Figure 7 - uploaded by Brenden S Holland
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1. The distribution of freshwater fishes, Nautilus, fruit bats, and the giant clam Tridacna in the Pacific. Dropouts like these animals contribute to species attenuation west to east across the Pacific.
Citations
... So does UNCTAD's (2014) report, which emphasizes the role of trade. Considering particular development predicaments of SIDS, the emerging literature concerns climate change and environmental degradation as the main developmental predicaments (see : Holland and Kay, 2013;Devadason et al. 2013;Lum and Vaughn, 2017). Some attention is directed at particular sectors such as tourism (Pratt, 2015(Pratt, , 2019UNWTO, 2019), fisheries (Gillet, 2009(Gillet, , 2016FAO, 2016FAO, , 2018, political stability (Firth, 2018;Brown, 2006;ESCAP, 2018). ...
... Tree snails have cultural value, and provide model systems for investigations of island biogeography (Holland 2009;Holland & Cowie 2009;Holland & Kay 2013), conservation (Holland & Hadfield 2002;Hadfield et al. 2004) and evolution , 2007Cowie & Holland 2008), and are useful indicator species for native rainforest integrity. Drastic declines in native snail population levels, range sizes and number of species per lineage have been driven by numerous factors, including indirect effects of centuries of loss of native forests and encroachment by introduced plants (MacCaughey 1917;Hadfield 1986), and direct predatory activity of invasive taxa (Holland 2009;Holland et al. 2010Holland et al. , 2012Chiaverano & Holland 2014;Van Kleeck et al. 2015). ...
Hawaii’s diverse achatinellid tree snails occur almost exclusively in host trees and shrubs that are native to the Hawaiian Archipelago. A few exceptions to this pattern are known, where an arboreal gastropod population has persisted in introduced plants. On Oahu, Hawaii, the last known population of the single island endemic snail Auriculella diaphana has persisted in nonnative plants for multiple decades, leading to the following question: are there differences in relative fitness of native gastropods in native versus nonnative host plants? To address this we conducted laboratory trials with A. diaphana in three treatment groups, one with the two dominant nonnative host plants from their current distribution, another group with two primary native host plant species, and a third treatment maintained in cages with a mixture of equal parts of both the nonnative and native plants. Trials were replicated in two 16-week intervals, with 100 snails. Relative fitness was assessed among treatments as survival and reproductive output (number of eggs produced). Results demonstrated that while survival of adult snails was equivalent across treatments (100%), fecundity was significantly higher in cages where native plants were available. Egg production was 20.05-fold and 14.95-fold greater in treatments with 100% and 50% native host plants, respectively, than in treatments with nonnative plants only. These results suggest that native snails persisting in nonnative host plants experience sublethal stress, reflected in a dramatic reduction in reproductive output. Snails in treatments with mixed native and nonnative plants also showed significantly higher reproduction than in nonnative plant cages. We suggest that observed decreased fecundity was due to poor nutritional value of the microbial phyllosphere of nonnative vegetation, and that translocation of this and related species occurring in nonnative habitat to nearby native host plants will be beneficial in terms of fitness.
... This makes the development of language resources linguistically complex and economically difficult. While there are certain anomalies, the Melanesian region extending off the north-eastern coast of Australia northerly to Papua New Guinea and easterly to Fiji, is characterised by many languages per island group (Pawley, 1995). In this region the number of speakers of a language can be of the order of 1000. ...
... In contrast, the regions of Micronesia, a northerly extension of Melanesia, and Polynesia, an easterly and southerly extension of Melanesia, are characterised by a single language per island group. Thus the indigenous languages of Polynesia and Micronesia are characterised by both a larger territorial range and population size than the those of Melanesia (Pawley, 1995). Throughout the region there are some 30 million people speaking approximately 1250 native languages. ...
The development of speech technology in the Oceania region is an issue for Australian speech scientists and technologists. In this paper we examine both the issues that govern the development of speech technology anywhere, the specific opportunities and inhibiting factors of the Oceania region, and the role that Australia, as the largest and most prosperous nation of the region, can have in the process. The necessary scientific resources required to establish both basic and more sophisticated speech technology are reviewed and mapped against the characteristics of the Oceania region. It is concluded that the most productive approach is likely to be one of creative partnership with the many island communities such that technology may be developed in a cost-effective and culturally sensitive manner.
This paper develops a framework for understanding and assessing collaborative capacities associated with developing an events portfolio within a small island developing state. The three key features of the collaborative capacity framework are network structure, tie strength and collaborative inertia. We conducted interviews with participants from various government departments, agencies, industry associations, sport organizations, community groups, event organizations and the private sector (e.g. accommodation, transportation, retail and travel agency). Key themes to emerge include calls for an events-focused government agency and a more strategic approach to events, political interference, an undefined network structure, and little or no structural, administrative or institutional links. Collaborative inertia was underpinned by poor private–public sector collaboration, cliques and negative attitudes. Concerns about reliability and competence-based trust were also noted, but corruption was not a great concern. Loss of control, transaction costs, role ambiguity, competition and conflicts of interest also constrained collaborative capacity.
Triangulation of research methods is crucial to thoroughly explore how tourism can be better linked to the local economy in the Pacific's ‘Small Island Developing States’ (SIDS) because it includes the use of multiple data collections, analytical methods, data sources and theories or perspectives (Rocco et al., 2003). The exploration of the interactions between the various stakeholders in tourism and the wider economy will help linkages to be understood and enhanced. The research focuses on the following stakeholders: tourists, growers, small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs), government officials and village councils. The study explores the ways in which each of these stakeholder groups interacts with each other and their perspectives on the issues surrounding the linkages between tourism and agriculture.
The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the use of a case study of Niue and multiple data-gathering techniques to collect critical information on the linkages between tourism and agriculture in Pacific SIDS. The findings and lessons learned from a single case study of Niue using a mixed-methods approach potentially benefit other island nations in the region. This chapter begins with a discussion on the usefulness of case study research and then justifies the use of a mixed-methods approach and multiple stakeholders to better understand the linkages between tourism and agriculture in SIDS. The complexities of the inter-sectoral analysis being undertaken and the lack of prior data in this area necessitated a mixed-methods approach to the research. The chapter thoroughly discusses the research process and participants, including the design of research tools and the conduct of field work. Then the chapter focuses on research findings and concludes by reviewing the lessons learned from this research approach and its use of a case study and mixed methods to gain a holistic insight into the potential for enhancing the linkages between tourism and agriculture on Niue.
