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The effects of Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola on parthenium weed under greenhouse condition 21 days after inoculation at Ambo Plant Protection Research Center, 2009. The leaves were subjected to rapid leaf senescence as a result of the disease (Ambo isolate, the most aggressive one).
Source publication
Parthenium is an exotic invasive weed that originated in South America, and has formed severe infestations in Ethiopia. This weed is known to be host to various microorganisms such as the rust pathogen Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola that may be used as a component of integrated parthenium weed management. Field surveys were conducted in 2008 a...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves per plant and leaf area (mean value), were evaluated in greenhouse at Ambo, 2009. P. abrupta in the experiment was observed colonizing the whole leaf and stem surface of parthenium ( Figure 1) which hinders gaseous movement and light interception which are helpful in undertaking carbohydrate production (photosynthesis) and also helps in increasing the rapid oxidation of carbohydrate reserve in the plant body, thus the parthenium plant growth will be suppressed, its competitive ability is reduced, its seed production capacity is reduced and the overall impact of the weed on native plants and soil resource (growth resource) will be reduced and hence, the present finding is in line with Evans (1987b). ...
Citations
... Microbes, like fungal and bacterial species, can be exploited for the control/management of Parthenium weed. The fungal species utilized for the control/management of Parthenium weed that have been isolated from the rhizosphere (and of endophytic origin) include Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum capsici, etc. (Idrees and Javaid 2008;Kelaniyangoda et al. 2008;Bekeko et al. 2012;Gnanavel 2013). The bacterial species accountable for the composting process have not been well studied, although soil bacteria are the most responsible. ...
The greater adaptability of the Parthenium hysterophorus L. over other weeds facilitates its growth and development under different ecological conditions, including agricultural fields. This toxic weed causes enormous loss to biodiversity, agriculture productivity, cattle health, and others. The physiochemical approaches that have been employed for control/management of this fast-flourishing weed are found to be environmentally unfriendly. Thus, it is still a bottleneck in controlling/managing the Parthenium population. In this context, Parthenium can be controlled/managed with the production of organic biofertilizer through biogenic strategies. Such process facilitates “parthenin” (that is primarily accountable towards the toxicity as well as allelopathy of P. hysterophorus) to undergo complete disintegration. Overall, this chapter summarizes not only the biogenic approaches for control/management of toxic Parthenium weed but also the processing of this weed into organic fertilizers, thereby paving a way towards its sustainable control.
... A study in Australia of infection at three different growth stages found the rust to be most effective on young plants at rosette stage with 20 to 48% biomass reduction depending on competition levels (Fauzi 2009). It is most effective against parthenium under cold conditions, especially in Ethiopia (altitude 1500-2500 m), reducing both growth and seed production (Taye et al. 2002;Bekeko et al. 2012). ...
The American charru mussel Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) is an invasive species of great concern along the shores of North America and Asia. As with most invasive mussels, it is very difficult to eradicate once established. Surveillance therefore plays a vital role in controlling its spread. Molecular tools like environmental DNA (eDNA) have proved to be useful in recent years to assist in the early detection and management of invasive species, with considerable advantages over conventional methods like substrate monitoring and sampling, which can be relatively laborious and time-intensive. This technique can be particularly useful in the initial stages of invasion when the population density is often too low to be detected by visual surveys alone. In the present study, we developed a species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach targeting a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA fragment aimed at detecting the presence of M. strigata from water samples. We also investigated the relationship between mussel cover and eDNA concentration. Our approach was tested on coastal seawater samples from 14 sites in Singapore, supported by conventional visual quadrat surveys. The results showed clear, positive M. strigata eDNA detection for all sites where this species was observed visually during field surveys. However, there was a weakly negative correlation between percent mussel cover and eDNA concentration, indicating that mussel abundance could not be estimated reliably using seawater eDNA alone. Nevertheless, this study underscores the effectiveness of eDNA in informing the presence and distribution of M. strigata along extensive coastlines comprising different habitats. This approach contributes to a robust toolkit for routine surveillance at sites where invasion may be impending to control the spread of the invasive mussel.
... A study in Australia of infection at three different growth stages found the rust to be most effective on young plants at rosette stage with 20 to 48% biomass reduction depending on competition levels (Fauzi 2009). It is most effective against parthenium under cold conditions, especially in Ethiopia (altitude 1500-2500 m), reducing both growth and seed production (Taye et al. 2002;Bekeko et al. 2012). ...
Invasive species surveillance programs can utilize environmental DNA sampling and analysis to provide information on the presence of invasive species. Wider utilization of eDNA techniques for invasive species surveillance may be warranted. This paper covers topics directed towards invasive species managers and eDNA practitioners working at the intersection of eDNA techniques and invasive species surveillance. It provides background information on the utility of eDNA for invasive species management and points to various examples of its use across federal and international programs. It provides information on 1) why an invasive species manager should consider using eDNA, 2) deciding if eDNA can help with the manager's surveillance needs, 3) important components to operational implementation, and 4) a high-level overview of the technical steps necessary for eDNA analysis. The goal of this paper is to assist invasive species managers in deciding if, when, and how to use eDNA for surveillance. If eDNA use is elected, the paper provides guidance on steps to ensure a clear understanding of the strengths and limitation of the methods and how results can be best utilized in the context of invasive species surveillance.
... A study in Australia of infection at three different growth stages found the rust to be most effective on young plants at rosette stage with 20 to 48% biomass reduction depending on competition levels (Fauzi 2009). It is most effective against parthenium under cold conditions, especially in Ethiopia (altitude 1500-2500 m), reducing both growth and seed production (Taye et al. 2002;Bekeko et al. 2012). ...
Parthenium, Parthenium hysterophorus L. poses a serious environmental and socioeconomic threat in Pakistan. It was identified as a priority for control in Pakistan and an integrated control programme has been launched against this invasive weed. In 2009 the biological control agent, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister, was documented in Pakistan and thought to have naturally dispersed into the region. Despite the presence of this biological control agent for the past decade in Pakistan, the population level impact on parthenium weed has been limited by several factors, including climate, diapause and limited dispersal. A redistribution programme was initiated to promote this biological control agent in Pakistan. In addition to this, the parthenium winter rust, Puccinia abrupta Diet. & Holw. var. partheniicola (Jackson) Parmelee, was reported in Pakistan for the first time in 2019. Despite this rust being widespread there appears to be limited impact, most likely linked to environmental conditions and the timing of infection. Monitoring programmes for this rust have been initiated for the winter of 2020. CABI, through its Action on Invasives programme, has established a quarantine facility for the screening of complementary biological control agents not yet in Pakistan against parthenium and other invasive weeds in the country. With this quarantine facility the importation of the stem boring weevil, Listronotus setosipennis (Hustache) was possible and host range testing is underway. The biological control of parthenium in Pakistan is still at an early stage, and considerable effort is required to fill the management toolbox for this invasive weed.
... A study in Australia of infection at three different growth stages found the rust to be most effective on young plants at rosette stage with 20 to 48% biomass reduction depending on competition levels (Fauzi 2009). It is most effective against parthenium under cold conditions, especially in Ethiopia (altitude 1500-2500 m), reducing both growth and seed production (Taye et al. 2002;Bekeko et al. 2012). ...
Parthenium, Parthenium hysterophorus L. poses a serious environmental and socioeconomic threat in Pakistan. It was identified as a priority for control in Pakistan and an integrated control programme has been launched against this invasive weed. In 2009 the biological control agent, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister, was documented in Pakistan and thought to have naturally dispersed into the region. Despite the presence of this biological control agent for the past decade in Pakistan, the population level impact on parthenium weed has been limited by several factors, including climate, diapause and limited dispersal. A redistribution programme was initiated to promote this biological control agent in Pakistan. In addition to this, the parthenium winter rust, Puccinia abrupta Diet. & Holw. var. partheniicola (Jackson) Parmelee, was reported in Pakistan for the first time in 2019. Despite this rust being widespread there appears to be limited impact, most likely linked to environmental conditions and the timing of infection. Monitoring programmes for this rust have been initiated for the winter of 2020. CABI, through its Action on Invasives programme, has established a quarantine facility for the screening of complementary biological control agents not yet in Pakistan against parthenium and other invasive weeds in the country. With this quarantine facility the importation of the stem boring weevil, Listronotus setosipennis (Hustache) was possible and host range testing is underway. The biological control of parthenium in Pakistan is still at an early stage, and considerable effort is required to fill the management toolbox for this invasive weed.
... Rust incidence was calculated by using the following formula (Bekeko et al. 2012 The normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and homogeneity of variance (Leven's test) for all the parameters were tested prior to choosing a parametric or non-parametric tool to analyze. The data did not meet the assumption of normality and homogeneity of variance. ...
Background
Parthenium hysterophorus is a noxious invasive weed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Nepal. Among 11 species of biological control agents released to control P. hysterophorus in Ausrtalia, winter rust Puccina abrupta var. partheniicola arrived fortuitously and has established in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, nearly a decade back. However, the prevalence and effectiveness of this rust as a biological control agent in Kathmandu remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a roadside survey was done at an interval of 2 ± 0.25 km in Kathmandu Valley to assess the P. abrupta var. partheniicola incidence and its impacts on P. hysterophorus . Infested individuals of P. hysterophorus were further divided into four severity classes (very low, low, medium, and high), and rust incidence was calculated. The impact of the winter rust on the growth of P. hysterophorus was assessed by comparing biomass and seed output of infested and non-infested individuals.
Results
Among 81 locations where P. hysterophorus was present in the Kathmandu Valley, winter rust infestation was observed at 98% locations. At some locations within Kathmandu Valley such as Tinkune, Kirtipur, Chabahil, Buddha Chowk, and Dhobighat, the impacts of the rust on P. hysterophorus were medium to high. Aboveground biomass and seed output of P. hysterophorus were reduced by 47% and 73%, respectively, due to winter rust infestation. The study indicates that winter rust incidence is widespread in Kathmandu Valley with very low to high levels of damages to P. hysterophorus depending on the localities.
Conclusion
The rust has, therefore, a potential to reduce the growth performance of P. hysterophorus , and it can be used as a component of integrated management of P. hysterophorus by introducing to other suitable areas in Nepal.
... Reported fungi include Alternaria alternata, A. dianthi, A. macrospora, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporioides; and Oidium partheni [9]; species of Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola [47] and Puccinia melampodii [48]; and Macrophomina phaseolina, Cladosporium oxysporum, Ascochyta rabiei, Fusarium equiseti, Phoma glomerata, Cochliobolus hawaiiensis, and D. Tetramera [49]. Also some allelopathic plants showing negative effect on growth of Parthenium weed can be used for managing this weed. ...
Parthenium hysterophorus, one of the world’s most dangerous weeds, is responsible for huge losses to the biodiversity, agriculture,
economy, and health of livestock and human beings. High competitive success rate and adaptability of the species enable it to
dominate diverse types of habitats. Various weed control strategies are being used globally to reduce its population to manageable
levels. But owing to many limitations associated with the conventional methods, management of Parthenium still remains a
challenge. Recently large scale utilization has been taken up as a holistic approach for the control of weeds. Partheniumhysterophorus
can be managed by exploiting this weed in diverse fields. In agriculture, it can be used either as green manure or after composting.
Industrially it can be used for producing various value added products. The weed also exhibits many environmental applications.
Chemical constituents of Parthenium show extensive range of pharmacological activities suggesting its role as a chemotherapeutic
agent. This review briefly discusses the problem of Parthenium and enlists its possible utilities which can open new avenues for
effective management of this violent weed.
... Biological control methods like release of insect enemies and rust fungi also have limitations (Taye et al., 2004;Bekeko et al., 2012). ...
... Moreover, allelopathic effect of P. hysterophorus on other species makes it difficult for the weed management strategies (Mahadevappa, 1997 andWakjira et al., 2005). As no single method of control has been successful, an integrated approach is suggested for its effective control (Mahadevappa, 1997;Bekeko et al., 2012). ...
Field experiments were conducted from 2008 to 2011, at western Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia to evaluate the effect of urea and common salt treated glyphosate on parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus). The experiments were arranged in randomized complete block design with five replications. Glyphosate herbicide at 3 L/ha was applied with different rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 ml) of urea and common salt. From the pooled analysis of variance over years it was observed that there existed a significant difference among treatments (p<0.05) in which the total population of parthenium weed mortality was noted at 25 days after applications across years for 3000 ml of glyphosate treated with 150 ml of urea and 150 ml of common salt. Results from this experiment showed that treating 3000 ml of glyphosate with 150 ml of urea and 150 ml of common salt solutions and spraying at 6 to 8 leaves stages resulted in complete mortality of parthenium weed in short period of time by increasing the phytotoxicity of this herbicide. While spraying this solution at 50 and 75% flowering stages showed poor mortality rates on this weed. This study also elucidated the complete change of parthenium infested plots into soft weed species that suppresses the re-emergency of this noxious weed. This helps in reducing the soil seed bank of parthenium weed, thus its population declines over successive years. This finding helps in reducing the rate and frequency of glyphosate application in conservation tillage and plantation crops like coffee and fruit farms, thus managing cost of parthenium weed can be significantly reduced.
... It was found infecting leaves, stems, and floral parts of parthenium in cool and humid areas. Symptoms on the plant were chlorosis, twisting of leaf, necrosis, reduction in vegetative growth and seed production (Taye et al., 2004;Bekeko et al., 2012). So far in Ethiopia there is no compressive information regarding the status and its control options on parthenium weed. ...
... The biological control of weeds involves the use of some suitable living organisms to curb their population to acceptable limits. This approach was first examined in 1902 in Hawaii, USA (Agrios, 2005). The biological weed control method should not be expected to criminate the target weed from an area; in fact success of biological control of weed depends up on continued presence of the weed existing in small numbers and shifting with me (Gupta, 2002). ...
... Because parasites must infect hosts for their survival and parasite infection limits host fitness, pathogenecity in parasites and resistance in hosts are targets of selection. Plants resists disease through a variety of performed and induced barriers to infec on (Agrios, 2005) and pathogens use virulence factors to over come plant defenses and make infection possible. ...
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive herbaceous weed which belongs to the family Compositae. It is believed to have originated in tropical America and now occurs widely in Asia, Australia, Southern and east Africa. Parthenium has been observed to grow on road sides, gardens, waterways, in grasslands and crop fields both during the crop season and after harvest, as long as enough moisture is available. In Ethiopia it is believed to have been introduced in the 1970s and currently covering almost all parts of the country causing up to 97 % yield reduc on in crop fields and 100 % reduc on in forage crops. The weed has become a problem for range, forest and crop lands. It grows in any soil type and in a wide range of habitats and is also known to affect animal and human health. It causes loss of bio diversity and presently it was recorded as an invasive alien weed species in Ethiopia. Suggested control measures include hand pulling, mowing and the use of herbicides. Hand pulling and mowing, however, have limited value because of the enormous amount of labor required and the sensitivity of humans to allergens produced by the weed. If herbicides are used, multiple applications are necessary. As well, appropriate herbicides are not available in all areas where the weed is a problem. Small-scale farmers may not be able to invest in management options for parthenium especially for pasture, fallow, wasteland, grazing land and road sides. Biological control using insect pests and plant pathogens in an integrated parthenium management system is one solution.
