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The effect of soil bulk density in Stratum B on ryegrass root length (m). LSD 5%= 12.8 for comparison of interaction means.
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A glasshouse pot trial was designed to investigate the effects of bulk density on the root and shoot growth of two pipeline perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) lines, NZA1 and NZA3, and a commercial cultivar Yatsyn 1, in a soil derived from volcanic tephra in New Zealand. Bulk densities of 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 Mg/m3 were achieved in the subsoil g...
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Context 1
... ratio of root length in Stratum B to A gives an indication of root penetration into the different soil densities in Stratum B. This ratio decreased with increasing bulk density in Stratum B. Averaged over all treatments, Yatsyn 1 had approximately 25% more roots (P < 0.05) than did NZA1 or NZA3 in Stratum A. In Strata B and C, no significant differences between ryegrass lines existed (Table 5). However, Table 6 shows that root length of NZA1 decreased (P < 0.05) by 90% with increasing bulk density, whereas effects on NZA3 and Yatsyn 1 were inconsistent. Yatsyn 1 had the least root length in the 1.0 Mg/m 3 treatment, and with further increases of bulk density, root length was similar. ...
Context 2
... response to the bulk density treatments imposed, Yatsyn 1 produced the greatest total root length and weight and had the greatest herbage yield and tiller production ( Table 5; Fig. 1, 3). Yatsyn 1 also showed the least response to increasing soil bulk density as expressed by root length (Table 6), herbage yield ( Fig. 1 ), and tillering (Fig. 2). Thus, it may be the least sensitive of the three ryegrasses to the limitations imposed by soils of high bulk density. ...
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Citations
... This is equivalent to a soil BD exceeding 1.7 g m −3 . Below this value, the soil is typically seen as too compact to permit adequate root movement within the soil matrix [37,38]. When soils experience compaction from animal trampling, the volume and effectiveness of macropores decrease, thus diminishing the air and water permeability of the soil. ...
Soil hydrological properties play an important role in maintaining ecosystem functions. It is critical to understand how those properties respond to human disturbance especially in semi-arid areas. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different long-term grazing intensities (no grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing, and heavy grazing) on eight parameters that related to soil hydrological properties in different soil depths based on a grazing platform that was established in
2004 on a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. The relationships among different parameters and between hydrological and chemical properties were also analyzed. The results show that grazing intensity, soil depth, and their interaction all have significant effects on soil moisture content, saturation capacity, field capacity, and bulk density. At different soil depths (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm), soil bulk density was negatively correlated with saturation capacity, capillary capacity, and non-capillary porosity but
positively correlated with field capacity. Furthermore, we found that field capacity and soil moisture content were positively correlated but non-capillary soil porosity was negatively correlated with most soil nutrients. Our results indicate that overgrazing has detrimental effects on soil hydrological properties which may further negatively affect soil nutrient content. Light grazing may be an optimal grazing intensity on this semi-arid steppe with respect to soil hydrological properties.
... However, with the increment of depth (sub-surface) the values of bulk density also increases. Compaction under subsurface usually higher in comparison to the surface soils (Houlbrooke et al. 1997); and the amount of organic matter decreases with increasing depth (Hobley and Wilson 2016), resulted higher bulk density in subsoils. Moreover, a significant (.005 p value) and negative correlation (−0.448) between soil organic matter and bulk density was observed (Figure 3). ...
... These findings support that higher nutrient availability may overcome some inhibitory effects of salinity, ground-truthed in crops (Khaled and Fawy, 2011;Ravikovitvh and Porath, 1967), but little studied for riparian species. In addition, we outline the importance of the role of bulk density, negatively related to nutrient content (Chaudhari et al., 2013) and thus to plant growth (Houlbrooke et al., 1997). These results provide insight for landscape managers about the environmental drivers and the relationships among them that they should take into account for successful riparian restorations in semi-arid Mediterranean areas. ...
Riparian forests nestled in agricultural landscapes represent a small proportion in crop-intensive areas, while contributing remarkably to their biodiversity. This biodiversity supports several ecological processes crucially involved in the supply of ecosystem services (ES) complementary to that provided by agricultural lands and also relevant for designing biodiverse and multifunctional landscapes. Riparian forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems due to land-use intensification and associated water extraction, especially in Mediterranean semi-arid areas, and proper evaluation of the success of riparian restoration projects is usually lacking. Furthermore, there is little empirical evidence of the effects of riparian restoration on ES supply. In this study, we first investigated the effect of hydrological and soil features on survival and growth of saplings planted in degraded riparian areas in two Mediterranean watersheds. Then, we evaluated how riparian restoration affected the supply of ES, comparing nine regulating and supporting ES on these restored areas with other riparian areas spanning a gradient of conservation status, and with other natural and agricultural land-uses in the same watershed.
We found that restoration success mainly depended on water table depth, soil salinity and soil nutrients (namely Mg⁺² and Olsen P). Moreover, we detected an antagonistic interaction between the latter two, and a synergetic interaction between water table depth and soil salinity. Forest patches provided meaningful regulating and supporting ES in agricultural landscapes. In particular, riparian restoration zones increased the supply of regulating and supporting ES (water purification, habitat provision, microclimate regulation and soil C storage) in comparison with degraded natural land-uses and crops. Nevertheless, they were still far from the magnitude and range of ES provided by mature riparian forests. These results highlight the importance of focusing management practices on conserving riparian forest patches and restoring the degraded ones to reconcile agricultural production with the maintenance or enhancement of ES in agricultural Mediterranean landscapes.
... Soils with high bulk density are likely to limit the growth of roots for crops due to compaction, thus reducing the growth of shoots and the yield [57]. This is, however, not the case for push-pull as observed values of its soil bulk density are lower than critical values associated with compaction [40,58,59]. Furthermore, push-pull promotes better crop growth and yields than conventional cropping systems [34,37,60]. ...
Push-pull technology improves agricultural productivity. However, its long-term effect on biomass carbon and soil organic carbon (SOC) is not yet known. The aims of this study were: to assess the effect of push-pull technology on (1) biomass carbon and (2) SOC, considering climatic conditions and the length of time that push-pull had been practiced on a farm; and (3) to establish the relationship between biomass carbon and SOC on farms. Aboveground biomass carbon and SOC were measured on 36 farms in western Kenya, encompassing three contrasting sites (Bondo, Siaya and Vihiga) and six cropping systems (push-pull and five non-push-pull systems). Farms in western Kenya stock between 3.0 ± 0.3 and 4.0 ± 0.4 t C ha⁻¹ in crop biomass and between 24.4 ± 2.1 and 37.0 ± 2.6 t C ha⁻¹ in the soil for those practicing push-pull, and between 1.1 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.2 t C ha⁻¹ biomass carbon and between 19.2 ± 2.1 and 31.1 ± 1.7 t C ha⁻¹ soil carbon for those without push-pull. There was no correlation between biomass carbon and SOC. Adoption of push-pull offers opportunities to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration in plants and soils in low-, medium- and high-rainfall environments in both long and short rain seasons.
... Similarly, the highest leaf length at 36DAS and 45DAS was recorded from the application of GM, where it was significantly different from other treatments except FYM at 36DAS. The lowest leaf breadth and leaf length were recorded from Control at all stages ( FYM performed best for root length at maturity which might be due to the reduction of soil bulk density by the application of FYM and root diameter during all stages of growth significantly (Houlbrooke et al., 1997;Shirani et al., 2002). In addition, the highest delta fresh root biomass was recorded from FYM. ...
For the quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of Nitrogen through different plant nutrient sources in the growth and yield of radish, the field experiment was conducted from March 2020 to June 2020 in an Inceptisol with sandy loam soil of the research field of G. P. Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with eight treatments (Biogas Byproduct, Poultry Manure, Goat Manure, Farmyard Manure, Vermicompost, Packaged Organic Manure, Recommended Dose of Chemical Fertilizer, and Control) and four replications. Forty Day (released in 1994 AD) variety of radish was used as a test crop. The recommended 100 kg N per hectare was supplied from each treatment, calculated based on the nitrogen content of each nutrient source. Results showed that there was a significant difference in almost all studied parameters from all treatments over control (P≤ 0.05). The highest total fresh biomass yield (123.415 Mt/ha) and highest delta fresh shoot yield (22.806 Mt/ha) were recorded from the application of a recommended dose of fertilizer, and the highest delta fresh root yield (30.127 Mt/ha) was obtained from the application of FYM. The experiment suggests that the application of FYM significantly increased root yield and was positively correlated with other parameters, which might be a good alternative for chemical fertilizers. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(3): 203-212.
... Basing on this result, areas with moderately high bulk density are deemed appropriate to support production of C. articulata (Figure 4b). On the other hand, very low bulk density constituted the unsuitable areas because excessively low bulk density is known to limit productivity of the plants (Houlbrooke et al., 1997;Stirzaker et al., 1996;USDA, 2008). ...
Citropsis articulata (Spreng.) is a potent medicinal plant that is increasingly threatened by unsustainable harvesting and habitat destruction due to deforestation. This calls for enhancement of ex-situ conservation of C. articulata through offsite production. However, the success of offsite production of this species heavily rests on precisely assessing the suitability of the land for its production. In this study, an integrated GIS based multi-criteria evaluation approach was used to depict suitable areas for production of C. articulata based on key factors of; climate, soil and topography. Results revealed that only 13.04% (31495.77 km2) of Uganda’s land is very suitable to support natural production of C. articulata and is mainly situated in the western and central regions. Findings further revealed that 76.4% (24062.77 km2) of very suitable land area is situated outside protected areas, thus implying availability of potential sites for ex-situ and commercial production of C. articulata in the country. Findings also indicated that C. articulata has potential of thriving in well drained, moderately acidic soils and pleasantly warm regions endowed with moderately high precipitation and humidity. Since current stocks of C. articulata are mainly restricted to protected areas, cultivating this species will provide alternative sources of the plant harvest. This will help to relieve current pressures on the wild populations of C. articulata, thus providing a safety backup to the current in-situ conservation efforts.
... Roots may exhibit different characteristics and alterations in their original morphology, depending on soil strength and compaction (Correa et al., 2019). It has been found that elongation rates of roots decrease with increasing soil strength (Bengough, 1997;Bengough et al., 2006;Houlbrooke et al., 1997;Taylor & Brar, 1991;Tracy et al., 2012), and that root length density (RLD) decreases with increasing penetration resistance (Pardo et al., 2000). Bulk density usually does not vary substantially with time; however, soil strength does due to the fluctuations of moisture content and soil matric potential. ...
Soils with high stone content represent a challenge to root development, as each stone is an obstacle to root growth. A high stone content also affects soil properties such as temperature or water content, which in turn affects root growth. We investigated the effects of all soil properties combined on root development in the field using both experiments and modeling. Field experiments were carried out in rhizotron facilities during two consecutive growing seasons (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and maize [Zea mays L.]) in silty loam soils with high (>50%) and low (<4%) stone contents. We extended the CPlantBox root architecture model to explicitly consider the presence of stones and simulated root growth on the plot scale over the whole vegetation period. We found that a linear increase of stone content resulted in a linear decrease of rooting depth across all stone contents and developmental stages considered, whereas rooting depth was only sensitive to cracks below a certain crack density and at earlier growth stages. Moreover, the impact of precipitation‐influenced soil strength had a relatively stronger impact on simulated root arrival curves during the vegetation periods than soil temperature. Resulting differences between stony and non‐stony soil of otherwise the same crop and weather conditions show similar trends as the differences observed in the rhizotron facilities. The combined belowground effects resulted in differences in characteristic root system measures of up to 48%. In future work, comparison of absolute values will require including shoot effects—in particular, different carbon availabilities.
... Chaudhari et al. [30] also reported a significant negative correlation between bulk density and N + P + K (−0.87) content in tropical croplands, for a smaller sample size. Other studies [31,32] found a highly significant negative relationship between BD and total N. Generally, soils with BD greater than 1.6 g cm −3 are highly restrictive for root growth [9]; however, it has also been suggested that soils with BD as low as 1.2 might have detrimental effect on overall root and shoot growth in perennial ryegrass [31,33]. Root growth restriction coupled with low nutrient holding capacity of high BD soils might lead to over application of expensive nitrogen fertilizer and losses during runoff. ...
... Chaudhari et al. [30] also reported a significant negative correlation between bulk density and N + P + K (−0.87) content in tropical croplands, for a smaller sample size. Other studies [31,32] found a highly significant negative relationship between BD and total N. Generally, soils with BD greater than 1.6 g cm −3 are highly restrictive for root growth [9]; however, it has also been suggested that soils with BD as low as 1.2 might have detrimental effect on overall root and shoot growth in perennial ryegrass [31,33]. Root growth restriction coupled with low nutrient holding capacity of high BD soils might lead to over application of expensive nitrogen fertilizer and losses during runoff. ...
... Chaudhari et al. [30] also rep a significant negative correlation between bulk density and N + P + K (−0.87) conte tropical croplands, for a smaller sample size. Other studies [31,32] found a highly sig cant negative relationship between BD and total N. Generally, soils with BD greater 1.6 g cm −3 are highly restrictive for root growth [9]; however, it has also been sugg that soils with BD as low as 1.2 might have detrimental effect on overall root and s growth in perennial ryegrass [31,33]. Root growth restriction coupled with low nut holding capacity of high BD soils might lead to over application of expensive nitr fertilizer and losses during runoff. ...
The study of interrelationships among soil health indicators is important for (i) achieving better understanding of nutrient cycling, (ii) making soil health assessment cost-effective by eliminating redundant indicators, and (iii) improving nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendation models. The objectives of this study were to (i) decipher complex interrelationships of selected chemical, physical, and biological soil health indicators in pastures with history of inorganic or broiler litter fertilization, and (ii) establish associations among inorganic N, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and soil microbial biomass (SMBC), and other soil health indicators. In situ soil respiration was measured and soil samples were collected from six beef farms in 2017 and 2018 to measure selected soil health indicators. We were able to establish associations between easy-to-measure active carbon (POXC) vs. PMN (R2 = 0.52), and N (R2 = 0.43). POXC had a noteworthy quadratic relationship with N and nitrate, where we found dramatic increase of N and nitrate beyond an inflection point of 500 mg kg−1 POXC. This point may serve as threshold for soil health assessment. The relationships of loss-on-ignition (LOI) carbon with other soil health indicators were discernable between inorganic- and broiler litter-fertilized pastures. We were able to establish association of SMBC with other soil variables (R2 = 0.76) and there was detectable difference in SMBC between inorganic-fertilized and broiler litter-fertilized pastures. These results could be useful for cost-effective soil health assessment and optimization of N fertilizer recommendation models to improve N use efficiency and grazing system sustainability.
... This would correspond to bulk density of >1.7 Mg/m 3 . Often, this bulk density level is considered too dense to allow sufficient movement of roots through the soil matrix (Dorner et al., 2010;Houlbrooke et al., 1997). ...
Increasing management intensity of grassland through increased grazing intensity, mowing frequency and fertilizer input have attracted more attention to the consequences of grassland management practices on reduced soil quality and grassland yield. Given the importance of soil attributes in generating resilience in soil-vegetation-livestock systems, a better insight of the dynamic of these complex systems is warranted. The maintenance of proper soil physical, chemical and biological properties indicates the basis of a resilient grassland system. This review summarizes research approaches and outcomes of the effects of grazing, mowing and applying fertilizer on soil physical and biochemical characteristics with the aim of providing useful guidelines to researchers, land managers and policy makers to maintaining and improving soil attributes and grassland productivity. Based on the studied literatures, choice of management intensity on grasslands appears to be more critical. Light to moderate grassland management intensities have positive effects on soil properties, but frequent or incorrect management practices may cause undesirable consequences. Various factors such as the geographic region, and plant group functions additionally could have an effect on management regimes, so it can be concluded that optimal management method should be adapted to regional and local circumstances.
... Also, Sato et al. (1997) concluded that mechanical impedance is the most appropriate expression for root elongation because it includes the effects of soil-water content and bulk density. Houlbrooke et al. (1997) found that the increasing subsurface soil bulk density and low matrix potential had significant effect on root and shoot growth. Goodman and Ennos, (1999) stated that soil strength affected shoot and root systems of sunflower and maize but had no significant effect on shoot height. ...
A pot experiment was conducted in the research farm of Agricultural Faculty, Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, to investigate the effect of mechanical impedance of the soil on the penetration, elongation, root distribution (number of secondary roots) and biomass of roots and shoots to determine root-limiting bulk density and cone index for the following plants: wheat (Triticum aestivum L), broad bean (Vicia faba L), pea crab (Pisum sativum L) and Egyptian lupin (Lupinus terms L). The plants were grown for 40 day under different compaction states, whereas the soil bulk density values were 1.25, 1.4, 1.55 and 1.7 Mgm-3. The results show that there are difference between critical limit values of soil bulk density and cone index for the investigated parameters of plants under studied soil condition. For wheat and pea crab plants, the moderate compaction (1.4 Mgm-3 and 3.2 MPa) had the effect on decreasing the values of root length, root density and biomass of roots and shoots and consequently, that is the critical limit for both plants. While for Egyptian lupine, the critical limit of cone index increased to 4.8 M Pa or 1.55 Mgm-3. On the other hand, broad bean parameters are not affected by the compaction values under study. This means the high ability of broad bean root to penetrate hard soils.
