Fig 6 - uploaded by Mircea Ciobanu
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The electronic time resolution of FEE1 for different gain setting versus the primary signal amplitude. We show the systematic error for one set of data were the dominant part is the intrinsic resolution of the measurement setup, for more details see text. All other measurements have the same sytematic error. The statistical error is within the marker.
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During the development of the Multi-Strip Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MMRPCs) for the time-of-flight (ToF) upgrade of the FOPI detector system, we have designed different versions of the front-end electronics (FEE). The signals from a MMRPC are read out on each side of the anode strips by an amplifier followed by a leading-edge discriminato...
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... figure 5 we show the amplitude (Output Voltage) for FEE1 versus the frequency of the signal, measured with a spectrum analyzer (FSH6 from Rhode & Schwarz). The squares show the frequency dependence of FEE1 for a -40 dB attenuated signal at the direct input and triangles show the same dependence using the test input without attenuation. In Fig. 6 we present the finally reached electronic timing resolution σ t(F EE) of FEE1 versus the input amplitude U Input for five different gain settings (343, 217, 148, 85 and 56 measured for a 1mV input signal) using a fixed discriminator threshold voltage of U thr = −60mV . The step like structure which is visible at all gain settings shows ...
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... The readout electronics are crucial for the overall time resolution of the TOF system. Therefore, the TOF system uses a 24-channel preamplifier board based on NINO application-specific integrated circuites (ASIC) [5,[9][10][11]. This electronics board (Fig. 3) includes a transimpedance amplifier and The distinctive features of the NINO chip [9] are: ...
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... A 16-channel Front End Electronics (FEE) board for signal amplification, splitting, and discrimination. The first version is based on a design by Ciobanu et al. [71], but for the use with NeuLAND no amplifier stage is used. 2. A 'control board' [72] (called 'TRIPLEX') which offers individual thresholds, multiplicity signal, analog sum, 'or' signal, a pulser to fire the timing branch, and a multiplexer for analog input signals and digital signals generated on the FEE. 3. A Charge (Q) to Digital Converter (QDC) board which determines the charge of a pulse. ...
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... The time information of the scintillators were extracted using constant fraction discriminator (ORTEC CF 8000). FOPI cards [29] were used as the Front End Electronics (FEE) of the MMRPC. The timing signals from the FEE card were shaped using leading edge discriminator (Philips octal Discriminator 710). ...
... It is observed that time information for signals with low amplitude differs from that of the signals with higher amplitude. The leading edge discrimination technique has been used in extracting the time information by the FOPI cards [29]. Off-line correction of this walk in the time measurement is called the slew correction. ...
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... Fig. 4 shows the dependence of the time resolution of a single channel on the input signal height for different discriminator thresholds. This measurement was performed with the experimental setup described in [7]: the test generator signal is divided by a power splitter, one signal is connected through an attenuator to one PADI-channel, the other to the TDC reference port. ...
... Hence the threshold can be set only via the mentioned potentiometer, in practice by an external DAC. Fig. 12 shows the time resolution between two channels on the same chip, as a function of the input signal amplitude, measured with TDS6154C, a 16 GHz analog bandwidth Tektronix scope equipped with Advanced Jitter Measurements software (this method is less precise than the one applied for Fig. 4 and described in [7]). The result is divided by to get the equivalent resolution of a single channel. ...
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... As a conceptual difference, our design is able to measure the position across the strips with an accuracy better than the strip width. Intense R&D activities following the first promising results, on both sides, detector [6] and front end electronics [7,8] finalized with the construction of the FOPI RPC time-of-flight barrel [9,10] successfully running in the last 4 years. The first large area multi gap timing RPC based on many wide strips (3.2 cm pitch) was developed for muons detection in extensive air showers, as well as for looking for unexpected cosmic events, within the Extreme Energy Events (EEE) Project [11]. ...
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The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) was founded in 1978 and was the first institution in Italy to promote post-graduate courses leading to a Doctor Philosophiae (or PhD) degree. A centre of excellence among Italian and international universities, the school has around 65 teachers, 100 post docs and 245 PhD students, and is located in Trieste, in a campus of more than 10 hectares with wonderful views over the Gulf of Trieste.
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... The charge generation in a DD is very fast, a few orders of magnitude faster then any actual amplifier used to increase the signal amplitude in the range of a few mV. Therefore the limited rise time of the amplifier affects the time resolution ( t ) [9,2]: ...
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In this paper we describe the operation principles and the in-beam performance of Start Detector (SD) assemblies consisting of various diamond detectors (DDs) and special Front End Electronics (FEE) adapted to the requirements of different applications. In the framework of the European Joint Research Activity NoRHDia (Novel Radiation Hard Diamond detectors for hadron research) we optimized different sensor and FEE designs, particularly aiming at the development of relativistic proton SDs for the GSI experiments FOPI (Four PI detector) and HADES (High Acceptance Di-electron Spectrometer) as well as for the upcoming FAIR experiment CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter). The limiting parameter in minimum-ionizing particles (mip) is the high pair-production energy of diamond (εr ∼ 13eV/eh pair), which leads to a rather small signal amplitude (a factor of -2.5 smaller than the one of silicon sensors). We present the result from various SD assemblies obtained with relativistic heavy ions and protons. An excellent heavy-ion time resolution (σi <30ps) was obtained using the broadband preamplifier-discriminator plate FEE-1 with both, polycrystalline (pc) and single crystal (sc) devices. Good results are obtained with PADI-1, a preamplifier-discriminator ASIC designed for timing RPCs. In contrast, due to the small signal amplitude in the case of relativistic protons a more elaborated solution is needed to increase the S/N ratio and to improve the time resolution by the decrease of the total capacitance of the detector-FEE ensemble. The segmentation of the detector area and hence lowering of the input capacitance of the amplifier led to a proton time resolution of σi =100ps. For this application a microwave BJT in common-emitter configuration was used for the FEE, which was mounted near the detecting sector of the DD. For micro-patterned DD applications the PADI-4 ASIC was designed, a four-channels variant of PADI-1 optimized to match low capacitance detectors.
... T IMING RPCs [1] are gas-filed detectors for ionizing particles usually employed in modern experiments as large area Time-of-Flight (ToF) detector arrangements. Operated in avalanche mode, they deliver very fast signals wths the following typical shape parameters (at 50 impedance) [2]: rise time t R ~ 0.3 ns, FWHM ~ 1-2 ns, fall time t F ~ 0.3 ns, amplitude < 30 mV. ...
... Therefore the electronics has to cope with very short rise times at low amplitudes while the electromagnetic pickup has to be kept as small as posible. For the ToF-system upgrade of FOPI [1], we have designed a 16 channel preamplifier-discriminator card, FEE5 [2]. It consists of discrete integrated circuits and features a maximum gain of 220 at a bandwidth of 1.5 GHz. ...
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Within the European project JRA-12, we have designed a general purpose PreAmplifier-DIscriminator (PADI) ASIC to be used as Front-End-Electronics (FEE) for the readout of timing Resistive-Plate Chambers (RPC) in the CBM experiment at FAIR. These fast timing detectors deliver signals with rise times t<sub>R</sub><500 ps and generate a prompt charge usually in the range of 30 to 2000 fC. Time resolution of ¿<sub>tD</sub><50 ps can be reached provided the preamplifier-discriminator stage has an intrinsic electronic resolution of ¿<sub>tE</sub> <15 ps. The first prototype developed was PADI-1, a three-channel ASIC in 0.18 ¿m CMOS technology. The subsequent versions PADI-2 to -4 have been changed from voltage to current biasing, which leads to an increase of the crosstalk rejection ratio at chip level, of more then 20 dB. PADI-2 and PADI-3 have different LVDS output levels, since they will be connected to a High Resolution TDC chip for digitization which is currently under development (GET4) requiring LVDS input signals. On all chips the number of channels has been increased to four and an OR feature allows to daisy-chain chips for trigger purpose. PADI-4 finally was developed for diamond timing detectors. In this article we present the results of comparative measurements with all these prototypes and define the ideas and goals for a next iteration.
