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The design of the amperometric sensor used in this study. (a) A schematic representation of the sensor design and function; insetlight microscopy photo to illustrate the size of the working electrode, (b, c) scanning electron microscopy images showing the cross-section of the sensors, wherein 1 is cotton, 2 is Pt-Ir coil, 3 is GOD immobilized on BSA using GA crosslinking, 4 is EPU mass transport limiting membrane, 5 is electrospun membrane as tissue engineering coating, and 6 is electrospun membrane as mass transport limiting membrane, (c) inset-SEM image showing surface porosity of electrospun coating on sensor.
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In vivo tissue responses and functional efficacy of electrospun membranes based on polyurethane (PU) and gelatin (GE) as biomimetic coatings for implantable glucose biosensors was investigated in a rat subcutaneous implantation model. Three electrospun membranes with optimized fibre diameters, pore sizes and permeability, both single PU and co-axia...
Citations
... [54] Once morphology of the fibres was assessed, FT-IR was used as a rapid characterisation of the functional group of each of the polymers. The infrared spectra of each of the scaffold demonstrated that the different polymers (Ge and Due to PVA and Gelatin being soluble in a water-based solution, the composite scaffolds underwent a process of crosslinking that aimed to form stable covalent bonds between the different polymers, thus avoiding rapid degradation in cell culturing conditions [70,71]. The 10% (w/v) PVA samples were stabilised using a thermal crosslinking, this process was chosen as the optimal technique to prevent the use of further harmful chemicals. ...
In recent years the interest in synthetic scaffolds has increased significantly as an alternative to animal-derived materials, as well as the advancement of material and manufacturing engineering, has resulted in improved standardisation and reproducibility within the field. Despite these advancements, a significant amount of research on animal-derived scaffolds, whilst research on synthetic materials is lacking for the growth of non-tumourgenic breast cell lines. The main objective of this work is to manufacture biodegradable scaffolds using biocompatible materials such as PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol), PU (Polyurethane), Ge (Gelatin) and PCL (Poly-(-caprolactone) to test human cell adhesion and investigate the optimal system that supports representative tissue organisation and that could be used as an alternative to Matrigel™. Here, human mammary fibroblasts (HMF) were used as proof of concept. The membranes were manufactured using the process of electrospinning and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), contact angle, tensile strength, and degradation studies. The assessment of the membranes as a viable biomaterial for the growth and development of cells was studied by MTT proliferation assay, fluorescence microscopy and SEM imaging. Results demonstrate that all materials are suitable for HMF proliferation. However, from microscopy analysis, only PU and PVA membranes induced morphological organisation of HMF similar to those results obtained in the Matrigel™ control conditions. This feasibility study reveals that HMF organisation, and proliferation are affected by the properties of the scaffold. Consequently, scaffolds parameters should be adjusted and manipulated to impact cell behaviour and emulate in vivo conditions.
... Enzyme-based biosensors are a common type among electrochemical biosensors, which achieve high sensitivity and specific recognition through the specific sensitive recognition of the target product by the enzyme, a common means to detect certain diseases (such as diabetes and cancer). The core-shell fibers are capable of loading biomolecules such as enzymes within the membrane, which avoid structural damage while enabling the specific immune identification of biological substances in the human body [152]. Ji et al. [153] used coaxial electrospinning to fabricate a glucose biosensor with a PU hollow NM in which 2 types of enzymes, glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, were fixed. ...
In the realm of precise medicine, the advancement of manufacturing technologies is vital for enhancing the capabilities of medical devices such as nano/microrobots, wearable/implantable biosensors, and organ-on-chip systems, which serve to accurately acquire and analyze patients’ physiopathological information and to perform patient-specific therapy. Electrospinning holds great promise in engineering materials and components for advanced medical devices, due to the demonstrated ability to advance the development of nanomaterial science. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited composition variety, uncontrollable fiber orientation, difficulties in incorporating fragile molecules and cells, and low production effectiveness hindered its further application. To overcome these challenges, advanced electrospinning techniques have been explored to manufacture functional composites, orchestrated structures, living constructs, and scale-up fabrication. This review delves into the recent advances of electrospinning techniques and underscores their potential in revolutionizing the field of precise medicine, upon introducing the fundamental information of conventional electrospinning techniques, as well as discussing the current challenges and future perspectives.
... For example, it was shown that electrospun membranes with optimized fiber diameter, pore size, and permeability could play a critical role in achieving long in vivo sensing lifetime of implantable glucose biosensors. 404 The membranes, which were infiltrated by fibroblasts that deposited collagen in the membrane's pores, prevented the formation of dense fibrous capsule around the sensor. Most recently, it was suggested that the combination of soft coating and release of integrin-binding inhibitory molecules can tremendously reduce the thickness of fibrous tissue capsule around silicone implants. ...
Because of the aging human population and increased numbers of surgical procedures being performed, there is a growing number of biomedical devices being implanted each year. Although the benefits of implants are significant, there are risks to having foreign materials in the body that may lead to complications that may remain undetectable until a time at which the damage done becomes irreversible. To address this challenge, advances in implantable sensors may enable early detection of even minor changes in the implants or the surrounding tissues and provide early cues for intervention. Therefore, integrating sensors with implants will enable real-time monitoring and lead to improvements in implant function. Sensor integration has been mostly applied to cardiovascular, neural, and orthopedic implants, and advances in combined implant-sensor devices have been significant, yet there are needs still to be addressed. Sensor-integrating implants are still in their infancy; however, some have already made it to the clinic. With an interdisciplinary approach, these sensor-integrating devices will become more efficient, providing clear paths to clinical translation in the future.
... The same working group that demonstrated the cocaine sensor also published a preliminary work (preprint) [85] where the aptamer-modified surface (for kanamycin antibiotic in this case) was modified with an agarose hydrogel, achieving a good baseline stability in veins, muscles, bladder, or tumors of living rats without the need for the drift correction reporter (Figure 3b). Others opted for electrospun membranes based on polyurethane and gelatin [86] or polyurethane and nafion [87] to protect glucose biosensors. Adapted with permission from Li et al. [83], (b) In vivo kanamycin measurement with aptamerbased electrochemical sensor protected with agarose hydrogel. ...
The number of patients in intensive care units has increased over the past years. Critically ill patients are treated with a real time support of the instruments that offer monitoring of relevant blood parameters. These parameters include blood gases, lactate, and glucose, as well as pH and temperature. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, continuous management of dynamic deteriorating parameters in patients is more relevant than ever before. This narrative review aims to summarize the currently available literature regarding real-time monitoring of blood parameters in intensive care. Both, invasive and non-invasive methods are described in detail and discussed in terms of general advantages and disadvantages particularly in context of their use in different medical fields but especially in critical care. The objective is to explicate both, well-known and frequently used as well as relatively unknown devices. Furtehrmore, potential future direction in research and development of realtime sensor systems are discussed. Therefore, the discussion section provides a brief description of current developments in biosensing with special emphasis on their technical implementation. In connection with these developments, the authors focus on different electrochemical approaches to invasive and non-invasive measurements in vivo.
... In an in vitro study, researchers assembled hyaluronic acid and heparin, from the GAG class, on amino-terminated silicone and glass substrates leading to the downregulation of NF-κB subunit p65, a protein associated with macrophage activation 238 . In another study, gelatin-coated polyurethane (PU) based electrospun fiber membranes with a diameter of 1.54 µm showed a reduced fibrous structure for 3 weeks after subcutaneous implantation in a rat model 239 . However, the instability of gelatin-coating for longer times can be challenging in applications where sensor sensitivity is relevant. ...
Mitigating the foreign body response (FBR) to implantable medical devices (IMDs) is critical for successful long‐term clinical deployment. The FBR is an inevitable immunological reaction to IMDs, resulting in inflammation and subsequent fibrotic encapsulation. Excessive fibrosis may impair IMDs function, eventually necessitating retrieval or replacement for continued therapy. Therefore, understanding the implant design parameters and their degree of influence on FBR is pivotal to effective and long lasting IMDs. This review gives an overview of FBR as well as anti‐FBR strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances in biomimetic approaches to resist FBR, focusing on their characteristics and potential biomedical applications.
... It can perform physical or chemical modification to increase the performance of electrospun nanofibers in various applications. The commonly used surface modification strategy is the formation of chemically active functional groups ( -COOH, -OH, etc.) on the nanofiber surface with different modification agents [10]. Nanocomposites-based nanofibers can be produced by using various carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes by electrospinning. ...
... Considering all these properties, it can be said that DMF is a special solvent that leads to high spinnability [33]. In this study, solutions were prepared at different concentrations of PS [5,10,15,20,25,30, and 35% (w/v)] in DMF, PS nanofibers were obtained in the optimum condition of the electrospinning process. The SEM images, nanofiber diameter distribution graphics, and results for contact angle measurement of PS electrospun nanofibers are given in Fig. 2. When the SEM images were examined, it was seen that all nanofibers were smooth without any beads. ...
Electrospun nanofibers (ESNF) offer us chance to obtain nanoscale building blocks by adding
the desired modification agent to the polymer solution. Here, nanocomposite-based electrospun
nanofibers designed for the recognition surface of the developed immunosensor system were
used for the first time in the determination of CD36. Firstly, graphene oxide (GO) was
synthesized from graphite powder (GR) and GO sheets were silanized with different amounts
of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). Synthesized GO-APTES nanocomposite and
polystyrene (PS) solution were mixed in different ratios to obtain uniform nanofibers without
beads. As a result of the amino groups obtained on the surface of the nanofibers, the surface
was made ready for covalent immobilization of the Anti-CD36 antibody. The nanofibers
obtained under the optimum conditions determined were deposited on the surface of the screen
printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the electrospinning technique. Then, Anti-CD36 was
immobilized on the PS/GO-APTES modified SPCE through covalent bonding and used to
prepare the biofunctional surface for the usage of bioelectrochemistry of CD36. The optimum
Anti-CD36 concentration decided to be used in experiments was determined as 10 μg/mL. The
linear detection range of CD36 was from 0.5 to 20 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.999
ng/mL. Finally, the developed PS/GO-APTES/Anti-CD36 immunosensor was used for the
determination of CD36 in artificial blood serum without any interference effect.
... Because of these properties, electrospun nanofibers have better sensitivity than sensors formed with other materials. In addition, biomimetic coatings can prevent biofouling, thereby extending the life of biosensors [128]. ESNFs are produced via electrospinning, which is a simple, effective, controlled, and economical method. ...
Over various scientific fields in biochemistry, amino acids have been highlighted in research works. Protein, peptide-and amino acid-based drug delivery systems have proficiently transformed nanotechnology via immense flexibility in their features for attaching various drug molecules and biodegradable polymers. In this regard, novel nanostructures including carbon nanotubes, electro-spun carbon nanofibers, gold nanoislands, and metal-based nanoparticles have been introduced as nanosensors for accurate detection of these organic compounds. These nanostructures can bind the biological receptor to the sensor surface and increase the surface area of the working electrode, significantly enhancing the biosensor performance. Interestingly, protein-based nanocarriers have also emerged as useful drug and gene delivery platforms. This is important since, despite recent advancements, there are still biological barriers and other obstacles limiting gene and drug delivery efficacy. Currently available strategies for gene therapy are not cost-effective, and they do not deliver the genetic cargo effectively to target sites. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, novel gene delivery systems are introduced as nonviral vectors such as protein, peptide, and amino acid-based nanostructures. These nano-based delivery platforms can be tailored into functional transformation using proteins and peptides ligands based nanocarriers, usually overexpressed in the specified diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on traditional and nanotechnology-based methods to detect amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Furthermore, new insights into the potential of amino protein-based nanoassemblies for targeted drug delivery or gene transfer are presented.
... The functional efficacy of coated implant glucose sensors in vivo at 1, 3 and 9 weeks after implantation was examined. Such coatings prevented from formation of fibrous capsules on the surface of the biosensor what indicated the possible use of such coatings in prolonging the in vivo sensing lifetime of implantable glucose biosensors [297]. Liu et al. have found optical fibre long period grating (LPG) based sensor coated with hybrid film for detection of streptavidin (SV) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). ...
This review presents the latest innovations and trends in the field of surface functionalization of various nanomaterials. The most recent protocols of smart materials fabrication as well as the main challenges which should be overcome in order to improve their final performance are discussed here. Particular attention has been paid to the properties improvement of polymer, silica, inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials and their potential for application in many fields, from industry, materials science, environmental protection to advanced biomedicine.
... This technique has many applications in biomedicine [51], optoelectronic devices [52], absorption filtration [53], and tissue engineering [54]. Coaxial electrospinning has been used previously for coating a miniature coil-type implantable glucose sensor [55]. In this study, electrospinning was performed directly on the sensor surface to produce uniform fibro-porous coatings around miniature ellipsoid biosensors (Fig. 3). ...
... Optical microscope images showing the morphology of a coil-type implantable glucose biosensor without (a) and with (b) the electrospun coating. Scale bar is 1 mm[55]. ...
Recent developments in the biochemical and medicinal industries have been heavily focused on producing affordable glucose biosensors due to the continuous annual increase of diabetic patients worldwide. The development of a fast, accurate, and reliable glucose sensor will increase confidence in controlling diabetes mellitus and its associated health complications among the diabetic community. Electrospinning is a versatile method that can produce complex nanofibrous assemblies with attractive and functional characteristics from various polymers. Electrospun nanofibers demonstrated high efficiency in the immobilization of biological molecules, which can improve the sensing performance further. Integration of polymer electrospun nanofibers with metal nanoparticles, metal oxide or transition metal in producing nanobiocomposites is also a highly popular approach in the past few years. This report presents the current progress and research trends of the technique, focusing on various materials and fabrication strategies used to produce biosensing interfaces. This helps readers decide the suitable approach in designing highly sensitive, selective, fast, and inexpensive glucose sensors.
... None of these papers has conducted in vivo experiments to study the remodeling properties of vascular membranes. [26,30,53,54] We compared the mechanical properties (burst pressure) of our electrospun scaffolds with the autologous grafts, which are today's gold standard for vascular bypass surgeries. [55] And found the burst pressure range of the great saphenous vein was 1680-3900 mmHg, [56]and that of the internal mammary artery was 2000-3196 mmHg. ...
Substitution or bypass is the most effective treatment for vascular occlusive diseases.
The demand for artificial blood vessels has seen an unprecedented rise due to the limited supply of autologous blood vessels. Tissue engineering is the best approach to provide artificial blood vessels. In this study, a new type of small-diameter artificial blood vessel with good mechanical and biological properties was designed by using electrospinning coaxial fibers. Four groups of coaxial fibers vascular membranes having polyurethane/gelatin core-shell structure were cross-linked by the EDC-NHS system and characterized. The core-shell structure of the coaxial vascular fibers was observed by transmission electron microscope. After the crosslinking, the stress and elastic modulus increased and the elongation decreased, burst pressure of 0.11 group reached the maximum (2844.55 ± 272.65 mmHg) after cross-linking, which acted as the experimental group. Masson staining identified blue-stained ring or elliptical gelatin ingredients in the vascular wall. The cell number in the vascular wall of the coaxial group was found in muscle embedding experiment significantly higher than that of the non-coaxial group at all time points(p < 0.001). Our results showed that the coaxial vascular graft with the ratio of 0.2:0.11 had better mechanical properties (burst pressure reached 2844.55 ± 272.65 mmHg); Meanwhile its biological properties were also outstanding, which was beneficial to cell entry and offered good vascular remodeling performance.
Polyurethane (PU); Gelatin (Gel); Polycaprolactone (PCL); polylactic acid (PLA);1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC); N-Hydroxy succinimide (NHS); 4-Morpholine-ethane-sulfonic (MES); phosphate buffered saline (PBS); fetal calf serum (FCS); Minimum Essential Medium (MEM); Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); hematoxylin-eosin (HE).
