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Background: In a field of digital forensic science, we have struggled to prove and keep any evidence in its most original form. The seized source of color laser printers in forgery crimes has been still an awkward issue today in digital forensic labs for identification. Till now no any scientific method has reported at all over the world that could...
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... this step, we have converted a hard copy of a color laser printout into a digital data (soft copy). A raster image or bitmap image is a digital data copy that has contained all details about the scanned image as given in (Fig. 2). a b Fig. 11 (a) The RGB mode representation of the actual printed date of the printing process in black dots, (b) The grayscale representation for the calculated date (5/2/2018) in red, green and brown circles Fig. 12 The visualizations of all distances measured in the grayscale mode for the coded dots matrix embedded in a color laser printout of ...
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... copy). A raster image or bitmap image is a digital data copy that has contained all details about the scanned image as given in (Fig. 2). a b Fig. 11 (a) The RGB mode representation of the actual printed date of the printing process in black dots, (b) The grayscale representation for the calculated date (5/2/2018) in red, green and brown circles Fig. 12 The visualizations of all distances measured in the grayscale mode for the coded dots matrix embedded in a color laser printout of Xerox® ...
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... this step, we have measured all distances (both inside and outside the basic units -see Fig. 12) concerning with the tracking dots that have formed the security features for each color laser printout. In these measure- ments, we have used Adobe® Photoshop® CC 2018 for tracking all security features at zoom 100% to the original images. Moreover, we have calibrated all measurements against live measurements carried out directly on ...
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Printer forensics is a sub-branch of digital forensic science encompassing the identification of the source of any printout by different means. Over the world, still today, there is no digital forensic lab able to identify the source of the color laser printer seized in forgery crimes by a certain scientific method. Therefore, the determination for...
Recently, in forensic science studies, identification of the source of color laser printouts is one of the most challenging issues that hinder forensic document examiners. Although various methods for establishing the identity of the source of color laser printouts are currently available worldwide, none of those methods approaches an accuracy and...
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... All over the world, the standard strategies applied for printer identification are classified into passive and active modes [2][3][4][5]. The passive mode, including the intrinsic features, accompanied the printer machines and was named an intrinsic signature [5][6][7]. ...
... The intrinsic signatures are artifacts that may be created via optical, electrical, or mechanical limitations of the printer machines [8][9][10]. This strategy is utilized in monochromic and color laser printers [2][3][4][5]11]. For an active mode, all extrinsic features embedded in printed documents are explored [12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... For an active mode, all extrinsic features embedded in printed documents are explored [12][13][14][15][16]. The extrinsic signature is only utilized for the identification of color laser printers [2,3,17,18]. The extrinsic signatures embedded in a color laser printout fall in the category of steganography [2,3]. ...
Recently, in forensic science studies, identification of the source of color laser printouts is one of the most challenging issues that hinder forensic document examiners. Although various methods for establishing the identity of the source of color laser printouts are currently available worldwide, none of those methods approaches an accuracy and precision of 100%. The coded dot matrix patterns are state-of-the-art prototypes of steganography based on the active technique. Upon tracking the coded dot matrix patterns of all investigated color laser printouts, the identity and uniqueness can be determined, respectively. In the current paper, nineteen variant brands of color laser printer machines were selected. The advanced security features embedded in their printouts have steganalysis and grouped them into two broad categories. A direct model of hyperspectral analysis integrated with video spectral comparator Regula® 4307 was applied. The complete identification of the investigated color laser printouts was achieved. The decisive degree of the results reached one hundred percent for the investigated color laser in this study. Moreover, the novel classification scheme of coded dot matrix patterns presents for completing the individual characteristics.
... The RGB mode was used for separating the scanned images into three channels. And the geometry arrangement of the RGB color pattern represented with cylindrical-coordinate via Hue, saturation, Fig. 1 The five defined steps for determination the identity and uniqueness of the candidate color laser printouts and lightness (HSL) was adopted as illustrated in the previous work (Salim and Abdalla 2018), and these procedures are included in details in the video Additional file 1. ...
Printer forensics is a sub-branch of digital forensic science encompassing the identification of the source of any printout by different means. Over the world, still today, there is no digital forensic lab able to identify the source of the color laser printer seized in forgery crimes by a certain scientific method. Therefore, the determination for the identity and uniqueness of color laser printouts have become one of the most challenging recently investigated in digital forensic labs. In the present study, one type of the most common brand of color laser printers called Ricoh® was selected. Three defined steps, printing, scanning, and extracting, were applied to measure and calculate the obtained data for achieving our target. Adobe Creative Cloud Photoshop 2018 was used as a forensic tool for image processing. In our study, 400 color laser printout samples from 93 Ricoh® color laser printers with different serial numbers were investigated. The study results successfully present the basic coded dot matrix pattern (CDMP) that characterizes and corresponds to the Ricoh® color laser machines with a 100% accuracy ratio. The determination of identity and uniqueness of color laser printouts of Ricoh® brand was achieved with a high accuracy ratio (100%). Adobe Creative Cloud Photoshop 2018 was a versatile software applied as a steganalysis tool for extracting the steganography information embedded in all undertaken color laser printouts.
... The RGB mode was used for separating the scanned images into three channels. And the geometry arrangement of the RGB color pattern represented with cylindrical-coordinate via Hue, saturation, Fig. 1 The five defined steps for determination the identity and uniqueness of the candidate color laser printouts and lightness (HSL) was adopted as illustrated in the previous work (Salim and Abdalla 2018), and these procedures are included in details in the video Additional file 1. ...
In today’s digital world, printer forensics is one of themost important disciplines to reveal the authenticity of printeddocuments and track criminals. Digital steganographyis an advanced approach to secure color laser printing processes,but it cannot be applied to monochrome laser printers.Therefore, the identity of the machine used to print colorquestioned documents provides a valuable means for detectingforgery crimes in digital forensic labs and law enforcementagencies. Based on this, we introduced a new forensicmethod that unveils the steganography (hidden information)embedded in color laser printouts via an adopted preset inAdobe® Photoshop® CC 2018. This forensic tool can be appliedas a nondestructive and indirect tool for image processing.In the present work, printing, scanning, extraction, andmeasurements for the embedded tracking dots of candidatecolor laser printouts were conducted.Thirty-five HP® color laser printers were selected withdifferent and same models with different serial numbers andused to print a hundred color laser printouts.The defined coded dots matrix patterns that characterizedthe color laser machines of the HP® brand could clearly bedetermined.Therefore, this procedure could successfully be appliedto distinguish between various color laser printouts printedby HP® printers with a variant serial number in digital forensiclabs with a conclusive accuracy ratio attained to onehundred percent.
