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The effects of chronic restraint stress on the regulation of catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands. (A) Two-way ANOVA analyses with all groups quantified relative to male controls with Bonferroni multiple comparisons. Male control n = 7, male RS n = 7, female control n = 6, female RS n = 7. * (Under graph) denotes a difference in main effects: p = 0.090, * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01. $ Denotes a difference between male and female groups: p = 0.076, p = 0.062, $ = p < 0.05. (B) Representative immunoblots for pSer19TH, pSer31TH, pSer40TH, Total TH, PNMT and β-actin. pSer19TH, pSer31TH, pSer40TH: phosphorylation residues 19, 31 and 40 of tyrosine hydroxylase; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RS, chronic restraint stress.
Source publication
Anxiety and depressive disorders are closely associated; however, the pathophysiology of these disorders remains poorly understood. Further exploration of the mechanisms involved in anxiety and depression such as the stress response may provide new knowledge that will contribute to our understanding of these disorders. Fifty-eight 8-12-week-old C57...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the catecholamine synthetic capacity of the adrenal glands was evaluated by measuring the protein levels of TH and PNMT as well as the phosphorylation of TH (Fig- ure 8). The phosphorylation of TH at Ser19 showed no differences between the groups, while pSer31TH showed a significant interaction effect (í µí°¹ 1,23 = 8.45; p = 0.0079), with the female RS mice having higher levels of phosphorylation compared with the male RS mice (0.321 ± 0.12, p = 0.0252). ...
Context 2
... the catecholamine synthetic capacity of the adrenal glands was evaluated by measuring the protein levels of TH and PNMT as well as the phosphorylation of TH (Figure 8). The phosphorylation of TH at Ser19 showed no differences between the groups, while pSer31TH showed a significant interaction effect (F 1,23 = 8.45; p = 0.0079), with the female RS mice having higher levels of phosphorylation compared with the male RS mice (0.321 ± 0.12, p = 0.0252). ...
Context 3
... to O'Leary et al. [22], measures of the total distance travelled and zone entries in the OFT are considered a measure of exploratory behaviour. Chronic RS may have further reduced the exploratory behaviour in males, Figure 8. The effects of chronic restraint stress on the regulation of catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands. ...
Citations
The Tac4 gene-derived hemokinin-1 (HK-1) binds to the NK1 receptor, similarly to Substance P, and plays a role in acute stress reactions and pain transmission in mice. Here we investigated Tac4 mRNA expression in stress and pain-related regions and its involvement in chronic restraint stress-evoked behavioral changes and pain using Tac4 gene-deleted (Tac4-/-) mice compared to C57Bl/6 wildtypes (WT). Tac4 mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization RNAscope technique. Touch sensitivity was assessed by esthesiometry, cold tolerance by paw withdrawal latency from 0°C water. Anxiety was evaluated in the light–dark box (LDB) and open field test (OFT), depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test (TST). Adrenal and thymus weights were measured at the end of the experiment. We found abundant Tac4 expression in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, but Tac4 mRNA was also detected in the hippocampus, amygdala, somatosensory and piriform cortices in mice, and in the frontal regions and the amygdala in humans. In Tac4-/- mice of both sexes, stress-induced mechanical, but not cold hyperalgesia was significantly decreased compared to WTs. Stress-induced behavioral alterations were mild or absent in male WT animals, while significant changes of these parameters could be detected in females. Thymus weight decrease can be observed in both sexes. Higher baseline anxiety and depression-like behaviors were detected in male but not in female HK-1-deficient mice, highlighting the importance of investigating both sexes in preclinical studies. We provided the first evidence for the potent nociceptive and stress regulating effects of HK-1 in chronic restraint stress paradigm. Identification of its targets might open new perspectives for therapy of stress-induced pain.
