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The effects over time of lithocholic acid (LCA) addition on the change in the UV peaks from aldehydes in the lipid peroxidation model (A). 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 indicate 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min reaction times, respectively. The absorbance changing curves at 495, 450 and 532 nm with changing reaction times were observed separately (B). Compared with the normal control group, statistically significant difference, * p<0.05. (150 µM LCA, pH 7.4).
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Lithocholic acid (LCA) is known to kill glioma cells while sparing normal neuronal cells. However, the anti-glioma mechanism of LCA is unclear at present. Although malondialdehyde (MDA) is not specific to detect tumors, biologically active α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can be used to detect the outcome of gliomas, especially the mitochondria, as a rese...
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Context 1
... effects over time of LCA addition on the change in the UV peaks from aldehydes in the lipid peroxidation model can be seen in Fig. 7A. At ≤30 min, LCA elicits three UV absorption peaks, at 495, 450 and 532 nm. The main peak was at 495 nm, followed by a large shoulder peak at 450 nm and a small shoulder peak at 532 nm. The intensity of the three peaks first increased with increasing time and then decreased. As shown in Fig. 7B, after ≤15 min and with time of operation of LCA prolonged, the peaks changed significantly, especially the peaks at 495 and 450 nm. After >15 min, a downward trend in the peaks can be clearly observed. The results show that when the reaction time of LCA was 15 min, the three peaks displayed the most sensitive and pronounced change, particu- larly the peaks at 495 and 450 nm, while the change in the peak at 532 nm showed relatively poor sensitivity. ...
Context 2
... effects over time of LCA addition on the change in the UV peaks from aldehydes in the lipid peroxidation model can be seen in Fig. 7A. At ≤30 min, LCA elicits three UV absorption peaks, at 495, 450 and 532 nm. The main peak was at 495 nm, followed by a large shoulder peak at 450 nm and a small shoulder peak at 532 nm. The intensity of the three peaks first increased with increasing time and then decreased. As shown in Fig. 7B, after ≤15 min and with time of operation of LCA prolonged, the peaks changed significantly, especially the peaks at 495 and 450 nm. After >15 min, a downward trend in the peaks can be clearly observed. The results show that when the reaction time of LCA was 15 min, the three peaks displayed the most sensitive and pronounced change, particu- larly the peaks at 495 and 450 nm, while the change in the peak at 532 nm showed relatively poor sensitivity. ...
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Simple Summary
The aberrant sialylation of membrane glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in the regulation of malignant cell behavior and correlates with a worse prognosis and shorter overall survival for patients. The biological and physical properties of sialome determine the negative charge and high hydrophilicity of cell membranes and thereby regulate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. There is increasing evidence that sialic acids influence cellular susceptibility in therapeutic management. Here, we focus on the engagement of sialic acids in chemoresistance and the potential effects of drugs and potential therapeutic agents on sialome-related machinery in malignant cells.
Abstract
A cellular sialome is a physiologically active and dynamically changing component of the cell membrane. Sialylation plays a crucial role in tumor progression, and alterations in cellular sialylation patterns have been described as modulators of chemotherapy effectiveness. However, the precise mechanisms through which altered sialylation contributes to drug resistance in cancer are not yet fully understood. This review focuses on the intricate interplay between sialylation and cancer treatment. It presents the role of sialic acids in modulating cell–cell interactions, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the immunosuppressive processes within the context of cancer. The issue of drug resistance is also discussed, and the mechanisms that involve transporters, the tumor microenvironment, and metabolism are analyzed. The review explores drugs and therapeutic approaches that may induce modifications in sialylation processes with a primary focus on their impact on sialyltransferases or sialidases. Despite advancements in cellular glycobiology and glycoengineering, an interdisciplinary effort is required to decipher and comprehend the biological characteristics and consequences of altered sialylation. Additionally, understanding the modulatory role of sialoglycans in drug sensitivity is crucial to applying this knowledge in clinical practice for the benefit of cancer patients.
Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of cell death that differs from autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis, and its molecular characteristics include iron-dependent lipid reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial morphology changes, and membrane permeability damage. These characteristics are closely related to various human diseases, especially tumors of the nervous system. Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the adult central nervous system, and the 5-year survival rate is only 4%–5%. This study reviewed the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in glioblastoma and the research status and progress on ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target. The mechanism of ferroptosis is related to the intracellular iron metabolism level, lipid peroxide content and glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. It is worth exploring how ferroptosis can be applied in disease treatment; however, the relation between ferroptosis and other apoptosis methods is poorly understood and methods of applying ferroptosis to drug-resistant tumors are insufficient. Ferroptosis is a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma. In-depth studies of its mechanism of action in glioblastoma and applications for clinical treatment are expected to provide insights for glioblastoma patients.
Surgery has been found to be the best choice of treatment for hydatidosis. However, leakage of cyst contents during surgery is the foremost reason for recurrence of hydatidosis. In this study, we investigated the in vitro efficacy of lithocholic acid (LCA) against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. The protoscoleces were divided into a control group, an albendazole (ABZ) positive control group and LCA intervention groups at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mmol/L and stained with 0.1% eosin for observation using an inverted microscope; the protoscolecal ultrastructure was examined with SEM and TEM; the activities of ROS, SOD, and caspase-3 were investigated using an ROS kit, SOD kit, and caspase-3 kit, respectively; the contents of HO-1 and NQO-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and the expression level of cytochrome c (Ctyc) was analyzed by western blotting. Results: As the concentration of LCA increased, the survival rate of protoscoleces gradually decreased. The microstructure shows that the external shape and internal structure were gradually deformed and collapse. SOD, GSH, HO-1 and NQO-1 decreased more significantly in the 3 mmol/L LCA group. However, ROS levels gradually increased. LCA treatment for 3 days at all concentrations significantly increased caspase-3 activity and expression in a dose-dependent manner. LCA decreased the level of Ctyc protein in vitro. LCA demonstrated a parasiticidal effect on the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. LCA may induce apoptosis of E. granulosus protoscoleces by oxidative stress and mitochondrial pathways.
Obtaining oocytes from the adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovary has enormous importance in the studies of developmental biology, toxicology, and genetics. It is vital to establish a simple and effective approach to ensure the quantity and quality of oocytes, which will enable the success of follow‐up experimental investigation finally. Usually, oocytes are separated with mechanical or enzymatic methods, however, little studies have been done with concerns about the comparative effects. The present study separated zebrafish oocytes of Stage III with five frequently used methods, including stripping, pipetting, hyaluronidase (1.6 mg/ml), collagenase (0.4 mg/ml), and trypsin (0.1%). The cell viability, oxidative stress, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein phosphorylation, and apoptosis levels were selected as main biomarkers to evaluate the oocytes health status. The results showed that both trypsin and hyaluronidase isolation significantly upregulated germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rates and downregulated p38 MAPK activity simultaneously. GVBD rates and survival rates were decreased notably in oocytes separated by the collagenase method. Above results indicate that zebrafish oocytes in vitro are sensitive to enzymatic treatments and the enzymatic isolation is not the suitable mean for collecting zebrafish oocytes although it is time‐saving. The mechanical strategy of pipetting remarkably increased the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde level in isolated oocytes. Interestingly, oocytes separated with stripping show less physiological and biochemical damages. Therefore, stripping isolation is comparatively recommended as the optimum method for separating and collecting numerous intact and healthy zebrafish oocytes in vitro for the subsequent developmental research.
