Figure 7 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
The effect of AMF on the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes and metal ion transport-related genes under nano-CuO stress in C. indica roots and leaves. Cu-Zn SOD: superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn); GR: probable glutathione S-transferase parA; POD: peroxidase; Nramp: metal transporter Nramp; MT: metallothionein-like protein; COPT: copper transporter. Different colors represent gene expression levels from lowest (green) to highest (red) in the entire database. The RT-PCR assays were performed in three independent biological replicates and three technical replicates.
Source publication
Copper oxide nanoparticles (nano-CuO) are recognized as an emerging pollutant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can mitigate the adverse impacts of various pollutants on host plants. However, AMF’s mechanism for alleviating nano-CuO phytotoxicity remains unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate how AMF inoculations affect the physiological...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... explore the molecular regulation of C. indica seedlings in the AMF inoculation treatment plant group based on nano-CuO stress, the expressions of genes that play a role in metal transport (Nramp2, Nramp5, MT2a, MT2c, COPT2, and COPT6) and the antioxidant response (Cu-Zn SOD, POD, and GR) were assessed. Figure 7 illustrates the relative expression levels of genes in C. indica roots due to different stresses. As revealed by the qRT-PCR analysis, C. indica leaves and roots exhibited elevated relative expression levels of Nramp2, Nramp5, MT2a, MT2c, Cu-Zn SOD, POD, and GR resulting from nano-CuO stress, as compared with the control. ...
Context 2
... plant group based on nano-CuO stress, the expressions of genes that play a r in metal transport (Nramp2, Nramp5, MT2a, MT2c, COPT2, and COPT6) and the antio dant response (Cu-Zn SOD, POD, and GR) were assessed. Figure 7 illustrates the relat expression levels of genes in C. indica roots due to different stresses. As revealed by t qRT-PCR analysis, C. indica leaves and roots exhibited elevated relative expression lev of Nramp2, Nramp5, MT2a, MT2c, Cu-Zn SOD, POD, and GR resulting from nano-Cu stress, as compared with the control. ...
Context 3
... at 300 mg kg −1 and AMF inoculati significantly improved the relative expression levels of Nramp2, Nramp5, Cu-Zn SO POD, and GR, but not MT, as compared with the non-inoculated AMF treatment plan Inoculation with AMF significantly increased the antioxidant response gene (Cu-Zn SO and GR) and Nramp expressions, but not MT expression, under a high level of nano-Cu (600 mg kg −1 ). Figure 7. The effect of AMF on the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes and metal transport-related genes under nano-CuO stress in C. indica roots and leaves. ...
Citations
... Despite some theoretical models have been published that explain the mechanisms involved in the increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes in eukaryotes due to the use of ZnO NPs [71,72], very little is known regarding when this rise can be translated into a physiological advantage for the plants, and when it represents a symptom of biochemical stress associated with phytotoxic effects. On the other hand, mycorrhized plants generally exhibit higher activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase after the addition of ZnO NPs [73,74]. It has been suggested that the increase in antioxidant capacity in mycorrhized plants is due to a protective effect of AMF [31,75]. ...
The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is part of the search for strategies to achieve food security in a sustainable way. However, its usefulness in crop production has not been sufficiently demonstrated and its consequences on soil microorganisms are still unclear. In this study, the combined effect of ZnO NPs and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, yield, and antioxidant capacity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. was analyzed. Additionally, the effect of ZnO NPs on mycorrhizal colonization and dependency was evaluated. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was performed in which 0, 1.2, 12, and 240 mg kg⁻¹ of ZnO NPs were applied to mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized plants. Fresh and dry biomass, fruit yield, and antioxidant capacity were quantified, as well as colonization percentage and mycorrhizal dependency. It was found that the ZnO NPs 240 mg kg⁻¹ dose increased plant fresh aerial biomass and antioxidant capacity, while all ZnO NPs doses increased fruit biomass. On the other hand, the 12 and 240 mg kg⁻¹ doses decreased mycorrhizal dependency, but no ZnO NPs dose affected mycorrhizal colonization. In turn, the inoculation with AMF increased all growth and fruit yield variables, but not the antioxidant capacity of habanero pepper. Besides, an antagonistic effect on fruit biomass was found between the addition of ZnO NPs and the inoculation with AMF. These results demonstrate that the application of ZnO NPs within the dosage range of 1.2 to 240 mg kg⁻¹ enhances the yield of C. chinense without impacting its mycorrhizal interaction.
... These genes may also have been affected by inoculation with Fm. Studies have shown that AMF can affect the expression of genes related to the plasma membrane and cell wall activities, and Fm can positively affect plant cellular components, biological process, and molecular function, and the expression of genes related to the transport of metal ion transports in plants (Lu et al., 2020;Moradi et al., 2020;Luo et al., 2022). Therefore, the application of Fm combined with Se can affect the expression of genes related to the uptake of metal ions and Se metabolism (glutathione metabolism). ...
Although selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in humans, the intake of Se from food is still generally inadequate throughout the world. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of Se in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, the mechanism by which AMF improves the uptake of Se in rice at the transcriptome level is unknown. Only a few studies have evaluated the effects of uptake of other elements in rice under the combined effects of Se and AMF. In this study, Se combined with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) increased the biomass and Se concentration of rice plants, altered the pattern of ionomics of the rice roots and shoots, and reduced the antagonistic uptake of Se with nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus, and copper compared with the treatment of Se alone, indicating that Fm can enhance the effect of fertilizers rich in Se. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that the hub genes in modules significantly associated with the genes that contained Se and were related to protein phosphorylation, protein serine/threonine kinase activity, membrane translocation, and metal ion binding, suggesting that the uptake of Se by the rice roots may be associated with these genes when Fm and Se act in concert. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of genes related to Se uptake in rice under Fm treatment.
... Numerous studies [24][25][26][27] have indicated that the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can have significant effects on plants, including increased absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients, altered uptake and transport of heavy metals, and alleviation of the adverse effects of heavy metal stress, thereby helping to improve the tolerance of host plants to heavy metals. Specifically, AMF colonization can enhance the arsenic resistance of either resistant or non-resistant plants grown in arsenic-contaminated soils by reducing arsenic biotoxicity [28][29][30]. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play key roles in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metals, and iron (Fe) compounds can reduce the bioavailability of arsenic (As) in soil, thereby alleviating As toxicity. However, there have been limited studies of the synergistic antioxidant mechanisms of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) and Fe compounds in the alleviation of As toxicity on leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) with low and moderate As contamination. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted with different concentrations of As (0, 25, 50 mgꞏkg−1) and Fe (0, 50 mgꞏkg−1) and AMF treatments. Results showed that under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots, phosphorus (P) concentration, and P-to-As uptake ratio. Moreover, the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments. In addition, co-inoculation with AMF and Fe compound addition significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of maize under As25 treatment. Correlation analysis showed that stem biomass and leaf MDA content were very significantly negatively correlated with stem As content, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition can inhibit As uptake and promote P uptake by maize under low and moderate As contamination, thereby mitigating the lipid peroxidation on maize leaves and reducing As toxicity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under low As contamination. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of AMF and Fe compounds in the restoration of cropland soil contaminated with low and moderate As.
... Furthermore, the amino acids glutamine and leucine have been reported to function as signaling molecules and regulate essential stress-responsive genes [63,64]. Inoculating with AMF under abiotic stress may alleviate the stress by synthesizing organic acids, secondary metabolites, and phytohormones, and via other pathways [60,65]. Significantly upregulated expression of organic acids, such as citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, ribonic acid, and hexaric acid, which sequester the soil and bind the toxicity of Cd in the soil, can minimize the uptake of Cd by plants and enhance the uptake of essential nutrients by plants [66,67]. ...
Heavy metal contamination is a global problem for ecosystems and human health. Remediation of contaminated soils has received much attention in the last decade. Aided mitigation of heavy metal phytotoxicity by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy. This study was carried out to investigate the mitigation effect of AMF inoculation on heavy metal toxicity in Medicago truncatula under soil cadmium stress. Therefore, a pot experiment was designed to evaluate the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, Cd uptake and distribution, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, root soil physicochemical properties, and metabolite profile analysis of M. truncatula with/without AMF inoculation in Cd (20 mg/Kg)-contaminated soil. The results showed that inoculating AMF under Cd stress might enhance photosynthetic efficiency, increase plant biomass, decrease Cd and MDA content, and improve soil physicochemical properties in M. truncatula. Non-targeted metabolite analysis revealed that inoculation with AMF under Cd stress significantly upregulated the production of various amino acids in inter-root metabolism and increase organic acid and phytohormone synthesis. This study provides information on the physiological responses of mycorrhizal plants to heavy metal stress, which could help provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of heavy metal remediation by AMF.
... Because AMF requires the supply of carbon, large amounts of sugars are transported to the roots, which are conducive to further strengthening the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plants [12]. In addition, AMF (e.g., Rhizophagus irregularis) elevates soil fertility, as well as soil structure [13], which is good for the growth performance of host plants (e.g., garlic) [13][14][15]. AMF-produced glomalin-associated soil protein (GRSP) promotes the formation of soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) [16,17], which assumes an improved role in soil health and quality. ...
... Because AMF requires the supply of carbon, large amounts of sugars are transported to the roots, which are conducive to further strengthening the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plants [12]. In addition, AMF (e.g., Rhizophagus irregularis) elevates soil fertility, as well as soil structure [13], which is good for the growth performance of host plants (e.g., garlic) [13][14][15]. AMF-produced glomalin-associated soil protein (GRSP) promotes the formation of soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) [16,17], which assumes an improved role in soil health and quality. Nonetheless, whether AMF produces beneficial effects on V. villosa plants remains unclear. ...
Many terrestrial plants form reciprocal symbioses with beneficial fungi in roots; however, it is not clear whether Vicia villosa, an important forage and green manure crop, can co-exist with these fungi and how such symbiosis affects plant growth and soil properties. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) such as Diversisporaspurca, Funneliformismosseae, and Rhizophagusintraradices and an endophytic fungus Serendipitaindica on plant growth, root morphology, chlorophyll and sugar levels, soil nutrients, and aggregate size distribution and stability in V. villosa plants. After 63 days of inoculation, the beneficial fungi colonized the roots with colonization rates of 12% to 92%, and also improved plant growth performance and root morphology to varying degrees, accompanied by the most significant promoted effects after R.intraradices inoculation. All AMF significantly raised chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll concentrations, along with a significant increase in leaf sucrose, which consequently formed a significantly higher accumulation of glucose and fructose in roots providing carbon sources for the symbionts. Root fungal colonization was significantly (p < 0.01) positively correlated with chlorophyll compositions, leaf sucrose, and root glucose. In addition, inoculation with symbiotic fungi appeared to trigger a significant decrease in soil Olsen-P and available K and a significant increase in NH4-N, NO3-N, and glomalin-related soil protein levels, plus a significant increase in the proportion of water-stable aggregates at the size of 0.5–4 mm as well as aggregate stability. This improvement in soil aggregates was significantly (p < 0.01) positively correlated with root fungal colonization rate and glomalin-related soil protein concentrations. The study concludes that symbiotic fungi, especially R. intraradices, improve the growth of V. villosa, which is associated with fungal modulation of sugars, soil fertility and root structural improvement.
Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of air, water, or soil with harmful substances, resulting in adverse effects on the ecosystems and human health. It is a significant global issue with severe consequences for the planet. One effective approach to combat environmental pollution is through bioremediation. Bioremediation is the use of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and plants, to break down or remove contaminants from a polluted environment. It is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method that harnesses the power of nature to restore the ecosystem. Bioremediation using nanoparticles is a promising approach for the clean-up of environmental contaminants. This method combines the use of nanoparticles and natural remediation processes to enhance the degradation or immobilization of pollutants. It is important to note that the effectiveness of nanoparticles in achieving sustainable bioremediation depends on various factors, including the type of contaminant, environmental conditions, concentration of nanoparticles, and the specific nanoparticles chosen. This chapter focuses on the principles of utilizing nanoparticles to achieve sustainable bioremediation. It provides an insight into the processes and mechanism involved in the application of nanotechnology for sustainable bioremediation. Furthermore, we highlighted the potential ecological risks associated with the use of nanoparticles for bioremediation.
The ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle is essential for detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) under environmental stresses. The toxicity of aluminum (Al) limits the growth and performance of cultivated plants in acidic soil. However, there is limited information available on the relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and the AsA-GSH cycle in host plants under Al stress. This study aimed to examine the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), specifically Funneliformis mosseae, on the growth, antioxidant enzymes, components of the AsA-GSH cycle, and stress response gene expressions in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under Al stress. Our findings demonstrate that AMF inoculation significantly reduced Al accumulation and increased phosphorus (P) content in the roots of white clover, thereby promoting plant biomass accumulation and mycorrhizal colonization under Al stress. AMF effectively scavenged Al-induced ROS (H2O2 and O2−) by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the components of the AsA-GSH cycle (e.g., enzymes and antioxidants) in the leaves and roots of white clover plants. Additionally, the mitigating effect of AMF was associated with the upregulation of genes involved in P transport (PHO1-2 and PHT1-7), the AsA-GSH pathway (GST-2 and APX-2), and Al stress (ALMT1) in white clover roots compared to control plants. Principal component analysis revealed that 65.9% of the total variance was explained by the first principal component. Dry mass showed a positive correlation with POD and P content, while exhibiting a highly negative correlation with ROS, antioxidant physiology index, Al content, and the expression of related genes in white clover. Overall, this study suggests that AMF enhances the tolerance of white clover to Al stress by improving P uptake and strengthening the AsA-GSH cycle.
Phytoremediation, an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for addressing Cu-contaminated environments, remains underutilized in mine tailings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a vital role in reducing Cu levels in plants through various mechanisms, including glomalin stabilization, immobilization within fungal structures, and enhancing plant tolerance to oxidative stress. Yeasts also contribute to plant growth and metal tolerance by producing phytohormones, solubilizing phosphates, generating exopolysaccharides, and facilitating AMF colonization. This study aimed to assess the impact of AMF and yeast inoculation on the growth and antioxidant response of Oenothera picensis plants growing in Cu mine tailings amended with compost. Plants were either non-inoculated (NY) or inoculated with Meyerozyma guilliermondii (MG), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (RM), or a combination of both (MIX). Plants were also inoculated with Claroideoglomus claroideum (CC), while others remained non-AMF inoculated (NM). The results indicated significantly higher shoot biomass in the MG-NM treatment, showing a 3.4-fold increase compared to the NY-NM treatment. The MG-CC treatment exhibited the most substantial increase in root biomass, reaching 5-fold that in the NY-NM treatment. Co-inoculation of AMF and yeast influenced antioxidant activity, particularly catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Furthermore, AMF and yeast inoculation individually led to a 2-fold decrease in total phenols in the roots. Yeast inoculation notably reduced non-enzymatic antioxidant activity in the ABTS and CUPRAC assays. Both AMF and yeast inoculation promoted the production of photosynthetic pigments, further emphasizing their importance in phytoremediation programs for mine tailings.
It is of positive significance to explore the mechanism of antioxidant and metabolic response of Canna indica under Cr stress mediated by rhizosphere niche. However, the mechanisms of recruitment and interaction of rhizosphere microorganisms in plants still need to be fully understood. This study combined physiology, microbiology, and metabolomics, revealing the interaction between C. indica and rhizosphere microorganisms under Cr stress. The results showed that Cr stress increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxygen-free radicals (ROS) in plants. At the same time, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and APX) and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. In addition, Cr stress decreased the α diversity index of C. indica rhizosphere bacterial community and changed its community structure. The dominant bacteria, namely, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi accounted for 75.16% of the total sequence. At the same time, with the extension of stress time, the colonization amount of rhizosphere-dominant bacteria increased significantly, and the metabolites secreted by roots were associated with the formation characteristics of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and other specific bacteria. Five critical metabolic pathways were identified by metabolome analysis, involving 79 differentially expressed metabolites, which were divided into 15 categories, mainly including lipids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. In conclusion, this study revealed the recruitment and interaction response mechanism between C. indica and rhizosphere bacteria under Cr stress through multi-omics methods, providing the theoretical basis for the remediation of Cr-contaminated soil.
