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This paper highlights the different ideologies in the history of the conservation movement. It shows a long progress of theories implied through history since it started in early classical ages until the modern globalisation era, and highlights certain points as optimistic strategy to be applied in the conservation of historic city. The ideologies'...
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... Thorp (2014) argues that historical awareness is an important concept related to the totality of history and historical understanding, so an in-depth perspective on history and individual conceptions of history is needed. Several indicators of historical awareness, such as appreciating the meaning and nature of history for the present and the future; knowing themselves and their people; cultivating history for the development of national culture; and keeping up the nation's historical heritage (Zeayter and Mansour 2018). ...
This research aims to identify the potential of historical sites in Padang City during the physical revolution in building historical awareness in students, and Indonesia's main tourism assets. This study uses qualitative methods from various sources including field observations of historical sites in Padang City. Data processing is carried out by data reduction, namely sorting, and selecting relevant data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results show that historical sites in Padang City have the potential to build historical awareness. Some of these historical sites include the Jong Sumatranen Monument, the Red-White Monument, Joang 45 the Indonesian Youth Information Center (BPPI) Building, the People's Struggle Monument of Gaung, and Simpang Haru Monument/Padang Area Monument. The conclusion of this research is to develop historical awareness. This can be seen from the variety of values that can be developed to help students understand local history, thereby helping to build students' historical awareness starting from their immediate environment.
... The important inscriptions of John Ruskin and William Morris were the milestones of the conservation movement, where the debate about the essentials of conservation of ancient buildings started in England. John Ruskin established his approach, it was known as "conservative repair" or "preservation", where he demanded "maintenance, conservation and protection" and was against destroying the originality of historic and ancient buildings (Zeayter & Mansour, 2017). ...
... Scientific restoration was considered integrated approach in conservation by Gustavo Giovannoni. His perspective of "improving urban fabric" to integrate conservation and modern needs through excluding heavy car movement from inside the historic areas, concentrating on the refinement of their hygiene and social aspects beside the conservation of ancient buildings (Zeayter & Mansour, 2017). ...
The philosophy of nations across the globe is to value and take pride on what is local. But in some areas of Egypt, you may find local community see what is local as of lower worth and value. A percentage of the new generations that is not few are not proud of their local urban heritage. According to Paul Oliver's conception of tradition and focusing on the concept of "Handing Down" to provide a crucial key to understanding traditional architecture and built environments where it explains the actual process of transmission from one generation to another. The research aims to demonstrate the concept of tradition and heritage and how heritage conservation movement evolved. It tackles two cities as case studies, the leading city is Bologna in Italy and then discussing a potential city, Fuwa in Egypt, which can follow the steps of the European project. Paul Oliver's debate initiates many questions, such as, what happened to the "Handing Down" process of tradition or in other words, heritage in the community of Fuwa. Also, the research discusses how urban regeneration as a strategy can be a tool of reviving tradition and heritage.
... In recent years, the continent's rich ecology of architectural education, practice and innovation has kept it at the forefront of global trends, most recently on sustainable urbanisation (Beatley 2012), while its preserved historic urban environments and vociferous heritage movement has kept development practices in the most sensitive locations tethered to their historical roots (Zeayter and Mansour 2017). Arguably the incarnations of these traditions have not always led to positive outcomes, with the worst excesses of neo-traditional pastiche, cardependant suburbia and international architecture around the globe each showing a direct lineage back to earlier European ideas and practices (respectively the Arts and Crafts movement and garden cities, both from the UK, and Beaux-Arts and Modernist ideas hailing from continental Europe), even though incarnations in Europe itself have often been more constrained than elsewhere. ...
Urban Design Governance takes a deep dive into the governance of urban design around Europe. It examines interventions in the means and processes of designing the built environment as devised by public authorities and other stakeholders across the continent. In particular, the focus is on the use of soft powers and allied financial mechanisms to influence design quality in the public interest. In doing so, the book traces the scope, use and effectiveness of the range of informal (non-regulatory) urban design governance tools that governments, municipalities and others have at their disposal.
Developed from the Urban Maestro project, a joint initiative of the United Nations Human Settlement programme (UN-Habitat), UCL and the Brussels Bouwmeester Maître Architecte (BMA), Urban Design Governance offers the first panorama of informal urban design governance tools from across Europe, and places the tools within a theoretical and analytical framework with the potential to be applied locally and internationally. Last, the book discusses and reveals the essential pre-requisites for the effective governance of urban design.
Governments everywhere are increasingly seeing these sorts of tools as part of a necessary investment in delivering the high-quality built environments that their residents, businesses and investors demand. This book shows how.
... However, these agreements only acknowledged the importance of protecting cultural property without providing specific regulations, measures, or limitations to ensure such protection. [8]. ...
The reconstruction of historic cities is a complicated challenge that has been faced using different principles diachronically. Historic cities that have suffered severe damage are areas that need to be replanned to preserve their urban characteristics and adjust to their residents’ needs. This paper aims to examine the principles of urban preservation according to the terms of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) principles, which consider historic centers as living organisms that need to be adjusted to modern society’s needs. The examined case study is the historic center of Aleppo and its post-war reconstruction. The research focuses on the five physical elements below: the site’s morphology, geomorphology, and natural features; its built environment, historic or contemporary; its infrastructures; its open spaces and gardens; its land use patterns and “spatial organization”. It proposes policies and spatial forms for its reconstruction according to the HUL’s principles: more specifically, it proposes plans and strategies for the historic center’s regeneration in the fields of land uses, building regulations, transportation networks, and green public spaces, taking into account several factors: the inhabitants, the stakeholders, UNESCO’s regulations, and the cultural value of the built environment. Finally, it underlines the importance of community engagement for the city’s regeneration in terms of HUL.
... Na área patrimonial, verificou-se uma evolução do conceito e tipologias do património cultural, desde o reconhecimento inicial dos 'monumentos históricos' e, a partir dos anos 1950, do alargamento progressivo a outras tipologias como a arquitetura vernácula, os centros históricos e as paisagens culturais, até à recente atenção aos valores imateriais do património edificado (Choay, 2006(Choay, [1982; Choay, 2005;Desvallées, 2003;Jokilehto, 1986;Poulot, 1998;Zeayter & Mansour, 2018). No que se refere à noção de 'cidade histórica', a proteção, conservação e gestão do património cultural encontra-se hoje intimamente ligada à forma de pensar as cidades de uma perspetiva holística que extravasa os centros históricos enquanto lugares de memória materiais, simbólicos e funcionais (Nora, 1993;Silvano, 2003) para, recorrendo ao conceito de 'paisagem urbana', considerar a cidade e as suas envolventes como um todo complexo e interdependente, com múltiplos atributos, valores, requisitos e valências, que deve ser pensada, preservada e gerida como um todo coerente e sustentável (Choay, 2006(Choay, [1982; Bandarin & Van Oers, 2012;Pace, 2021b;Zeayter & Mansour, 2018). ...
... Na área patrimonial, verificou-se uma evolução do conceito e tipologias do património cultural, desde o reconhecimento inicial dos 'monumentos históricos' e, a partir dos anos 1950, do alargamento progressivo a outras tipologias como a arquitetura vernácula, os centros históricos e as paisagens culturais, até à recente atenção aos valores imateriais do património edificado (Choay, 2006(Choay, [1982; Choay, 2005;Desvallées, 2003;Jokilehto, 1986;Poulot, 1998;Zeayter & Mansour, 2018). No que se refere à noção de 'cidade histórica', a proteção, conservação e gestão do património cultural encontra-se hoje intimamente ligada à forma de pensar as cidades de uma perspetiva holística que extravasa os centros históricos enquanto lugares de memória materiais, simbólicos e funcionais (Nora, 1993;Silvano, 2003) para, recorrendo ao conceito de 'paisagem urbana', considerar a cidade e as suas envolventes como um todo complexo e interdependente, com múltiplos atributos, valores, requisitos e valências, que deve ser pensada, preservada e gerida como um todo coerente e sustentável (Choay, 2006(Choay, [1982; Bandarin & Van Oers, 2012;Pace, 2021b;Zeayter & Mansour, 2018). ...
... Líbano (Zeayter & Mansour, 2018) e Palestina (Ronchi, 2020). ...
A investigação visa compreender a relação entre desenvolvimento sustentável e património cultural na perspetiva dos processos participativos, mediante a revisão dos fundamentos teóricos da exigência de participação nos processos patrimoniais, do exame da sua transposição para os normativos patrimoniais internacionais e operacionalização no contexto da abordagem da paisagem histórica urbana. Após a clarificação do conceito de participação na sua relação com a democracia, a sustentabilidade e a patrimonialização, a construção de um Thesaurus temático de termos e expressões participativos a partir da análise de conteúdo das disposições participativas em treze normativos patrimoniais relacionados com a Recomendação sobre a Paisagem Histórica Urbana, adotada pela UNESCO em 2011, abarcando um arco temporal entre 1972 e 2019, permitiu deduzir e relacionar formas de participação, sujeitos participantes e as áreas patrimoniais, revelando as relações de participação recomendadas. A aplicação desta metodologia a 26 estudos sobre a abordagem da paisagem histórica urbana, selecionados devido à sua relevância para o tema em estudo, e às respostas de Estados Membros da UNESCO e de municípios portugueses a um questionário UNESCO de 2018, permitiu aferir como são percebidos pelos investigadores e se desenvolvem em diferentes zonas geográficas os processos patrimoniais participativos. A investigação revelou as concordâncias e discrepâncias entre as recomendações nos documentos reguladores, os resultados das investigações no terreno, e o reporte dos países a nível mundial e dos municípios portugueses. Esta compreensão acrescida dos processos participativos no âmbito da abordagem da paisagem histórica urbana e dos processos patrimoniais em geral, permitirá a elaboração de documentos patrimoniais reguladores mais precisos e objetivos, o estudo aprofundado e minucioso dos processos patrimoniais do ponto de vista da participação, e a implementação de processos participativos criteriosos, abrangentes e democráticos, contribuindo assim para alcançar vários Objetivos e Metas da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas.
The research aims at understanding the relationship between sustainable development and cultural heritage from the perspective of participatory processes, through the revision of the theoretical framework of participation requirements in heritage processes, the examination of its transposition into international regulatory documents and operationalization in the context of the historic urban landscape approach. After clarifying the concept of participation in its relationship with democracy, sustainability and heritage classification, the construction of a thematic Thesaurus of participatory terms and expressions anchored in the content analysis of participatory provisions in thirteen regulatory heritage documents adopted between 1972 and 2019 and related to the UNESCO 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, made it possible to deduce and relate forms of participation, participants and heritage areas, revealing the recommended participatory relationships. The application of this methodology to 26 studies on the historic urban landscape approach, selected due to their relevance to the subject of the investigation, and also to the responses of UNESCO Member States and Portuguese municipalities to a UNESCO 2018 questionnaire, enabled the assessment of how researchers perceive participation, and how participatory heritage processes are developed in different geographical areas. The investigation revealed the correspondences and discrepancies among the recommendations in regulatory documents, the results of field investigations, and the reporting of countries worldwide and Portuguese municipalities. This enhanced the understanding of participatory processes in the context of the historic urban landscape approach and heritage processes in general, contributes to the development of more accurate and objective regulatory heritage documents, to accomplish thorough and detailed studies about heritage participation processes, and to the implementation of more judicious, comprehensive and democratic participatory processes, thus contributing to achieve several Goals and Targets of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/13572
... Therefore, no officially recognized small conservation areas or neighborhoods are omitted by heritage laws (Rodwell 2003). Studies on historic districts in Western countries frequently focus on urban morphological features (Colaninno, Roca, and Pfeffer 2011), building renovation restrictions and guidance (Yukinobu 2000), urban landscape formation (Zeayter and Mansour 2018), and multidisciplinary connections in the conservation of historic district landscapes (Fiorino and Pirinu 2017). According to Cai, Liu, and Xin (2021), P-HCA is a concept based on a unique historic district neighborhood preservation policy system in China, which can be defined as "old neighborhoods that are not designated as DHCA by the government but have certain characteristics of street style and cultural heritage". ...
The designation of historic conservation areas (DHCAs) from the cities classified as “National Famous Historical and Cultural City” (NFHC-city) is the key tool for maintaining large-scale historic environments, wherein the boundaries are blurred because of redevelopment. Therefore, exploring potential historic conservation area is fundamentally important. In this study, we examined historic urban areas in 11 old colonial cities (concessions and leased territories) to determine the potential historic conservation areas (P-HCAs). Our results suggest that P-HCAs are characterized by relatively small size, minimal residential use, and irregular morphological boundaries, except in some non-NFHC cities, where P-HCAs are located adjacent to officially protected public and commercial buildings. The DHCA boundaries and extent of urban development influence the storage of P-HCA. The approach and method proposed in this study not only provide reference for the conservation and replenishment of the historic districts in China, but are also applicable for other countries.
... 2 [7]. Zeayter & Mansour [8] chronologically listed conservation theories based on four perspectives of approaches, the physical approach, the socioeconomic approach, the administrative approach, and the public approach. The four conceptual approaches evolved from 1789, with trends of thoughts and significant global events, such as religious affections and military conflicts. ...
... The four conceptual approaches evolved from 1789, with trends of thoughts and significant global events, such as religious affections and military conflicts. Two opposing groups of conserving historic properties, especially worthy objects or structures, emerged in the 1840s, for instance, "stylistic restoration by Viollet-Le-Duc" aiming to achieve the intact form, while "anti-restoration by John Ruskin" insisting on preserving without human intervention [8]. Theories of conservation remained controversial but the extended definition of restoration established by Alois Riegl reflects not only physical buildings but also conceptual value in an entire urban area, such as memorial stories and urban identity [9]. ...
... The Venice Charter, which represents many charters on a greater scale of urban conservation, firstly recognised an official historic area in 1964 [10]. The charter indicated the commencement of the Traditional Continuity-Planning and Management Approach-International and Universal Ownership [8]. New conservation theories in the postwar normal have shown interest in cultural tourism and sustainable management of heritage in the built and social environment [2]. ...
... Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün miras koruma konusundaki temel hedefi, şimdiki ve gelecekteki çevresel, toplumsal ve ekonomik ihtiyaçları dikkate almaktır. Buna göre temel hedefte koruma, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın önemine vurgu yapmaktadır (Zeayter ve Mansour, 2018). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, kentsel koruma ve planlama alanında önemli bir motivasyon kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. ...
Z Kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilirliği somut ve somut olmayan kültürel varlıkların koruma, kullanma ve yaşatma dengesini dikkate alan, sunum ve yorumlama teknikleri ile turizm ve ziyaretçi yönetimini planlayan, risk faktörlerini azaltan ve önleyen, katılımcı yaklaşımla yerel kalkınmayı destekleyen, yönetim ve organizasyon yapısını geliştirilebilir kılan, miras bilinci oluşturan, akılcı ve bütüncül bir planlama anlayışına sahip yönetim planına bağlıdır. Bu bağlamda, yönetim planı olmayan kültürel miras alanlarının sürdürülebilir korunması söz konusu değildir. Buna göre araştırma, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ilkelerinin Türkiye'deki on iki Dünya Mirası Alanı yönetim planına ne kadar dâhil edildiğini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma yöntemi, içerik analizine dayanmakta olup üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Birinci aşama, literatür taramasıdır. Bu aşama, araştırma konusuna ait kavramın arka planını (kültürel miras, miras koruma, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve miras koruma ilişkisi, sürdürülebilir miras yönetimi) içermektedir. İkinci aşama, analiz aşamasıdır. Bu aşamada, Türkiye'deki on iki Dünya Miras Alanı'na ait her bir yönetim planı, sürdürülebilirlik boyutu (durum analizi, stratejik uyum, topluluk değeri ve paydaş katılımı) çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü aşama ise sentezdir. Sentez sonucunda on iki Dünya Miras Alanı'na ait yönetim planında sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerinin planlama süreciyle yeterince bütünleşmediği görülmüştür. Yönetim planlarında, miras değerlerine vurgu yapılmasına ve mirasın öneminin farkında olunmasına rağmen ekonomik ve sosyal yapıya yönelik eğilimler ve bağlantılar çoğu planda yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Planların hepsinde paydaşlar çok net olarak belirlenmiştir. Ancak paydaşlar arasındaki ilişkilere, işletmeler, yerli halk ve ziyaretçilerin stratejik hedeflere olan etkilerine çoğunlukla değinilmemiştir. ABSTRACT The sustainability of cultural heritage depends on considering the balance of protection, use, and survival of tangible and intangible cultural assets, planning tourism and visitor management with presentation and interpretation techniques, reducing and preventing risk factors, supporting local development with a participatory approach, making the management and organizational structure developable, creating heritage awareness, rational management plan with a holistic planning approach. In this context, sustainable protection of cultural heritage areas without a management plan is out of the question. Hence, the research aims to ascertain to what extent sustainable development principles are incorporated into the management plans of twelve World Heritage Sites in Turkey. The research method is predicated on content analysis and consists of three stages. The first stage is the literature review. This stage comprises the background of the concept of the research topic (cultural heritage, heritage conservation, the relationship between sustainable development and heritage protection, sustainable heritage protection). The second stage is the analysis stage. At this stage, each management plan of the twelve World Heritage Sites in Turkey was evaluated within the framework of its sustainability dimension (analysis of the situation, strategic alignment, community value and stakeholder engagement). The third stage is synthesis. As a result of the synthesis, it was seen that the sustainability principles in
... Both UNESCO and ICOMOS, through the World Heritage Center, deal with conservation theorists all over the world such as Jukka Jokilehto and Bernard Fielden, who are the authors of conservation and management manuals, and Christina Cameron, the professor of Heritage conservation. The World Heritage Center also considers the most contemporary theorists in this field in addition to Mechtild Rössler, the director of the World Heritage Center and the expert of both cultural and natural heritage, especially Jokilehto, Fielden, and Cameron, who introduced the required balance between conservation and reuse through presenting how to conserve the values and allow for the heritage perform a role in the everyday life of the local and universal communities as well [16]. ...
... All three viewpoints are based on old maps and materials, emphasizing the logic of urban composition [10], and advocate a historic evolutionary perspective to understand the city [11], despite the differences in their approaches. The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) perspective and approach were verified to be an optimum ideology [12], which sees the city as the product of the interaction between the natural environment and human traditions accumulated over time [13], helping protect heritage areas in more sustainable ways [14]. On a theoretical level, two theories can serve as a guide for urban regeneration activity and sustainable development [15]. ...
Regenerating cities must blend modernization and heritage. Both urban morphology and Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) highlight historical processes and may assist in regeneration. Using Chongqing as the study example may further understand mountain cities, which are prevalent worldwide but seldom examined in morphology research. This study explores and organizes the historical modernization of Chongqing’s parent city from early-modern times to the present day using a universal approach established in this research developed by the HUL perspective and research framework, Geographic information system (GIS), Depthmap tool, and historical map translation method. Large-scale modernization occurred prior to the 1980s, followed by more modest rehabilitation projects. The whole procedure is described by the phrase “Construction first, then planning, then transformation,” which entails a “free growth” block structure at the outset, along with planning control. The study contributes the following: (1) Establishing a theoretical framework and research technique for the universal city based on historical sources and modern instruments; (2) Chongqing’s future sustainable development and historical preservation depend in large part on figuring out the city’s complicated modernization history; (3) The study of mountain cities may benefit from understanding the geographical development and spatial dynamic layering of Chongqing. (4) This study bridges the gap in time by going beyond the early modern period covered by the previous ones and into the post-statehood era (1949–2022).
