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![The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) covers a vast range of energy radiation types extending from the shortest cosmic waves (wavelengths measured in femtometers [fm] or shorter), through ultraviolet and visible radiation (nm), infrared radiation (µm) to the broadcasting waveband (m) and even mains current and wired telephone transmission (km).](profile/Yohei-Tanaka-2/publication/317031126/figure/fig6/AS:495954912440325@1495256273369/The-electromagnetic-spectrum-EM-covers-a-vast-range-of-energy-radiation-types-extending.png)
The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) covers a vast range of energy radiation types extending from the shortest cosmic waves (wavelengths measured in femtometers [fm] or shorter), through ultraviolet and visible radiation (nm), infrared radiation (µm) to the broadcasting waveband (m) and even mains current and wired telephone transmission (km).
Source publication
Sunlight is essential to almost all forms of life for both light and heat. Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis, and man and animals alike need plants for many vital purposes. The sun featured many Millennia ago not only as a deity but also as a therapeutic source, so phototherapy is by no means a recent phenomenon. Niels Finsen's therapeutic ar...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... is a measurement of how far a photon will travel in one complete cycle, and is measured in nanometers (nm), one billionth of a meter, or fractions and multiples thereof. Light energy comprises a very small section of the very extensive electromagnetic spectrum which runs from ultrashort cosmic rays in fem- tometers and below all the way to wavelengths of kilometers for electrical energy (Figure 7). Knowing the wavelength of an LLLT system lets us understand if we can see the light it emits or not (visible or invisible light), and if we can see it, what color it is. ...
Context 2
... was mentioned in passing in the previous section on wavelength that visible light and near-IR light actually have different primary mechanisms of action when absorption occurs in the target tissues. On referring back to Figure 7, there is a column titled 'Primary response.' For neither visible nor infrared light is photobiomodulation actually the primary response, but is rather the end result of the effect following the intermediate reactions associated with the primary response. ...
Citations
... The second form of non-invasive skin rejuvenation modality deployed in the RATIONALE Epinova treatment is LED Light Therapy using the Healite II (Lutronic, South Korea) (Figure 3) a form of phototherapy which translates as "light healing" [10]. The Healite II can deliver energy at four different skin depths; 415 nm, 590 nm, 633 nm and 83 nm to initiate skin rejuvenation without causing thermal damage. ...
... NIR is most commonly used for skin rejuvenation as it accelerates healing and promotes healthy cellular function through a reduction of inflammation and optimization of skin immune responses [10] [11]. BL is an effective adjunct in the treatment of acne due to its ability to normalise skin microbiota, particularly the pathogenic over-colonisation of C. acne [12]. ...
... For LED skin rejuvenation treatment to be effective, multiple parameters must be considered, including: wavelength of light, intensity of photons to be delivered, length of the treatment and distance from the light source to the skin. 830 nm is considered the most efficacious wavelength for this purpose as it provides a superior penetrative depth and can photo-activate a larger number of cells (See Figure 4) [10]. To prepare skin for LED light therapy, an array of pharmacological agents can be applied to help rebalance, stabilise, and remove excess sebum and corneocyte build-up from the stratum corneum. ...
... The property of LLLT should be under this temperature. The intensity of the photon flux increases the reactivity in the cells but it does not damage those cells [18]. In this study, the authors measured the surface temperature of the treated patient comparing to the LED's temperature and room temperature. ...
... Summary, the proposed LLLT dual-wavelength LED phototherapy was safe. The temperature at the surface of the treatment recipient was not higher than 31.5 C over 30 minutes which does not adversely affect or destroy facial skin cells [18]. ...
Low-level light therapy (LLLT) uses the light of wavelength between 400–700 nm to treat acne, reduce inflammation, stimulate collagen production, and rejuvenate the facial skin. This study designed and constructed a dual-wavelength LED LLLT device for the facial treatment. The light spectrum, power density, uniformity, stability, and safety of the device were analyzed. The proposed system consisted of an LED array with 415 and 633 nm wavelengths. Human machine interface with embedded system was used to control light intensity and treatment time. The phototherapy device is designed to be curvaceously sized to suit the face shape of Asian people. The results showed that the LLLT device emitted 633±5 nm red and 415±5 nm blue light with a linear adjustable light power density of 0-18.56 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0-3.70 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The spectrum distribution of the red and blue light was relatively constant over 30 minutes of operation. The uniformity and stability of red spectrum were about 89.9% and 95.08% and blue spectrum were 87.6% and 97.08%, respectively. The experimental face’s temperature was below 31.5 . For the future study, the LED phototherapy device will be applied for clinical research in collaboration with dermatologists.Low-level light therapy (LLLT) uses the light of wavelength between 400–700 nm to treat acne, reduce inflammation, stimulate collagen production, and rejuvenate the facial skin. This study designed and constructed a dual-wavelength LED LLLT device for the facial treatment. The light spectrum, power density, uniformity, stability, and safety of the device were analyzed. The proposed system consisted of an LED array with 415 and 633 nm wavelengths. Human machine interface with embedded system was used to control light intensity and treatment time. The phototherapy device is designed to be curvaceously sized to suit the face shape of Asian people. The results showed that the LLLT device emitted 633±5 nm red and 415±5 nm blue light with a linear adjustable light power density of 0-18.56 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0-3.70 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The spectrum distribution of the red and blue light was relatively constant over 30 minutes of operation. The uniformity and stability of red spectrum were about 89.9% and 95.08% and blue spectrum were 87.6% and 97.08%, respectively. The experimental face’s temperature was below 31.5 . For the future study, the LED phototherapy device will be applied for clinical research in collaboration with dermatologists.
... 27 Beyond 1100 nm, water affects penetration as the light is absorbed by water and most tissues start falling off rapidly. 28 Just like medication, PBM has its active components and dose (length of irradiation). The active ingredients include wavelengths, irradiance (power density measured in W/cm 2 , that is, power, W divided by unit area, cm 2 ), pulse structure, coherence, and polarization while the dose is defined by energy (measured in joules; J), energy density (calculated as energy in joules delivered by unit area in cm 2 , that is, J/cm 2 ), irradiation time, and treatment (exposure) interval. ...
The development of a painless, non‐invasive, and faster way to diabetic wound healing is at the forefront of research. The complexity associated with diabetic wounds makes it a cause for concern amongst diabetic patients and the world at large. Irradiation of cells generates a photobiomodulatory response on cells and tissues, directly causing alteration of cellular processes and inducing diabetic wound repair. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using red and near‐infrared (NIR) wavelengths is being considered as a promising technique for speeding up the rate of diabetic wound healing, eradication of pain and reduction of inflammation through the alteration of diverse cellular and molecular processes. This review presents the extent to which the potential of red and NIR wavelengths have been harnessed in PBMT for diabetic wound healing. Important research challenges and gaps are identified and discussed, and future directions mapped out. This review thus provides useful insights and strategies into improvement of PBMT, including its acceptance within the global medical research community.
... Values in bold correspond to polydisperse samples for which only the peak with the highest intensity % is indicated.…………………161 1 ...
... In the case of thioketal, acetone would be produced following the ROS-sensitive bond rupture 351,362 , which could be monitored by 1 to those of TMB, which allowed to study the degradation kinetics of thioketal linker. ...
... TPPS3 illumination by using1 H NMR (400 MHz, in DMSO-d6) as well as its kinetics. To this aim, the TPPS3-TK-NH2 compound was dissolved at a concentration of 70 mM in deuterated DMSO, and the solution was illuminated with a 642 nm laser diode at 100 mW (200 mW.cm -2 ) with different illumination durations. ...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged as promising therapeutic and theranostic tools for a variety of cancers reachable by a light source, owing to their minimal invasiveness and high site-specificity. Both approaches rely on the administration of a light-absorbing molecule or material, whose interaction with light results in photochemical reactions or heat generation leading to efficient cell killing effects. The association of these two light-mediated therapies in a single nanoplatform has been increasingly investigated in the recent years, as it results in complementary and synergistic effects leading to enhanced therapeutic outcomes. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to design a new PTT/PDT nanoplatform serving as a light-activatable and smart drug delivery system for an efficient and specific treatment of esophageal cancer. This platform is composed of biocompatible and biodegradable polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles (NPs), functionalized with PEG chains bearing at their extremity a photosensitizer (PS) via a linker cleavable under reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enables an on-demand release of the PS upon illumination. This nanosystem takes advantage of the photothermal activity of PDA NPs to kill cancer cells and of the photodynamic activity of the PS to destroy cancer cells and/or tumor neovessels depending on its site of release. The PDA-based NPs were successfully designed with well-defined physicochemical and nanomechanical properties and functionalized with an optimized PEG grafting density. The photothermal conversion efficiency of PDA nanoparticles was studied and the efficient light-induced release of the PS was demonstrated. Finally, a synergistic PTT/PDT cell killing effect was obtained in vitro on esophageal cancer cells, revealing the great promise of such nanoconstructs in cancer treatment.
... This skincare regimen examined in the present study provided improvements in skin texture, clarity, and laxity as measured through 2D and 3D assessments and satisfied most of the patients, even though the treatment was performed by the patients themselves at home. As the biological effects of solar energy (UV, VL and NIR) are significant, [11][12][13][14][15] this skincare approach appeared to be effective in preventing and repairing photoaging. 1 The results shown through objective investigation in this and prior studies were impressive and most of the patients were extremely satisfied with the results. 1 Reductions in 3D volumetric assessment outcomes were observed when compared to pretreatment in all patients. Skin-firming effects were noted mainly in the lower two-thirds of the face, including the perioral area and lower cheek, which appeared to be preferable and satisfied the patients. ...
BACKGROUND: Common techniques, including photography and subjective assessments, have been used to measure the efficacy of skin rejuvenation treatments. However, the efficacy of skin treatments can be difficult to assess, particularly when the effects are gradual or subtle. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effectiveness of a skincare regimen for skin rejuvenation that employs comprehensive solar protection, ranging from ultraviolet through to near-infrared radiation, and nightly repair of photodamage, and clarified the difference in the results relative to other lifting medical procedures. METHODS: Twenty Japanese patients were enrolled in this study. The participants used topical skincare products (The Essential Six; RATIONALE, Victoria, Australia) for six months. Patients did not use any other skincare formulations and did not undergo any form of aesthetic procedures during the study. A superimposed three-dimensional volumetric assessment and quantification of three-dimensional skin surface displacement with vectors were performed at baseline and after six months of treatment with the topical skincare products. RESULTS: Improvements in skin texture and clarity as recorded via digital photography and volumetric reduction was observed relative to pretreatment in all patients. All patients self-reported skin rejuvenation, tightening, and lifting. Most vectors suggested three-dimensional skin surface displacement at the forehead, lateral sides of the cheek, and around the chin. CONCLUSION: Skin tightening and lifting effects are not synonymous. The results of this study suggest the solar-specfic skincare formulations evaluated here constitute a safe and effective means of skin rejuvenation and tightening.
... 4). [33][34][35][36][37] Nanoparticles are widely classified as metal nanoparticles and semiconductor nanoparticles. In metals, the surface characteristics become dominant and offer unique property to nanoparticles. ...
Cancer is of various kinds, so are the treatment modalities. Worldwide, cancer is the second leading cause of death, accounting for a whopping 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, approximately one in six deaths is attributed to cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of superficial lesions, warts, Barrett’s esophagus, premalignant lesions, malignant tumors, and ophthalmic diseases. The literature on PDT is approximately one-third of that in radiation therapy, yet the clinical implementation of PDT in cancer is relatively less. Despite substantial research, the clinical application of photodynamic strategy in cancer therapy is still in its infancy with only a limited number of case studies reported so far. The limitations of the photosensitizer and the shallow depth of penetration of light source are the key technical impediments. However, the use of nanomedicine in PDT can overcome these obstacles. Thus, it is necessary to gain knowledge on how nanomaterials can be merged with PDT and how it can be utilized in cancer theranostics. In this article, the focus is to understand how PDT works and how it can be utilized in improving the sensitivity of the existing diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. The article also addresses the current challenges for PDT and the future prospects of this technique, particularly in the area of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
... 3 We previously reported that near-infrared or radiofrequency (RF) treatments stimulated the collagen and elastin production while safely and effectively promoting long-lasting skin tightening results that treat laxity. 1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Noninsulated microneedle radiofrequency (NIMNRF) treatment with 2.5-mm penetration depth needles has been shown to induce long-lasting skin tightening effects in previous studies. 1,2,9,[14][15][16] This device formed cylindrical microzones of coagulation in the papillary and reticular dermis with minimal damage to the epidermis. ...
Background
As our previous three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric investigations have shown, noninsulated microneedle radiofrequency (NIMNRF) with 2.5‐mm penetration depth needles can induce long‐lasting tightening effects. However, further tightening effects for deeper tissues were sometimes required. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a novel fractional NIMNRF treatment strategy with 5.0‐mm penetration depth needles.
Materials and Methods
Twenty Asian patients underwent full facial skin tightening using a sharply tapered NIMNRF applicator with a novel fractionated pulse mode. Patients received from 500 to 1000 pulses of 80 to 110 ms duration at a power of 10 to 14 W and a 1.5‐ to 5.0‐mm penetration depth. A topical anesthetic cream was applied before treatment. 3D volumetric assessments were performed at 6 months after the treatment. Patients rated their satisfaction using a 5‐point scale at each follow‐up.
Results
Objective assessments with superimposed 3D color images showed a significant volumetric reduction in lower two‐thirds of the face for all patients. About 85% of the patients were either “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the treatment results. Side effects were mild and included a slight burning sensation and mild erythema that were minor and transitory. Posttreatment hyperpigmentation was not present, neither were other complications.
Conclusions
The advantages of the novel fractional NIMNRF treatment are the high potency of facial tightening effects, and reduction of discomfort and side effects. Taken together, these characteristics facilitate the ability to give repeated treatments and provide an alternative or adjunct treatment for patients with improved results.
... Demand for a noninvasive and long-lasting treatment to reduce undesirable fat tissue and to induce skin tightening has grown dramatically over the past few decades as new aesthetic technologies have been introduced into practice. 1 A major cause of wrinkles, laxity, and cellulite is the reduction in the quantity and quality of collagen in the dermis and hypodermis. 1 The author has previously reported that near-infrared can penetrate deep into human tissue to achieve skin tightening [2][3][4][5][6][7] and that multisource, phase-controlled radiofrequency (RF) treatments provide safe and effective long-term stimulation of elastin, which is beneficial for skin rejuvenation by improving skin laxity and wrinkles. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] RF devices have also been widely used for skin tightening, and are thought to heat the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, thereby stimulating dermal collagen remodeling. ...
Background: Radiofrequency energy has been shown to penetrate deeper into the skin, independent of skin color, and to be beneficial for skin tightening. It was previously reported that multisource, phase-controlled radiofrequency treatments provide safe and effective skin tightening and rejuvenation. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of multisource, phase-controlled radiofrequency treatments with a unique concentric electrode configuration for skin tightening. Methods: Twenty-five Japanese patients were treated with the novel multisource phase-controlled radiofrequency system. Digital photographs and three-dimensional imaging were used to evaluate the results. The patients also provided subjective assessments. Results: Objective assessments with digital photographs and superimposed three-dimensional color images showed significant volumetric reduction in the treated areas. Ninety-six percent of patients reported satisfaction with the results, and all patients reported satisfaction with the convenience of the procedure. Complications were minor and transitory, consisting of a slight burning sensation and mild erythema, which resolved within one hour of treatment. No side effects were observed. Conclusions: The multisource phase-controlled radiofrequency treatments evaluated in this study showed efficacy with minimal discomfort and side effects. Repeated treatments using this method can provide an alternative to more invasive tightening treatments.
... Therefore, various devices have been introduced to stimulate collagen production. I previously reported that near-infrared can penetrate deep into human tissue, achieve skin tightening and muscle thinning, and nonthermally induce various responses in the skin and subcutaneous tissues [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition, I previously reported that near-infrared or radiofrequency (RF) treatments stimulate collagen and elastin production while safely and effectively promoting long-lasting skin tightening results that decrease wrinkles and laxity [12,13]. ...
Low-level light therapy (LLLT) employs athermal and atraumatic levels of illumination, typically in the visible or near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, to target tissue and stimulate a clinically useful local or systemic effect. LLLT has demonstrated beneficial applications in the areas of wound healing, pain management, and various musculoskeletal conditions as well as skin rejuvenation. This chapter dives into the benefits of using LED-based devices in aesthetic applications, resulting in a safer and more convenient approach to benefit patients.
