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Drawing on Graeme’s published and unpublished work, as well as his long-term collaborations with two of us, we identify strands of thought that Graeme kept returning to and refining over the course of his career. We trace the evolution of four key points that he often reiterated: (1) The migration-environment relationship is complex and oversimplif...
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... Regarding environmental migration, economic conditions are identified as one of the five key drivers determining migration decisions (Black et al., 2011). Migration is one key instrument for improving economic conditions (Bardsley & Hugo, 2010;Gamlen et al., 2018). Thus, it is expected that people facing hazards that threaten their livelihood would be likelier to choose migration, while economically solvent people will stay put. ...
Migration is often understood to be a livelihood strategy to cope with the effects of environmental threats and climate change. Yet, the extent to which migration decisions differ due to the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events has been little explored. This paper employs household surveys in southwestern Bangladesh to explore this research gap. A multinominal regression model is used to simulate reported future migration decisions (200 sample households) in the context of both rapid-onset (i.e. cyclone and flood) and slow-onset (salinity, siltation, and riverbank erosion) environmental phenomena. Results show: i) previous disaster experience and increasing conflict in the community motivate migration in the near future in the context of slow-onset phenomena (salinity); (ii) economic strength and self-efficacy increase non-migration intention in both contexts of sudden and slow-onset events; and (iii) the extent and pattern of these influences on migration differ across demographics, including education, religion, and age. Importantly, this analysis shows that the relationship between migration decisions and the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events is influenced by socioeconomic conditions. Therefore, this research supports future adaptation planning specifically tailored to the type and exposure of extreme environmental events.
Taking into account the scenarios and categories identified in the previous chapter, we go on to elaborate on the research grid of analysis in the current one. We elaborate on two pillars: the territory (1) and the protection requirements regarding forced internal climate migrants (2). From the outset, we must acknowledge the chapter’s limitations: we justify the protection requirements based on formal validity (i.e. sources of the identified rights, within positive law), but the sociological component would allow for the consolidating of human rights contributions to address the phenomenon (e.g. through fieldwork).
