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The design and structure of the supramolecular self-assembly PAH wrapped SnO2 anode (a) and the electron transfer pathways established by MWCNTs (b)
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Here, a supramolecular self-assembly hydrogel was designed for SnO2-based anode through electrostatic interaction and ionic bonding between poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) chain and gelator phytic acid. Microrheology measurement was employed to investigate the self-sorting mechanism of the hierarchical nanostructured PAH. Results confirmed tha...
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The gelation of a hydrophobically-modified hyaluronic acid aqueous solution which shows a lower critical solution temperature at about 25 ℃ was investigated by multi-particle tracking microrheology. Linear viscoelasiticity of the gelling system is converted from the microrheological data. The critical gelling temperature Tgel = 36.3 ℃ was determine...
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... Adjusting the band structure of MOS materials through doping [18,19] or creating heterojunctions (p-n, n-n) by combining different MOS materials [20,21] can also improve sensing performance. Furthermore, decorating MOS surfaces with noble metals can significantly enhance sensing performance by improving surface properties through direct electronic interaction or enhancing the catalytic activity of the metals [22][23][24]. Integrating MOS materials with 2D nanomaterials boasting high specific surface areas has been demonstrated to be a highly effective strategy for achieving a synergistic effect between these components [25,26]. ...
In this study, a novel acetone detection strategy is developed by utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets combined with ZnFe2O4/ZnO yolk–shell microspheres (ZnFe2O4/ZnO YSM), prepared through template-free solvothermal synthesis. The gas sensing performance of the ZnFe2O4/ZnO/g-C3N4 composites was systematically evaluated by comparing them to ZnFe2O4/ZnO YSM. Especially, the sensor based on 20 wt% g-C3N4 of ZnFe2O4/ZnO/g-C3N4 exhibited superior sensing properties to 500 ppm acetone at 300 °C, as well as excellent response-recovery characterizes (8 s/79 s) and long-term stability over 45 days. The improved acetone sensing mechanism may be attributed to the unique yolk-shell microsphere structure and extended charge transfer within the n-n heterojunction of ZnFe2O4/ZnO/g-C3N4. This work provides a novel approach of developing acetone sensors with rapid detection capabilities and low power consumption.
... 19 Active binders are typically ionized polymers (known as polyelectrolytes) bearing charged and/or redox-active functional groups along the main polymeric backbone. Some examples of active binders studied for different applications include poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly (diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), 20 poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), 21 poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), 22 poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), 23 and "green" alternatives such as polysaccharides like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 24,25 alginates, 26 and lignosulfonate (LS). 27 LS is a versatile material which has been recently trialed as a polyelectrolyte in ESDs. ...
... Compared with polymerization, conductive hydrogels prepared by self-assembly can typically achieve weaker interactions such as p-p stacking, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. [126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137] Accordingly, better functionalities, mechanical properties, and interfacial affinity can be achieved for self-assembled hydrogels, improving the biocompatibility of synthetic polymers. 38 Moreover, self-assembly plays a vital role in generating multifunctional conductive hydrogels in comparison with the copolymerization and doping strategies because no reactions are involved during this process. ...
... Thus, they are the desirable materials in exible electronic devices and biomaterial synthesis. [132][133][134] Electrostatic interactions are frequently employed to design conductive hydrogels via self-assembly, which refers to two groups of molecules with opposite charges attracted to each other, 145 forming a noncovalent interaction and contributing to the driven force to generate conductive hydrogels through selfassembly. Typically, the self-assembly process takes place between small natural molecules or polymer chains. ...
... Typically, the self-assembly process takes place between small natural molecules or polymer chains. 132,133 For example, Patel et al. reported a hydrogel-based nanocomposite brous lm fabricated by conductive graphene and two kinds of biocompatible polysaccharides (chitosan and gellan gum). 132 The existence of electrostatic interactions between positivelycharged chitosan and negatively-charged gellan gum contributes to the main driving force of self-assembly. ...
Over the past decades, electronic skins (e-skins) have attracted significant attention owing to their feasibility of applications in health monitoring, motion detection, and entertainment. As a class of soft materials, conductive hydrogels feature biocompatibility, stretchability, adhesiveness, and self-healing properties, making them one of the most important candidates for high-performance e-skins. However, profound challenges remain for achieving the combination of superior mechanical strength and conductivity of conductive hydrogels simultaneously without sacrificing their multifunctionalities. Herein, a framework for rational designs to fabricate conductive hydrogels are proposed, including the fundamental strategies of copolymerization, doping, and self-assembly. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of their merits and demerits when the conductive hydrogels are fabricated in different ways. Furthermore, the recent progress and future perspective for conductive hydrogels in terms of electronic skins are highlighted.
... Transition metal oxides such as SnO 2 [1], Fe 2 O 3 [2], Co 3 O 4 [3], TiO 2 [4], MnO 2 [5], NiFe 2 O 4 [6], and MnCo 2 O 4 [7] with a rational design and tailored synthesis have stood out from the next generation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) candidate materials. Especially, the SnO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures, two of the most important functional semiconductor materials, have already exhibited wide-ranging applications in various fields, such as photocatalysts, gas sensors, and solar cells [8][9][10][11]. ...
SnO2/Fe2O3 composites with a novel heterojunction nanostructure are successfully prepared via a facile two-step hydrothermal method. Fe2O3 nanoparticles with an average size of ~ 15 nm are found to attach onto the surface of SnO2 nanosheets with the diameter about 300 nm. The reversible capacity, cycling stability, and rate performance of the as-prepared nanocomposites are significantly improved compared with SnO2 or Fe2O3, which may be due to the synergistic effect between SnO2 nanosheets and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Therefore, as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, SnO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposites deliver a high initial discharge and reversible capacity of 2174.9 mAh g−1 and 1022 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1 and after 100 cycles, respectively. Even at the current density of 1000 mA g−1, the reversible capacity can still keep at 683 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, which might be a good candidate for high-performance lithium ion batteries.
... As one of the essential battery components, binders can greatly influence the physicochemical properties of the electrode [16][17][18]. A suitable binder with excellent electrochemical properties and good capacity retention can be required by considering the various characteristics adequately [19][20][21], such as effective binding of different active material, sufficient adhesion to the current collector, high melting points, good insolubility into electrolyte, and wide potential window with a stable chemical/electrochemical property [22][23][24]. PVDF is the most popular binder for LIBs and SIBs due to its good binding capability and electrochemical stability. ...
Electrochemical properties of the graphite electrode in potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) depend on the selection of the proper binder. The results in our experiment show that compared with the conventional binders of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMCNa), the polyacrylate sodium (PAANa) binder can greatly improve the electrochemical performance during the potassiation and depotassiation. Specifically, the initial discharge and charge capacity of the graphite-PAANa electrode are 415.4 and 238.5 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. Even after 50 cycles, it still has a high charge capacity retention of 96.9%. Considering the good swelling property of the PAANa binder, the adhesive and mechanical strength of composite electrodes are obviously enhanced. In addition, the graphite-PAANa electrode can also decrease the electrolyte decomposition on the graphite particle surface and restrain the capacity fading resulted from the repeatedly volume expansion.
... SnO 2 is a wide band gap n-type MOS material with a band gap width of 3.62 eV at room temperature. It is widely used in various fields such as photocatalysts [16,17], solar cells [18,19], lithium-ion batteries [20,21] and gas sensors [22][23][24]. As a gas sensor, SnO 2 is one of the most widely considered gas sensitive materials due to its better gas sensitivity to various organic and toxic gases. ...
Developing the triethylamine sensor with excellent sensitivity and selectivity is important for detecting the triethylamine concentration change in the environment. In this work, flower-like CeO2-SnO2 composites with different contents of CeO2 were successfully synthesized by the one-step hydrothermal reaction. Some characterization methods were used to research the morphology and structure of the samples. Gas-sensing performance of the CeO2-SnO2 gas sensor was also studied and the results show that the flower-like CeO2-SnO2 composite showed an enhanced gas-sensing property to triethylamine compared to that of pure SnO2. The response value of the 5 wt.% CeO2 content composite based sensor to 200 ppm triethylamine under the optimum working temperature (310 °C) is approximately 3.8 times higher than pure SnO2. In addition, CeO2-SnO2 composite is also significantly more selective for triethylamine than pure SnO2 and has better linearity over a wide range of triethylamine concentrations. The improved gas-sensing mechanism of the composites toward triethylamine was also carefully discussed.
... As an n-type metal oxide semiconductor, tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) has a wide band gap of Eg = 3.6 eV and excellent optical and electrical properties. SnO 2 have been one of the most extensive studied materials due to its wide applications including in transparent conductive electrodes and transistors (Liu et al., 2018;Satoh et al., 2018), lithium-ion batteries (Zhao et al., 2016;Shi et al., 2017), dye-sensitized solar cells (Hagfeldt et al., 2010), photocatalysis (Aslam et al., 2018;Praus et al., 2018) and gas sensors (Narjinary et al., 2017;Long et al., 2018;Xu et al., 2018). For gas sensing application, SnO 2 and SnO 2 based composites also show admirable gas sensing properties like lowcost, low detection limit, fast response and recovery, high response and good stability (Yan et al., 2015;Cao et al., 2017;Kim et al., 2017). ...
... The presence of this supramolecular binder coating acted to suppress the aggregation of SnO 2 particles, and its ability to self-heal allowed for a robust structure capable of withstanding volume changes after repeated Li insertion cycles. Specifically, the specific capacity of an uncoated SnO 2 sample was 169 mAh/g after 70 cycles, compared to a coated 60 wt % PAH sample, which retained a specific capacity around 500 mAh/g after 70 cycles [75]. ...
Traditionally, gels have been defined by their covalently cross-linked polymer networks. Supramolecular gels challenge this framework by relying on non-covalent interactions for self-organization into hierarchical structures. This class of materials offers a variety of novel and exciting potential applications. This review draws together recent advances in supramolecular gels with an emphasis on their proposed uses as optoelectronic, energy, biomedical, and biological materials. Additional special topics reviewed include environmental remediation, participation in synthesis procedures, and other industrial uses. The examples presented here demonstrate unique benefits of supramolecular gels, including tunability, processability, and self-healing capability, enabling a new approach to solve engineering challenges.
... As an n-type metal-oxide semiconductor, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) has wide applications in many fields, such as lithium-ion batteries [1], photocatalysis [2], and gas sensors [3]. SnO 2 has been investigated as a typical semiconductor gas sensor to ethanol because of its unique chemical properties and crystal structure [4]. ...
Flower-like SnO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method by using SnCl4·5H2O and urea as the precursor. The structure and morphology of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (FESEM and TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) techniques. SnO2 displays the unique 3D flower-like microstructure assembled with many uniform nanorods with the lengths and diameters of about 400–600 nm and 50–100 nm, respectively. For the SnO2/g-C3N4 composites, SnO2 flower-like nanorods were coupled by a lamellar structure 2D g-C3N4. Gas sensing performance test results indicated that the response of the sensor based on 7 wt. % 2D g-C3N4-decorated SnO2 composite to 500 ppm ethanol vapor was 150 at 340 °C, which was 3.5 times higher than that of the pure flower-like SnO2 nanorods-based sensor. The gas sensing mechanism of the g-C3N4nanosheets-decorated SnO2 flower-like nanorods was discussed in relation to the heterojunction structure between g-C3N4 and SnO2.
... Moreover, nanomaterials normally have a larger surface area, which make them difficult to mix well with polymer binders [21]. Recently, in-situ synthesis methods have been carried out to grow nanocomposite on charge collector foils, benefit from no addition of any polymer binders, the asprepared sample presents improved electrochemical performances in lithium storage application [17,[21][22][23][24]. For example, Ui et al. [18] used an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method to prepare a http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.052 0169-4332/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ...
This paper reported a SnO2/N-doped graphene nanocomposite (SnO2/N-Gr) electrode which was prepared by a laser in-situ synthesis method. When demonstrated as anodes for lithium storage, the SnO2/N-Gr electrode showed improved lithium storage capacities and rate performance. In details, a reversible capacity of 830 mAh g⁻¹ was obtained after 300 cycles at a current density of 300 mA g⁻¹, and when the current density increased up to 3 A g⁻¹, the SnO2/N-Gr electrode revealed a high reversible capacity of 600 mAh g⁻¹. It was proven that the excellent electrochemical performance mainly related to a hybrid lithium storage mechanism which combined with alloying and insertion reactions. By introducing huge numbers of micropores and defects on graphene sheets, N-doping increased the number of hosts for lithium insertion and enhanced the Li⁺ diffusion rate in graphene sheets, so both of lithium storage capacities and rate performance were effectively improved. The SnO2/N-Gr electrode had a short preparing procedure and good electrochemical performance, which hold potential for development of next generation lithium ion batteries with high specific capacities and good rate performance.
