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Buxus sp. is an important native and ornamental tree in Europe threatened by a serious invasive pest Cydalima perspectalis. The larvae of this moth are able to defoliate box trees and cause their death. The development of novel biopesticides targeting this pest might help protect Buxus trees grown wildly or in city parks. Laboratory experiments wer...
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... BTM larvae successfully passed to pupa regardless of treatment (Table 1), and no statistically significant effect of treatment on the duration of the larval stage was observed (χ 2 = 10.08, df = 5, p = 0.0730). ...Context 2
... treatments had no significant effect on the duration of the pupal stage (χ 2 = 0.19, df = 5, p = 0.9992), but higher mortality was observed in all treatments; the maximum mortality of 46.4% pupae was found with the highest concentration of fungal treatment. Mycosis was observed only in treatments of 1 × 10 7 and 1 × 10 8 conidia per 1 mL when 10% and 28.6% of pupae cadavers, respectively, were obviously infected by the fungus (Table 1). Infection by I. fumosorosea was later confirmed when fungus sporulated (Figure 1). ...Similar publications
Control measures of stored grain pests include the excessive utilization of chemical insecticides that generate negative environmental impact. Current trends in integrated pest management are oriented towards the preservation of the environment using natural biopesticides, among these products arise entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to test...
The Green Revolution led to an increased use of synthetic pesticides, causing environmental pollution. As an alternative, biopesticides made from entomopathogenic agents such as fungi have been sought. This study aimed to design and evaluate the performance of a harvester machine for efficiently collecting entomopathogenic spores of Metarhizium ani...
A novel genus Parametarhizium with two new entomopathogenic species, Parametarhizium changbaiense and Parametarhizium hingganense , was introduced based on their morphological characteristics and a multigene phylogenetic analysis, which were isolated from the forest litters collected in Northeast China. To infer their phylogenetic relationships, a...
During the years 2020 and 2021, the effects of various biopesticides and the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis on the okra shoot and fruit borer were investigated in open fields. All interventions outperformed over the untreated control. The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was the most promising biopesticide tested, with the lo...
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), often considered as a bioinsecticide, are also able to colonize and establish a symbiotic relationship with plants as an endophyte. Recent studies demonstrated that endophytic EPF can enhance plant growth and are antagonistic to fungal pathogens. These newly emerging, but not yet fully understood, ecological roles sugg...
Citations
... The newly emerged adults were paired, kept in a ventilated mating cage, and fed a 10% sugar solution [2,36]. Sulphate paper was removed 24 h after oviposition, and pupae were transferred to moistened plastic boxes until hatching, following the approach used by Guo et al. [35,37]. The newly hatched neonates to the 2 nd instar larvae were reared in the same group and then placed in plastic containers (15 × 7 × 5 cm) lined with sterile moistened filter paper to absorb excess moisture. ...
The control of Ostrinia furnacalis, a major pest of maize in Xinjiang, is challenging owing to the occurrence of resistant individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural insect regulators used as substitutes for synthetic chemical insecticides. The fungus Aspergillus nomius is highly pathogenic to O. furnacalis; however, its virulence characteristics have not been identified. This study aimed to analyse the lethal efficacy, mode of infection on the cuticle, and extracellular enzyme activity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. We found that the mortality and mycosis of O. furnacalis were dose-dependent when exposed to A. nomius and varied at different life stages. The egg-hatching and adult emergence rates decreased with an increase in conidial suspension. The highest mortality (83.33%, 7 d post-infection [DPI]) and mycosis (74.33%, 7 DPI) and the lowest mortality response (8.52 × 10³ conidia mL⁻¹) and median lethal time (4.91 d) occurred in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that numerous conidia germination and infection structure formation may have contributed to the high pathogenicity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. There were significant correlations between O. furnacalis mortality and the activities of extracellular protease, lipase, and chitinase of A. nomius. This study revealed the infection process of the highly pathogenic A. nomius against O. furnacalis, providing a theoretical basis and reference for strain improvement and field application of EPF.
... According to the results, C. perspectalis infestation can be reduced through tree applications with B. bassiana. Zemek et al. (2020) tested the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea, against C. perspectalis in laboratory experiments. For this, the last-instar larvae of the box tree moth were treated by the suspension of fungus conidia at concentrations ranging from 1 × 10 4 to 1 × 10 8 spores per 1 mL. ...
The box-tree moth pyralid, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the most important insect pest of box trees. Although C. perspectalis is an invasive species, studies on the isolation, characterization and insecticidal activity of entomopathogens that cause disease in the natural populations of box tree moth are scarce. There are few studies on the entomopathogenic organisms that cause diseases in the natural populations of C. perspectalis. C. perspectalis populations can be controlled with entomopathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis, baculoviruses, fungi and nematodes. Bacillus thuringiensis and baculoviruses are the most promisining pathogens against C. perspectalis. Investigations to find the most effective entomopathogen against C. perspectalis should be continued. This also supports the need to find its specific entomopathogens causing diseases in its natural populations. The present paper compares data on potential entomopathogens found in the literature by discussing the current situation of the damage, distribution of C. perspectalis and the effects of the entomopathogens isolated from or tested against this pest insect. Keywords: biological control, entomopathogens, box tree, Cydalima perspectalis
... Abnormal changes in emerged adults having crippled wings was observed for the first time in E. amabilis when treated with I. fumosorosea strain, which was a significant finding. As a result, the deformed adults fail to perform normal flight behavior and mating, which was earlier reported in Cydalima perspectalis and Spodoptera litura (Zemek et al. 2020). The egg mortality was found the highest (40.00%) at 1 × 10 7 spore/ml upon infection, which was significantly lower as compare to other stages of E. amabilis, which proposed that the egg stage was the most resistant stage to fungal infections (Mochi et al. 2009). ...
... Abnormal changes in emerged adults having crippled wings was observed for the first time in E. amabilis when treated with I. fumosorosea strain, which was a significant finding. As a result, the deformed adults fail to perform normal flight behavior and mating, which was earlier reported in Cydalima perspectalis and Spodoptera litura (Zemek et al. 2020). The egg mortality was found the highest (40.00%) at 1 × 10 7 spore/ml upon infection, which was significantly lower as compare to other stages of E. amabilis, which proposed that the egg stage was the most resistant stage to fungal infections (Mochi et al. 2009). ...
Background
Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of lac insect, Kerria spp . (Hemiptera: Tachardiidae: Coccoidea) causing up to 20–25% damage of lac and its encrustation, which has immense industrial utilities. Extensive field monitoring in Regional Lac Insect Field Gene Bank (RLIFGB) resulted in collection of a large number of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) infected insect cadavers on the lac encrustation of host plant, Flemingia semialata . Pathogenicity test under laboratory conditions showed its efficacy on E. amabilis larvae. Molecular characterization of this EPF by 18S rDNA identified it as Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) (accession number, MH414514.1).
Results
Being a potent EPF, biological parameters viz ., conidial density and sporulation were determined and its pathogenicity were evaluated against eggs, larvae and pupae of E. amabilis at different spore dilution under laboratory conditions. The highest mortality rates of larvae and pupae (96 & 72%) and (88 & 72%) were recorded at 10 ⁷ spore/ml both in dipping and spraying methods, respectively. The egg mortality, however, was recorded as 40 and 35% for both methods, respectively, at 10 ⁷ spore/ml, which was significantly lower than other stages of E. amabilis . Field study at (10 ⁷ spore/ml) recorded 81.18, 59.41 and 76.36% mean population reductions over control during monsoon 2019, winter 2019–2020 and summer 2020, respectively. Biosafety analysis of the native EPF on productivity linked parameters of lac insect was found to be safe suggesting that the native Isaria fumosorosea (MH414514.1) strain, reported first from Assam.
Conclusions
In this study, it was confirmed that the EPF I. fumosorosea can be offered as an effective microbial agent, alternate to insecticide against E. amabilis , either as a stand-alone strategy or in an integrated approach.
... Commercially available formulations of neem and entomopathogenic nematodes have also been effective in controlling C. perspectalis larvae (Choo et al. 1991;Göttig and Herz 2018), as was the Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnfaNPV; Rose et al. 2013)though AnfaNPV is not yet commercially available. The use of biological control agents for C. perspectalis is an emerging field that shows great promise, as several new species are being discovered and evaluated for use as management tools (e.g., Ghavamabad et al. 2021, Hulujan et al. 2021, Zemek et al. 2020). ...
Boxwood (Buxus spp.) is one of the most commonly planted shrubs in urban landscapes across North America, and in Europe Buxus species comprise a significant portion of the forest understory. Cydalima perspectalis (colloquially known as the box tree moth) is a defoliator capable of causing mortality-inducing damage on boxwood in both natural and managed settings. Native to Asia, C. perspectalis is now established in both Europe and Canada and has been detected multiple times in the U.S. Here we review the life cycle and potential impact of C. perspectalis in Canada and the U.S. We discuss effective integrated management strategies and provide areas where management and detection could be improved. Rigorous detection systems will be crucial to preventing the establishment and future management of C. perspectalis in North America.
... The viral pathogen, Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnfaNPV), has also been reported as a potential biological control agent, study using AnfaNPV BI-235 showed more virulent to neonate C. perspectalis larvae under laboratory condition (Rose et al. 2013). Another study using the fungal pathogen, Isaria fumosorosea WIZE strain CCM 8367, showed low efficacy against the larvae and the authors suggested that antifungal plant compounds reduced spore germination (Zemek et al. 2020). Egg parasitoids in the genus Trichogramma have been evaluated for use in biological control programs, but low rates of parasitism suggest eggs may contain defensive compounds (Göettig and Herz 2016). ...
Boxwood (Buxus spp.) is the most commonly cultivated woody ornamental shrubs in landscape settings and nursery production. Boxwood is grown for its attractive evergreen foliage and versatility in both formal and informal gardens. Meeting the high demand for boxwood plants worldwide has become challenging in recent years as the boxwood industry has been negatively impacted by a growing number of serious diseases and arthropod pests. Globally, the most common arthropods of concern are boxwood leafminer (Monarthropalpus flavus, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), boxwood psyllid (Psylla buxi; Hemiptera; Psyllidae), Eurytetranychus buxi (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the invasive moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Moreover, major diseases of boxwood include boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata, Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), Volutella blight (Pseudonectria buxi, Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), and Phytophthora root and crown rot (Phytophthora spp., Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae). These pests and diseases can lead to significant economic losses to growers and can decimate plants in landscape settings. Here we have reviewed recent research advances focused on the description and management of boxwood arthropod pests and diseases. Boxwood arthropod pests and diseases can be managed by implementing integrated arthropod pest and disease management strategies such as sanitary and cultural practices, genetic resistant cultivars, biological and chemical control methods. This information is provided to aid nursery producers, landscape industry professionals, and other stakeholders in developing integrated arthropod pest and disease management plans for boxwood.
... Although spraying insects together with the host plant (potato leaves in this case), e.g., using a Potter tower, seems to simulate field application better, a previous study [57] revealed lower efficacy when B. bassiana was applied to potato leaves, and the authors, therefore, recommend developing a formulation targeting the insect cuticle rather than a formulation ensuring spores' long attachment and survival time on the leaf surface. Moreover, several studies have documented that the persistence of EPF spores on plants is limited by many factors such as temperature, rainfall, low humidity, solar radiation, plant chemistry, host plant genotype, fungal strain, etc. [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]. ...
The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a serious, widely distributed pest of potato and other crops. This pest is able to defoliate the host plant and cause severe yield loss. Moreover, the pest quickly becomes resistant to many chemical pesticides. Therefore, the development of novel biopesticides targeting this pest is urgently needed. The purpose of this study was to obtain new strains of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and assess their efficacy against L. decemlineata adults under laboratory conditions. Twelve strains were isolated from cadavers of Colorado potato beetles collected in potato fields in the Czech Republic. Test beetles were treated by suspensions of conidia at the concentration of 1 × 107 spores per milliliter and their survival was recorded daily for three weeks. The results of the bioassays revealed that all new native strains were pathogenic to L. decemlineata adults and caused mortality up to 100% at the end of the trial period with an LT50 of about 7 days. These strains were more virulent than a reference strain GHA and some of them can be recommended for the development of a new mycoinsecticide against L. decemlineata. Our findings also highlight the importance of searching for perspective strains of entomopathogenic fungi among naturally infected hosts.
... Reference strain CCM 8367 of I. fumosorosea caused 40% mortality which was slightly higher compared to the two other I. fumosorosea strains tested. This strain was reported to be a promising biocontrol agent against several insect pests (Hussein et al. 2013(Hussein et al. , 2016Prenerová et al. 2013) although recent findings demonstrated that some pests might be resistant to infection (Zemek et al. 2020). The strain also turned out to be virulent against T. urticae . ...
The bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini, is a serious pest of garlic, onion and other crops. The mite is usually found in association with dangerous fungal pathogens such as Fusarium spp. Control of this pest has relied upon the use of synthetic acaricides but chemical control of the bulb mite is difficult because it is able to develop resistance quickly. Thus, alternative control methods, e.g. biological control, need to be developed and implemented. The aim of this study was to assess efficacy of selected strains of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) against adult females of R. robini under laboratory conditions. New EPF strains were isolated from soil samples collected in onion and garlic fields in the Czech Republic and Israel using soil elution and cultivation on selective media. Fungal species were determined using macroscopic, microscopic and molecular markers. The efficacy against R. robini females was tested in 17 isolated and 3 reference strains of EPF. Results revealed high variability among species and strains. The highest efficacy against R. robini mites was found in strains of Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from soil samples collected in the Czech Republic which caused mortality up to 99.3%, and a Metarhizium indigoticum strain from Israel causing 98.3% mortality after four days of bioassay. Isaria fumosorosea strains did not caused mortality higher than 40%. The lowest virulence was found in Beauveria spp. strains causing mortality of mites between 5 and 25%. Median lethal time (LT 50) and median lethal concentration (LC 50) in the three most virulent strains ranged between 2 and 4 days and between 1.01×10 4 and 2.36×10 5 spores/ml, respectively. The concentration-response models indicated that the M. indigoticum strain is more lethal than M. anisopliae strains. The present study showed that some strains of entomopathogenic fungi, especially from the genus Metarhizium, could be perspective biocontrol agents against R. robini.
Background
Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood) is a type of plant that has economic and cultural significance, danger of extinction due to various factors. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an invasive species, has an important role as a boxwood pest. The inadequacy of the pheromone trap methods recommended to control the pest or the negative effects of chemical insecticides on the environment have led to seeking alternative approaches in this regard. In this study, it was conducted to determine whether entomopathogens can be applied in pest control, the insecticidal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kenyae (FDP-8), Bacillus cereus (FD-63), Brevibacillus brevis (FD-1) and Vibrio hollisae (FD-70) bacterial strains at the concentration of 1 × 10 ⁸ CFU/ml and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae) (ET 10) fungal isolate at the concentrations of 1 × 10 ⁶ , 1 × 10 ⁷ and 1 × 10 ⁸ conidia/ml were tested under controlled conditions.
Results
As compared the results of the bacterial strains and fungal tested, it was determined that the best results were obtained from in the fungal isolate at the concentration of 1 × 10 ⁸ conidia/ml. After 192 and 216 h. of observation, the 1 × 10 ⁸ CFU/ml of bacterial strains: B. cereus FD-63, B. brevis FD-1 and V. hollisae FD-70; also, 1 × 10 ⁸ conidia/ml concentration of ET 10 fungal isolate of B. bassiana control C. perspectalis caused mortality rate of 100% under laboratory conditions.
Conclusion
Future studies of these microorganisms against this pest in the field, may be an important alternative method to control this pest.
