The distribution of macrophytes in the lake Malo Stabanjsko Jezero. 

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... lake’s macrophytic flora is represented by only two species of charophytes: Chara virgata and Chara aspera . A dense population of Chara virgata overgrows the muddy bottom in the north and northwest parts of the lake at depths of from 0.5 to 4.5 m ( Fig. 4). Mixed popu - lations of the species Ch. virgata and Ch. aspera appear in shallower parts of the lake in places where the muddy bottom passes over into a rocky bottom, while only sparse and low bushes of Ch. aspera are present next to the shore itself (0.1-0.2 m), where they develop on detritus between rocks and boulders. There are no vascular macrophytes in the lake Malo Stabanjsko Jezero. The main factor preventing the devel - opment of vascular plants in this lake is the exceptionally great seasonal amplitude of fluctuation in the water level (17-18 m!). As a result of this fluctuation, the lake is a suit - able habitat for survival of only submersed macrophytes adapted both to deep water (which is present at times of high water levels) and to shallow water (present when the water level is low), and Chara virgata and Chara aspera are precisely such species. In The The There the lake’s Lake are western no Malo macrophytic vascular and Stabanjsko central macrophytes flora parts Jezero is represented of in the is the located Balkan lake by Malo Pen only in a - Stabanjsko insula, beech two species grove both Jezero. Chara at of the charophytes: bottom The virgata main of and a factor Chara deep Chara funnel-shaped preventing virgata aspera and are the doline. widely Chara devel - opment disseminated The aspera banks, . of A dense vascular especially species population plants (B the l a in east ž of this e n Chara and č lake i ć west is and virgata the banks, B exceptionally l a overgrows ž e are n č very i ć , great 2003). steep the muddy seasonal and They rocky. bottom are amplitude The found in bottom the in north of aquatic fluctuation of and the ecosystems lake, northwest in particularly the parts water on a of lime level near the - (17-18 stone the lake shore, at geological m!). depths is As muddy. of a result from substrate Although of 0.5 this to in 4.5 fluctuation, water it m is (Fig. 4). small with the a and neutral Mixed lake shallow is a to popu suit ba in - - - able sic summer, lations reaction habitat of the the (pH for lake species survival 7.2 Malo to Ch. 8.0) Stabanjsko of virgata only in mixed submersed and Jezero or Ch. pure aspera becomes macrophytes populations appear sev in adapted (B eral shallower l a times ž e both n larger č i parts ć to and deep in of spring B the water l a ž lake or e (which n at in č i times places ć , 1994c; is of present where heavy B l at the a precipita ž times e muddy n č i of ć bottom high et tion. al. water On 1990; passes the levels) B basis r over u i of and s into m tracks a to a et shallow rocky visible al. 2000). bottom, water on shore, Analysis (present while we only of were when vertical sparse able the and water distribution to establish low level bushes is at that low), many of the Ch. and localities boundary aspera Chara are in of virgata this present the region highest and next Chara makes to water the aspera it shore clear level itself are that: is located precisely a) (0.1-0.2 both 17 species such to m), 18 where species. m can above they be the found develop water to depths on level detritus at of the 6.0 between time m; of b) rocks our investigations. and boulders. The water is yellowish-green in color and transparent to a depth of 3.0 m. The greatest measured depth was 5.0 m. In the western and central parts of the Balkan Pen - insula, both Chara virgata and Chara aspera are widely disseminated species (B l a ž e n č i ć and B l a ž e n č i ć , 2003). They are found in aquatic ecosystems on a lime - stone geological substrate in water with a neutral to ba - sic reaction (pH 7.2 to 8.0) in mixed or pure populations (B l a ž e n č i ć and B l a ž e n č i ć , 1994c; B l a ž e n č i ć et al. 1990; B r u i s m a et al. 2000). Analysis of vertical distribution at many localities in this region makes it clear that: a) both species can be found to depths of 6.0 m; b) In cases of aquatic ecosystems characterized by great amplitudes of fluctuation in the water level, charophytes are also reliable indicators of minimal water levels. To be specific, the outer boundaries of their populations are most often also the boundaries of the lowest water levels in a given habitat. Thus, it is possible on their basis to judge indirectly the minimal annual water level, just as it is possible on the basis of indicators on shoreline rocks to draw indirect conclusions about the highest water levels. populations In Located cases of of at Chara aquatic a short virgata ecosystems distance are apart found characterized from at considerably each by other, great greater amplitudes the lakes depths Veliko of fluctuation (to Stabanjsko 12 m); c) in populations Jezero the water and level, Malo of Chara charophytes Stabanjsko aspera are are Jezero most also are reliable abundant also a indicators good in off-shore example of minimal fresh illustrating or water brackish the levels. fact waters that To (0.2 be the specific, appearance, to 1.5 m); the and outer ...

Context 2

... lake’s macrophytic flora is represented by only two species of charophytes: Chara virgata and Chara aspera . A dense population of Chara virgata overgrows the muddy bottom in the north and northwest parts of the lake at depths of from 0.5 to 4.5 m ( Fig. 4). Mixed popu - lations of the species Ch. virgata and Ch. aspera appear in shallower parts of the lake in places where the muddy bottom passes over into a rocky bottom, while only sparse and low bushes of Ch. aspera are present next to the shore itself (0.1-0.2 m), where they develop on detritus between rocks and boulders. There are no vascular macrophytes in the lake Malo Stabanjsko Jezero. The main factor preventing the devel - opment of vascular plants in this lake is the exceptionally great seasonal amplitude of fluctuation in the water level (17-18 m!). As a result of this fluctuation, the lake is a suit - able habitat for survival of only submersed macrophytes adapted both to deep water (which is present at times of high water levels) and to shallow water (present when the water level is low), and Chara virgata and Chara aspera are precisely such species. In The The There the lake’s Lake are western no Malo macrophytic vascular and Stabanjsko central macrophytes flora parts Jezero is represented of in the is the located Balkan lake by Malo Pen only in a - Stabanjsko insula, beech two species grove both Jezero. Chara at of the charophytes: bottom The virgata main of and a factor Chara deep Chara funnel-shaped preventing virgata aspera and are the doline. widely Chara devel - opment disseminated The aspera banks, . of A dense vascular especially species population plants (B the l a in east ž of this e n Chara and č lake i ć west is and virgata the banks, B exceptionally l a overgrows ž e are n č very i ć , great 2003). steep the muddy seasonal and They rocky. bottom are amplitude The found in bottom the in north of aquatic fluctuation of and the ecosystems lake, northwest in particularly the parts water on a of lime level near the - (17-18 stone the lake shore, at geological m!). depths is As muddy. of a result from substrate Although of 0.5 this to in 4.5 fluctuation, water it m is (Fig. 4). small with the a and neutral Mixed lake shallow is a to popu suit ba in - - - able sic summer, lations reaction habitat of the the (pH for lake species survival 7.2 Malo to Ch. 8.0) Stabanjsko of virgata only in mixed submersed and Jezero or Ch. pure aspera becomes macrophytes populations appear sev in adapted (B eral shallower l a times ž e both n larger č i parts ć to and deep in of spring B the water l a ž lake or e (which n at in č i times places ć , 1994c; is of present where heavy B l at the a precipita ž times e muddy n č i of ć bottom high et tion. al. water On 1990; passes the levels) B basis r over u i of and s into m tracks a to a et shallow rocky visible al. 2000). bottom, water on shore, Analysis (present while we only of were when vertical sparse able the and water distribution to establish low level bushes is at that low), many of the Ch. and localities boundary aspera Chara are in of virgata this present the region highest and next Chara makes to water the aspera it shore clear level itself are that: is located precisely a) (0.1-0.2 both 17 species such to m), 18 where species. m can above they be the found develop water to depths on level detritus at of the 6.0 between time m; of b) rocks our investigations. and boulders. The water is yellowish-green in color and transparent to a depth of 3.0 m. The greatest measured depth was 5.0 m. In the western and central parts of the Balkan Pen - insula, both Chara virgata and Chara aspera are widely disseminated species (B l a ž e n č i ć and B l a ž e n č i ć , 2003). They are found in aquatic ecosystems on a lime - stone geological substrate in water with a neutral to ba - sic reaction (pH 7.2 to 8.0) in mixed or pure populations (B l a ž e n č i ć and B l a ž e n č i ć , 1994c; B l a ž e n č i ć et al. 1990; B r u i s m a et al. 2000). Analysis of vertical distribution at many localities in this region makes it clear that: a) both species can be found to depths of 6.0 m; b) In cases of aquatic ecosystems characterized by great amplitudes of fluctuation in the water level, charophytes are also reliable indicators of minimal water levels. To be specific, the outer boundaries of their populations are most often also the boundaries of the lowest water levels in a given habitat. Thus, it is possible on their basis to judge indirectly the minimal annual water level, just as it is possible on the basis of indicators on shoreline rocks to draw indirect conclusions about the highest water levels. populations In Located cases of of at Chara aquatic a short virgata ecosystems distance are apart found characterized from at considerably each by other, great greater amplitudes the lakes depths Veliko of fluctuation (to Stabanjsko 12 m); c) in populations Jezero the water and level, Malo of Chara charophytes Stabanjsko aspera are are Jezero most also are reliable abundant also a indicators good in off-shore example of minimal fresh illustrating or water brackish the levels. fact waters that To (0.2 be the specific, appearance, to 1.5 m); the and outer development, d) Chara boundaries virgata and of is their survival dominant populations of in aquatic deeper are water most macrophytes often (around also are 5.0 the in m the boundaries and presence deeper). of of The the the lowest regularities same climatic water record levels con - - ed in ditions, a in given the geological course habitat. of earlier Thus, characteristics investigations it is possible of the are on substrate, their confirmed basis and by to analysis judge physico-chemical indirectly of the vertical the characteristics minimal distribution annual of of the water charophytes water—decisively level, just in lakes as it on is influenced possible Mt. Volujak. on by the the Survival basis dynamics of of indicators the of hydrological species on shoreline Chara phenomena, aspera rocks in to shallow draw physical indirect waters properties conclusions of mountain and morphometry about lakes the in highest regions of bottom water with levels. a relief, mod - erately and adaptive continental characteristics climate or of in the maritime species. bogs (Z a v o d - n i k , 1968) is probably promoted by the tubers formed by this species in the rhizoidal part, which enable the plants to withstand unfavorable conditions and allow for rela - tively rapid vegetative reproduction. Located at a short distance apart from each other, the lakes Veliko Stabanjsko Jezero and Malo Stabanjsko Jezero are also a good example illustrating the fact that the appearance, development, and survival of aquatic macrophytes are in the presence of the same climatic con - ditions, geological characteristics of the substrate, and physico-chemical characteristics of the water—decisively influenced by the dynamics of hydrological phenomena, physical properties and morphometry of bottom relief, and adaptive characteristics of the species. Carex rostrata Stokes in With. (bottle sedge). The species has been previously ...