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The dual hierarchy of language and cognition. Language learning is grounded in surrounding language at all levels of the hierarchy. Learning of embodied cognitive models is grounded in direct experience of sensory-motor perceptions only at the lower levels. At higher levels, their learning from experience has to be guided by contents of language models. This connection of language and cognition is motivated by KI and the corresponding aesthetic emotions. Different emotionalities of languages produces different cognition and different cultural evolutions.
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Basic mechanisms of the mind, cognition, language, its semantic and emotional mechanisms are modeled using dynamic logic (DL). This cognitively and mathematically motivated model leads to a dual-model hypothesis of language and cognition. The paper emphasizes that abstract cognition cannot evolve without language. The developed model is consistent...
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Context 1
... language hierarchy higher up from words, Fig. 3. Phrases are made up from words similar to situations made up from objects. Mathematical models of learning situations, considered in Section 1, are similar to learning how phrases are composed from words. Syntax can be learned as discussed in (Perlovsky & Ilin, 2010a,b). Now, that the problem of CC of learning, given sufficient ...
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... is sufficient information for learning language, since language models exist in surrounding language -ready-made.‖ Language is learned from surrounding language at all hierarchical levels, as illustrated on the right side of Fig.3. ( . This hypothesis of the dual hierarchy requires experimental verification. ...
Context 3
... Operations of the dual model, connecting sounds and meanings, requires motivation. Motivation in language is carried by sounds ( Lieberman, 2000;Deacon 1997;Perlovsky, 2005Perlovsky, , 2009aFitch, 2006;McDermott, 2008). Language emotionalities determine motivation necessary for unifying cognitive and language hierarchies, the two sides of Fig. 3. As discussed in (Perlovsky 2007e,f), this mechanism affects evolution of cultures. Future research will have to address remaining emotionality of human languages, mechanisms involved, effects of language emotionalities on interaction between language and cognitive semantics, emotional differences among languages, and effects of ...
Citations
... The question is how individuals resolve this cognitive dissonance to remove the discomfort. As knowledge increases and contradictions are identified, varied emotions evolve (Perlovsky & Ilin, 2013). In resolving the discomfort, the conflicting knowledge needs to be devalued and discarded (Cooper 2007, Harmon-Jones et al, 2009). ...
Military leaders face ethical and moral dilemmas daily that span the conflict continuum from large-scale combat operations to security cooperation and deterrence. In 2011, the Australian Chief of Defence Force (CDF), Air Chief Marshall Angus Houston, called for values to guide leadership. Although the desire to develop military leaders who make decisions in a virtue-based culture is a noble ideal, it is enormously complex to enact. Although the Australian Defence Force (ADF) seeks to build a values-based culture and leadership founded on ethical practices, there is little guidance on what values-based culture is and how this military ethic is practiced. This thesis sympathetically confronts the challenge posed by the former CDF to develop values-based leadership. While endorsing the sentiment, this thesis has identified significant impediments to such an ideal. Applying post-structural discourse analysis to a vignette study and interview study of Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officers revealed ambiguities, contradictions, and incommensurability in practising ethical leadership. It was clear within both studies that the higher ranks used more process-based and legalistic reasoning linked with their bureaucratic subject position. In contrast, junior officers were more inclined to identify the moral complexity of decision-making, including cognitive and moral situational awareness, and revealed more complex subject positions. This exposed an internal dialectic between personal agency and organisational power. It was concluded that the Chief's likely intention was for a virtue-based, not values-based leadership. This research has unearthed significant concerns that must be addressed to enhance the likelihood of achieving this desirable ideal. These concerns include dealing with the physicality of the body, the multiple constructed subject, and the inevitable and most irreconcilable dialectic of personal agency, which is essential to values/virtue-based leadership and organisational power. Implications are provided for future defence force, and potentially other hierarchical bureaucratic rules-based organisations,' virtuous leadership. Adopting moral agency based on virtuous character will require rules-based organisations, such as the military, to contend with the dialectic between codified and enforceable processes and moral agency.
... The question is how individuals resolve this cognitive dissonance to remove the discomfort. As knowledge increases and contradictions are identified, varied emotions evolve (Perlovsky & Ilin, 2013). In resolving the discomfort, the conflicting knowledge needs to be devalued and discarded (Cooper 2007, Harmon-Jones et al, 2009). ...
Military leaders face ethical and moral dilemmas daily that span the conflict continuum from large-scale combat operations to security cooperation and deterrence. In 2011, the Australian Chief of Defence Force (CDF), Air Chief Marshall Angus Houston, called for values to guide leadership. Although the desire to develop military leaders who make decisions in a virtue-based culture is a noble ideal, it is enormously complex to enact. Although the Australian Defence Force (ADF) seeks to build a values-based culture and leadership founded on ethical practices, there is little guidance on what values-based culture is and how this military ethic is practiced. This thesis sympathetically confronts the challenge posed by the former CDF to develop values-based leadership. While endorsing the sentiment, this thesis has identified significant impediments to such an ideal. Applying post-structural discourse analysis to a vignette study and interview study of Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officers revealed ambiguities, contradictions, and incommensurability in practising ethical leadership. It was clear within both studies that the higher ranks used more process-based and legalistic reasoning linked with their bureaucratic subject position. In contrast, junior officers were more inclined to identify the moral complexity of decision-making, including cognitive and moral situational awareness, and revealed more complex subject positions. This exposed an internal dialectic between personal agency and organisational power. It was concluded that the Chief's likely intention was for a virtue-based, not values-based leadership. This research has unearthed significant concerns that must be addressed to enhance the likelihood of achieving this desirable ideal. These concerns include dealing with the physicality of the body, the multiple constructed subject, and the inevitable and most irreconcilable dialectic of personal agency, which is essential to values/virtue-based leadership and organisational power. Implications are provided for future defence force, and potentially other hierarchical bureaucratic rules-based organisations,' virtuous leadership. Adopting moral agency based on virtuous character will require rules-based organisations, such as the military, to contend with the dialectic between codified and enforceable processes and moral agency.
... Neurosemantic theories related to glottogenesis are founded upon evidence that symbolic representations of concepts become encoded, at least in part, within the same networks or circuits used for action perception (e.g. "action perception circuits"; APCs) by sensory and sensory-motor systems (Barsalou, 2008;Binder et al., 2016;Brefczynski-Lewis and Lewis, 2017;Perlovsky and Ilin, 2013;Pulvermuller, 2018a, b, c). Neuronal representations of individual concepts when elicited by different sensory modalities, such as when seeing and/or hearing a hammer in use, show convergence in a variety of association cortices (Beauchamp et al., 2004;Beauchamp and Martin, 2007;Man et al., 2015;Meyer et al., 2011) (Csonka et al., (in press)). ...
Higher cognitive functions such as linguistic comprehension must ultimately relate to perceptual systems in the brain, though how and why this forms remains unclear. Different brain networks that mediate perception when hearing have recently been proposed to respect a taxonomic neurobiological model for the processing of different acoustic-semantic categories of real-world natural sounds. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with Chinese/English bilingual listeners, the present study explored whether reception of short spoken phrases that described corresponding natural sounds, in both Chinese (Mandarin) and English, would engage overlapping brain regions at a semantic category level. The results revealed a double-dissociation of cortical regions that were preferential for representing knowledge of human versus environmental action events, whether conveyed through natural sounds or the corresponding spoken phrases depicted by either comprehended language. These findings of cortical hubs exhibiting linguistic-perceptual knowledge links at a semantic category level should help to advance neurocomputational models of the neurodevelopment of language systems.
... Besides, they might be differentially processed through either linguistic (speech) or nonlinguistic (gesture) channels. It has been proposed that social-abstract concepts may be preferentially represented in speech, and that nonsocial concrete concepts are preferentially delivered in hand action and gesture (Paivio, 2010;Perlovsky and Ilin, 2013). Despite this theoretical proposal, however, during comprehension, healthy participants are able to process both types of information in a supramodal manner (e.g., semantic processing with unitary core systems, irrespective of encoding modality, as in Straube et al., 2013c)). ...
Schizophrenia is characterized by marked communication dysfunctions encompassing potential impairments in the processing of social-abstract and non-social-concrete information, especially in everyday situations where multiple modalities are present in the form of speech and gesture. To date, the neurobiological basis of these deficits remains elusive. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 17 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and 18 matched controls watched videos of an actor speaking, gesturing (unimodal), and both speaking and gesturing (bimodal) about social or non-social events in a naturalistic way. Participants were asked to judge whether each video contains person-related (social) or object-related (non-social) information. When processing social-abstract content, patients showed reduced activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) only in the gesture but not in the speech condition. For non-social-concrete content, remarkably, reduced neural activation for patients in the left postcentral gyrus and the right insula was observed only in the speech condition. Moreover, in the bimodal conditions, patients displayed improved task performance and comparable activation to controls in both social and non-social content. To conclude, patients with schizophrenia displayed modality-specific aberrant neural processing of social and non-social information, which is not present for the bimodal conditions. This finding provides novel insights into dysfunctional multimodal communication in schizophrenia, and may have potential therapeutic implications.
... Bien que les perspectives whorfiennes, même prudentes, continuent d'être critiquées (Schulz, 1990), en particulier par les sciences cognitives (Papafragou et al., 2002 ;Li et Gleitman, 2002) Le caractère récursif du langage est fondamental, mais n'est pas voué à un déterminisme. Lorsque les individus pensent ou parlent, leur esprit oscille entre les modèles cognitifs incarnés et les modèles cognitifs linguistiques, en utilisant le modèle le plus « précis », le moins vague et le plus « disponible » (Perlovsky et Ilin, 2013). Les représentations linguistiques sont souvent plus nettes, elles sont particulièrement utiles pour traiter des informations abstraites. ...
... Besides, they might be differentially processed through either linguistic (speech) or nonlinguistic (gesture) channels. It has been proposed that social-abstract concepts may be preferentially represented in speech, and that non-social concrete concepts are preferentially delivered in hand action and gesture (55,56). Despite this theoretical proposal, however, during comprehension, healthy participants seem to be able to process both types of information in a supramodal manner (e.g., semantic processing with unitary core systems, irrespective of encoding modality, as in (18,20)). ...
Background: Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by marked social dysfunctions encompassing potential deficits in the processing of social and non-social information, especially in everyday settings where multiple modalities are present. To date, the neurobiological basis of these deficits remains elusive.
Methods: In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 17 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and 18 matched controls watched videos of an actor speaking, gesturing (unimodal), and both speaking and gesturing (bimodal) about social or non-social events in a naturalistic way. Participants had to judge whether each video contains person-related (social) or object-related (non-social) information.
Results: When processing social content, controls activated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for both speech and gesture conditions; patients, in comparison to controls, showed no different activation in the speech condition but reduced activation in the mPFC in the gesture condition. For non-social content, across modalities, controls recruited the bilateral pre/postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and insula, as well as the left occipitotemporal cortex; patients showed reduced activation of the left postcentral gyrus and the right insula only in the speech condition. Moreover, in the bimodal conditions, patients displayed improved task performance and comparable activation to controls in both social and non-social content.
Conclusions: Patients with SZ displayed modality-specific aberrant neural processing of social and non-social information, which is not present for the bimodal conditions. This finding provides novel insights into dysfunctional social cognition in SZ, and may have potential therapeutic implications.
... At last, recent investigations on supposed high-level cognitive processes (e.g., language) reveal the basic role of the motor system. In particular, according to the "embodied semantics", the meaning of a concept is represented in the brain by the same neuronal networks implicated in the motor and sensory experiences associated to it (Perlovsky and Ilin, 2013). According to this theory, for example, a prediction is that understanding sensori-motor concepts leads to activation of sensori-motor cortices. ...
... All these studies have given support to the already cited theory of the "embodied semantics", according to which the meaning of a concept is represented in the brain by the same neuronal networks implicated in the motor and sensory experiences associated to it (Perlovsky & Ilin, 2013). Rizzolatti and others (2001) had already proposed a very tightly linked idea, the "direct matching hypothesis", according to which primates understand actions when they map their visual representations onto their correspondent internal motor representations. ...
The concept of “embodied cognition” considers that the classical Perception-Cognition-Action architecture proposing a sequential flow of processing with clean cuts between all modules is not appropriate to understand the behavioral effect of neurodegenerative disorders and to find innovative therapeutic solutions. In the last decades, the discovery of the mirror neurons (MN) has given a biological substrate to this theoretical perspective: the MN are now thought linking together knowledge about actions and perceptions not only to integrate perception in action planning and execution but also as a neural mechanism supporting a wide range of cognitive functions, e.g. empathy and language. At the same time, it is now clear that in each neurodegenerative disease both cognitive and motor symptoms are represented along a continuum. In the current demographic context, neurodegenerative diseases linked to aging have become a very important social issue. Alzheimer Disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease strictly linked to aging. As actually there is no cure, several studies are focusing on prevention. A category which now represents a preferential target of intervention is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), considered as an intermediate stage between normal aging and AD. Even if AD and MCI have been characterized as “cognitive” diseases until now, a link between motor function and the risk of developing AD has been recognized.The main purpose of this research is to investigate the integrity of the MN network in AD, MCI and normal aging. Characterizing the functioning of the MN network in neurodegenerative diseases would be useful to better understand functional mechanisms and their clinical manifestations. It would also allow to capitalize on these kinds of neurons in the rehabilitation of motor and cognitive symptoms.The thesis consists of two parts: the first part includes an extensive bibliographic research intended to describe the scientific frame which justifies such a research.We first reviewed the evidence about the existence of a MN system in monkeys and humans, and its multiple possible roles in humans.We then briefly reviewed the clinical picture of the main neurodegenerative disorders, showing how cognitive and motor symptoms intersect in all of them.Next, we detailed the results of literature searching on neurodegenerative diseases, MN, and embodied cognition, commenting them at the light of this hypothesis.The second part of the thesis describe the experimental procedure which has been performed to evaluate the integrity of the MN network in normal elderly and people with AD and MCI, and its results.Three matched groups of 16 subjects each (normal elderly-NE, amnesic MCI with hippocampal atrophy and AD) were evaluated with a neuropsychological battery centered on functions thought to be linked to the MN system, and a fMRI task specifically created to test MN: that comprised of an observation run, where subjects were shown videos of a right hand grasping different objects, and of a motor run, where subjects observed visual pictures of objects oriented to be grasped with the right hand, and made the corresponding gesture.In NE subjects, the conjunction analysis (comparing fMRI activation during observation and execution), indicated the activation of a bilateral fronto-parietal network in “classical” MN areas, and of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), an area thought to provide the cortical visual input to the MN. The MCI group showed the activation of areas belonging to the same network, however, parietal areas were activated to a lesser extent and the STG was not activated, while the opposite was true for the right Broca’s area. We did not observe any activation of the fronto-parietal network in AD participants (...).
... Al igual que los memes, las representaciones tienen un funcionamiento epigenético, que permiten explicar la forma dinámica en que se actualizan y desarrollan sus mecanismos adaptativos. De modo análogo a la hipótesis del replicador neuronal, en el que intervienen neuronas espejos, las representaciones permiten la generación de conductas imitativas por transmisión cultural (Fernando, 2011;Iacoboni, 2015), que incluyen la adquisición de actitudes incorporadas al patrón comportamental del sujeto a través de la observación y las pautas lingüísticas compartidas por una comunidad (Corballis, 2016;Kashima et al., 2015;Kirby, Tamariz, Cornish, & Smith, 2015;Perlovsky & Member, 2013). En tal sentido, una representación es precursora de signficados que inciden en el diseño de atmósferas discursivas y cobran vigencia en virtud de su capacidad explicativa, adaptativa y resolutiva de los requerimientos individuales y colectivos del sujeto. ...
The aim of this study was to analyze the social representations of research held by university students enrolled in the certification process at Universidad Técnica de Machala to detect the misconceptions that prove the learned ignorance. The research design was qualitative. We worked with 140 students. Forty percent of the students were female, and sixty percent of them were male. Students belonged to different Colleges; Business Administration (36%), Social Sciences (50%), Civil Engineering (8%), Agricultural Sciences (4%), and Chemistry and Health Sciences (2%). We selected the participants through an intentional opinion sampling. Data was collected by having the students complete an online questionnaire about the representations of research. The validity of the data was guaranteed by triangulation of researchers and the return of the findings to the informants. The results showed that the unconscious ignorance is rooted in the methodological normative as an ontological and epistemological conditioning of research. The following symptoms were revealed: ideological asepsis of research, reductionism of knowledge and denial of diversity, uncritical transfer of the method, and the expert as the main actor of research. It was concluded that the constitution of unconscious ignorance arises from the uncritical adoption and legitimation of the method, which maintains that research is a consequence of the method and the presence of its actors. Such fact contradicts the constructive, ideological, and interactional notion of research. The rigidity of these concepts forces the object of study to enter the methodical canon as a guarantee of scientific nature. © 2018, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. All rights reserved.
... Successful encoding during reappraisal was uniquely associated with greater co-activation of the left IFG, amygdala, and hippocampus (Hayes et al., 2010). According to a model by Perlovsky (Perlovsky & Ilin, 2013) the ...
Several lines of research in animals and humans converge on the distinction between two basic large-scale brain networks of selfregulation. An externally-guided reactive control network responds to immediate emergency challenges and is thus metabolically prioritized by the organism because of the need to survive. Its application is suited under unpredictable, unstable, and novel environments. By contrast, an internally-driven predictive control network allows for goal-directed investment under predictable, familiar, and stable environments. Reactive and predictive control are supported by ventral versus dorsal corticolimbic systems. Based on extant empirical evidence, we demonstrate how the reactive (ventral) and predictive (dorsal) systems produce frontal laterality effects in emotion and motivation. In addition, we explain how this framework gives rise to individual differences in appraising and coping with challenges. PARCS theory integrates separate
fields of research, such as research on the motivational correlates of affect, EEG frontal alpha power asymmetry and implicit affective priming effects on cardiovascular indicators of effort during cognitive task
performance. Across these different paradigms, converging evidence points to a qualitative motivational division between, on the one hand, angry and happy emotions, and, on the other hand, sad and fearful emotions.
PARCS suggests that those two pairs of emotions are associated with predictive and reactive control, respectively. PARCS theory may thus generate important new insights on the motivational and emotional
dynamics that drive autonomic and homeostatic control processes.
... These questions and many more can be explored with adding one fundamental principle to those previously discussed. Dual model (Perlovsky, 2004(Perlovsky, , 2006a(Perlovsky, , 2007a(Perlovsky, ,b, 2009a(Perlovsky, , 2013b is a fundamental principle of the mind modeling interaction between language and cognition. According to the dual model, every mental model has a cognitive and language parts. ...
... Adding dual models to the cognitive hierarchy in Figure 1 leads to two parallel hierarchies of language and cognition shown in Figure 2 (Perlovsky, 2006a(Perlovsky, , 2009a(Perlovsky, , 2013b. In childhood language representations are learned fast and become crisp and conscious. ...
... In addition some elements of knowledge often contradict other elements. Human psyche must be unified by the highest models of the meaning and purpose evolved for this purpose at the top of the hierarchy of the mind (Perlovsky, 2007b(Perlovsky, , 2009b(Perlovsky, , 2013b. Therefore contradictions in the system of knowledge, a disconnect between knowledge and instincts, the lost synthesis, lead to internal crises and may cause clinical depressions. ...
Is it possible to turn psychology into “hard science”? Physics of the mind follows the fundamental methodology of physics in all areas where physics have been developed. What is common among Newtonian mechanics, statistical physics, quantum physics, thermodynamics, theory of relativity, astrophysics… and a theory of superstrings? The common among all areas of physics is a methodology of physics discussed in the first few lines of the paper. Is physics of the mind possible? Is it possible to describe the mind based on the few first principles as physics does? The mind with its variabilities and uncertainties, the mind from perception and elementary cognition to emotions and abstract ideas, to high cognition. Is it possible to turn psychology and neuroscience into “hard” sciences? The paper discusses established first principles of the mind, their mathematical formulations, and a mathematical model of the mind derived from these first principles, mechanisms of concepts, emotions, instincts, behavior, language, cognition, intuitions, conscious and unconscious, abilities for symbols, functions of the beautiful and musical emotions in cognition and evolution. Some of the theoretical predictions have been experimentally confirmed. This research won national and international awards. In addition to summarizing existing results the paper describes new development theoretical and experimental. The paper discusses unsolved theoretical problems as well as experimental challenges for future research.
