave protein content, defence (proline, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), stomatal behaviour, and the key enzymes in nitrate absorption (nitrate reductase, NR) and Calvin Cycle (carbonic anhydrase; CA) of chickpea, including and excluding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). The development and physio-biochemical characteristics under study underwent considerable modifications as a result of cadmium stress (50 mg Cd kg−1 soil). By increasing the levels of chlorophyll, carotenoid, CA, and NR activity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation was found to be the most effective method for increasing Cd-stress resistance. The negative effects of Cd on the parameters under investigation were lessened by AMF. Malonaldehyde synthesis was enhanced by cadmium stress but decreased by AMF via reducing oxidative stress. The plant's defensive mechanism was strengthened by the increased antioxidant enzyme activity caused by Cd treatment and AMF inoculation. Plants treated with Cd and inoculated with AMF both had higher proline contents, which effectively warded off Cd stress. Fascinatingly, AMF-infected plants showed enhanced growth and yield characteristics, minimal superoxide radicles, regulated cell viability, and functional stomata in leaves. The current result lends support to the biological strategy of using AMF to counteract chickpea alterations brought on by Cd stress.
... It is well documented that cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), depending on their concentration, have very different effect on plants (Broadley et al. 2007;Samreen et al. 2017;Szopi� nski et al. 2019;Haider et al. 2021;Kaur and Garg 2021). Cd is toxic at concentrations as low as 100 lM (Qadir et al. 2014;Chen et al. 2018;Szopi� nski et al. 2019). Cd suppresses seed germination and inhibits plant growth through changes in concentration of phytohormones (such as auxin, abscisic acid, and others), decreases the rate of photosynthesis, decreases water use efficiency (by inhibiting the opening and closing of stoma) and modifies the uptake and translocation of essential nutrients (Qadir et al. 2014;Haider et al. 2021;Zhao et al. 2021). ...
When applied in the same concentration to tomato plants, cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) were transported from soil to roots and from roots to shoots more readily than their nano counterparts: cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QD) and zinc sulfide quantum dots (ZnS QD). Compared to the CdS QD, he higher rate of transport of CdSO4 resulted in a greater negative effect on growth, chlorophyll content, antioxidant properties, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant defence systems. Although ZnSO4 was transported more rapidly than ZnS QD, the overall effect of Zn addition was positive (increase in total plant mass, stem length, antioxidant content and decrease in lipid peroxidation). However, these effects were more pronounced in the case of ZnS QD, suggesting that the mechanisms underpinning the activity of ZnS QD and ZnSO 4 were different. Thus, the risk of phytotoxicity and food chain transfer of the two elements depended on their form (salt or nanoform), and consequently their effects on plants' growth and physiology were different. NOVELTY STATEMENT This work elucidates the mechanisms underlying the responses of CdS QD and ZnS QD in contrast to those of their corresponding salts on tomato plants. Our results showed that faster transport from roots to leaves in the case of salts in respect to the nanoform augment their detrimental impact on tomato's antioxidant properties and growth and make the nanoform of both a better alternative for crop application either as fertilizers or as pesticides.
... The observed decline in the shoot and root dry weights of corn plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil can be attributed to the negative effects of Cd on some physiological processes of plants such as enzymes activity, essential nutrients' absorption and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Chen et al. 2018). Our present results suggest that F. mossea fungi could produce beneficial symbiotic relationships with corn root and subsequently mitigate detrimental Cd phytotoxicity and enhance corn growth through improving the plant's defense system against HM stresses in Cd-contaminated soil. ...
Plants develop several external and internal mechanisms to increase their tolerance to heavy metals (HMs) toxicity including cadmium (Cd). Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) is one of the plants’ strategies to tolerate HMs toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO), as a signaling molecule, is also involved in physiological responses of plants to various stresses. The present work was conducted as a factorial completely randomized design with three replications to study the effects of Funneliformis mosseae fungi and Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 mM) as a donor of NO alone, in combination (AMF + SNP) on corn plant growth, and internal detoxification mechanisms of Cd toxicity in a Cd-contaminated calcareous soil (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹). The results showed that under Cd stress, AMF inoculation and/or foliar application of SNP significantly increased plant growth (32% to 103% for shoot and 44% to 84% for root) by decreasing Cd concentration in corn plant tissues (23% to 46% for shoot and 19% to 40% for root). Cd-induced oxidative stress was mitigated by AMF and/or SNP by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC). Increasing the tolerance index (TI) and decreasing the transfer factor (TF) in the corn plants treated with AMF and/or SNP, confirm the efficient role of SNP and AMF in stimulating the detoxification mechanisms of Cd within the plant cells, which was more pronounced at the lowest Cd level (25 mg Cd kg⁻¹). In conclusion, symbiotic associations of corn plants with AMF alone or in combination with SNP mitigated the detrimental effect of Cd toxicity in corn grown in Cd-contaminated calcareous soil. The corn’s internal detoxification mechanisms lowered the Cd concentration in plant tissue which resulted in the improvement of the corn’s growth parameters.
... Also, SeO 3 2− could be rapidly converted to an organic form in roots such as an insoluble and chelated compound of the Seamino acid and heavy metals that were kept from moving upward shoots (Zhao et al., 2019;Shi et al., 2021). It has also been found that exogenous NO increased the Cd content in the cell walls of rice roots (2023) 165397 through increasing the pectin and hemicellulose content, decreasing the distribution of Cd in the soluble components of the leaves, inhibiting the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, and reducing the Cd level by increasing plant uptake of Mg and Cu in the stem and Ca, Mg, and Fe in the roots (Xiong et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2015). Under the Cd stress, NaHS application proved to reduce the soluble but increase insoluble Cd content in willows and confine it cell walls, so to prevent its further distribution in and toxicity to the willow organelles and vesicles. ...
... Nitric oxide Hydroponics 100 μM Cd 100 μM 150 μM Ryegrass seeds (Lolium perenne L.) Containment of Cd in the cell walls of rice roots through increasing the pectin and hemicellulose content, decreasing the distribution of Cd as soluble components of the leaves, inhibiting the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, and reducing the Cd level by increasing plant uptake of Mg and Cu in the stem and Ca, Mg, and Fe in the roots (Xiong et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2015). Nano-silicon Limitation of the entry of heavy metal ions into cells by altering the pectin and hemicellulose contents in the cell wall to promote their binding power to the cell wall, while reducing the uptake of Cr by roots and altering its distribution in the subcellular tissues, and prevention of heavy metals movement upward to shoots via a chelating compound of the Se-amino acid (Zhao et al., 2019;Shi et al., 2021). ...
Accumulation and enrichment of excessive heavy metals due to industrialization and modernization not only devastate our ecosystem, but also pose a threat to the global vegetation, especially crops. To improve plant resilience against heavy metal stress (HMS), numerous exogenous substances (ESs) have been tried as the alleviating agents. After a careful and thorough review of over 150 recently published literature, 93 reported ESs and their corresponding effects on alleviating HMS, we propose that 7 underlying mechanisms of ESs be categorized in plants for: 1) improving the capacity of the antioxidant system, 2) inducing the synthesis of osmoregulatory substances, 3) enhancing the photochemical system, 4) detouring the accumulation and migration of heavy metals, 5) regulating the secretion of endogenous hormones, 6) modulating gene expressions, and 7) participating in microbe-involved regulations. Recent research advances strongly indicate that ESs have proven to be effective in mitigating a potential negative impact of HMS on crops and other plants, but not enough to ultimately solve the devastating problem associated with excessive heavy metals. Therefore, much more research should be focused and carried out to eliminate HMS for the sustainable agriculture and clean environmental through minimizing towards prohibiting heavy metals from entering our ecosystem, phytodetoxicating polluted landscapes, retrieving heavy metals from detoxicating plants or crop, breeding for more tolerant cultivars for both high yield and tolerance against HMS, and seeking synergetic effect of multiply ESs on HMS alleviation in our feature researches.
... When Chen and co-workers [36] investigated how nitric oxide affected the toxicity of cadmium in L. perenne, they found that the roots accumulated more Cd than the leaves. This, along with the findings in the current study confirm that L. perenne is capable of absorbing metals into the root matrix but might restrict further movement into other parts of the plant. ...
... When Chen and co-workers [36] investigated how nitric oxide affected the toxicity of cadmium in L. perenne, they found that the roots accumulated more Cd than the leaves. This, along with the findings in the current study confirm that L. perenne is capable of absorbing metals into the root matrix but might restrict further movement into other parts The highest BCF value for L. perenne grown on landfill soil was observed for Cu (1.67), followed by Cr (1.41) and then Pb (1.03). ...
... The SOD activity was 0.72 ± 0.02 U in the leaves and 0.51 ± 0.02 U in the roots of plants grown on landfill soil at the end of the trial. Other studies have also found similar results with regard to the SOD activity being lower in the roots than in the leaves [36,51]. Superoxide and peroxidase were reported to also show a positive response to increased Mn concentrations in the plant tissue of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) ...
Landfill sites open and close frequently throughout the world, taking over a significant amount of land and leaving it contaminated and unavailable to the surrounding population for use. Different forms of remediation methods have been employed to rehabilitate contaminated land to a state that poses less of a threat to the environment. Phytoremediation is one of the remediation techniques that has proven to be effective, economical and easier to implement compared to other methods. The main aim of this study was to explore the potential use of Lolium perenne L. to remediate and restore metal-contaminated landfill soil and determine its stress tolerance mechanism(s). The metal uptake, determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), revealed that Lolium perenne accumulate a higher amount of metals in the roots than in leaves, which was further confirmed by the translocation factor (TF) values of all of the metals that were below 1, ranging between 0.2 and 0.8, while Cu, Cr and Pb had a bioaccumulation factor (BCF) > 1. This confirms that L. perenne is capable of absorbing metals into the root matrix but might restrict further movement into other parts of the plant as a defense mechanism against metal toxicity. In response to metal-induced stress, L. perenne displayed an increase in enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and amylases in plants grown in landfill soil. Peroxidases displayed the highest level of enzyme activity, while total amylolytic activity had the most significant increase in activity over time. Although not a hyperaccumulator, L. perenne is a potential candidate for the phytoremediation of landfill soil and the phytostabilization of Cu, Cr and Pb.
... Likewise, Si enhanced Cu retention in the roots of Erica andevalensis (Oliva et al. 2011) and Tanzanian guinea grass (Vieira Filho and Monteiro 2020). The evidence for the impact of SNP on reducing root-to-shoot translocation of Cd in Typha angustifolia ) and ryegrass (Chen et al. 2018) has also been published earlier. In this study, the decrease in Cu uptake and translocation might be a result of the co-precipitation of Cu with Si in the medium. ...
Excess copper (Cu) causes the toxic effects in plants and health hazards to humans. Therefore, in this study, the effect of sodium silicate (1 mM Si) and sodium nitroprusside (200 µM SNP as a releasing NO), was assessed on Cu tolerance in Salvia officinalis L. plants exposed to 400 µM CuSO4. Results revealed that the combined supplementation with Si and SNP rather than the single application of these chemicals lowered Cu concentrations and translocation factor and increased Mg, Zn, and Fe concentrations in roots and shoots. Furthermore, combined treatment more efficiently decreased electrolyte leakage enhanced the activities of POD and APX in the leaves and roots, and improved relative water content and the content of Chl. a and Chl. b in leaves and consequently further increased tolerance index. Silicon supply enhanced NO content and applying Si + SNP more than the treatment of Si alone increased Si concentrations in the roots and shoots under Cu stress. Therefore, the reciprocal interaction of Si and NO might enhance Cu tolerance in plants, and the combined application of Si and SNP might be a promising strategy to decrease heavy metal accumulation in medicinal plants grown in polluted lands.
... H 2 O 2 is important for plant growth and development, because it regulates physiological processes such as stomatal opening, photosynthesis, cell wall strengthening and protection against abiotic stress (Kijowska-Oberc et al. 2021). On the other hand, high H 2 O 2 concentration in plant tissue can lead to harmful effects, such as increased lipid peroxidation, which is highlighted by excessive malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation (Weifeng et al. 2018). ...
Key Message
Inga marginata can tolerate high Cu concentrations. In contrast, A. edulis was sensitive to Cu. High Cu levels changed root morphology and photosynthetic variables in both species.
Abstract
The excess of heavy metals such as copper (Cu) in degraded areas worldwide has increased pollution and toxicity in plants. Thus, it is necessary to use phytoremediation species in reforestation programs to reestablish the ecological conditions of the environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the tolerance/sensitivity of Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis to excess Cu by evaluating morphological, physiological and biochemical variables to define species to be cultivated in environments contaminated with Cu. Seedlings of I. marginata and A. edulis were cultivated at five Cu concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM. Each sampling unit consisted of a pot with five plants. Shoot and root morphological variables, photosynthetic variables, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide concentration, lipid peroxidation, Cu concentration and accumulation in tissues were assessed. We found that A. edulis is sensitive to excess Cu and that it can be used as an indicator of contaminated areas. Seedlings of I. marginata tolerated high Cu concentrations, which mainly accumulated in the roots, and did not show a decrease in root and shoot dry weight. Therefore, I. marginata has great potential to be used in the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.
... (Xiong et al., 2009) Helianthus annuus Protection of leaves against Cd-induced oxidative stress. (Laspina et al., 2005) Lolium perenne Mitigation of oxidative stress induced by Cd. (Chen et al., 2018) Cassia tora L. Significant reduction in Al-induced oxidative stress. (Wang and Yang, 2005) Phaseolus Vulgaris Tolerance to Al. (Wang et al., 2010a) Oryza sativa Reduced Cu toxicity and Cu-induced NH 4 + accumulation and Cu toxicity. ...
Environmental pollutants like heavy metals are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative in nature. Contamination of agricultural fields with heavy metals not only hampers the quality and yield of crops but also poses a serious threat to human health by entering the food chain. Plants generally cope with heavy metal stress by regulating their redox machinery. In this context, nitric oxide (NO) plays a potent role in combating heavy metal toxicity in plants. Studies have shown that the exogenous application of NO donors protects plants against the deleterious effects of heavy metals by enhancing their antioxidative defense system. Most of the studies have used sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a NO donor for combating heavy metal stress despite the associated concerns related to cyanide release. Recently, NO-releasing nanoparticles have been tested for their efficacy in a few plants and other biomedical research applications suggesting their use as an alternative to chemical NO donors with the advantage of safe, slow and prolonged release of NO. This suggests that they may also serve as potential candidates in mitigating heavy metal stress in plants. Therefore, this review presents the role of NO, the application of chemical NO donors, potential advantages of NO-releasing nanoparticles, and other NO-release strategies in biomedical research that may be useful in mitigating heavy metal stress in plants.
