Figure - available from: Environmental Science and Pollution Research
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
The comparison of three main footprints values about eight battery materials. The values in CFP, WFP, and EFP are the standardization values, not the original footprint values
Source publication
As secondary batteries are becoming the popular production of industry, especial for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the degree of environmental friendliness will gather increasing attention to their products of the whole life cycle. The research combines the life cycle assessment (LCA) and footprint family definition to establish a framework to calc...
Similar publications
Intensive cereal production has brought about increasingly serious environmental threats, including global warming, environmental acidification, and water shortage. As an important grain producer in the world, the rice cultivation system in central China has undergone excessive changes in the past few decades. However, few articles focused on the e...
The year of 2012 marks the 20th anniversary since the concept of ecological footprint was introduced to the global community for the first time. Nowadays footprint studies have gained extensive debates as well as popularity. In this paper, we define the footprint family as an indicator system of selected footprints that measure some aspects of huma...
Dietary improvement not only benefits human health conditions, but also offers the potential to reduce the human food system's environmental impact. With the world's largest population and people's bourgeoning lifestyle, China's food system is set to impose increasing pressures on the environment. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints,...
Background
Farmland expansion has played a major role in wetland degradation in Heilongjiang Province, China in recent decades. Farmland expansion increases the demands for water, thereby affecting wetland water cycles, and promoting the shrinkage of wetland areas and degradation of ecosystem functions. As an open system, agricultural production is...
Despite the declining hunger in Central Asia, food insecurity remains an important issue due to the dry climate. Taking Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan as examples, this study assesses their land-water resources carrying capacity in 1999, 2009, and 2018, on the premise that agricultural water and farmland are spatia...
Citations
... Some of the most useful electroanalytical techniques are based on the concept of continuously changing applied potentials to the electrode/electrolyte interface and their resulting current outputs. In the past three decades, major advances have been witnessed in the fields of electroanalysis technologies, with innovations in the design of electrodes, tailored interfaces, molecular monolayers, transducer types, green electrode materials, ionophore and biomimetic receptors, tags-added nanomaterials, disposable strip electrodes, and flexible skin-worn or wristband wearable platforms for multiplexed bioelectronic assays [2][3][4][5]. On the contrary, there are various immunochemistry or immunohistochemical tools available in the market (distributed by companies like Abbott and Siemens) that claim to be highly sensitive (1-100 pg/mL detection range). ...
... Convention systems that lag in the rapid analysis of clinical samples without enrichment, purification, and/or the addition of reagents remain elusive. Hence, the comparative analysis of classical methods concerning new electrochemical operations is discussed in Section 2. 024, 5 147 for multiplexed bioelectronic assays [2][3][4][5]. On the contrary, there are various immunochemistry or immunohistochemical tools available in the market (distributed by companies like Abbott and Siemens) that claim to be highly sensitive (1-100 pg/mL detection range). ...
Electrochemistry is a hotspot in today’s research arena. Many different domains have been extended for their role towards the Internet of Things, digital health, personalized nutrition, and/or wellness using electrochemistry. These advances have led to a substantial increase in the power and popularity of electroanalysis and its expansion into new phases and environments. The recent COVID-19 pandemic, which turned our lives upside down, has helped us to understand the need for miniaturized electrochemical diagnostic platforms. It also accelerated the role of mobile and wearable, implantable sensors as telehealth systems. The major principle behind these platforms is the role of electrochemical immunoassays, which help in overshadowing the classical gold standard methods (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in terms of accuracy, time, manpower, and, most importantly, economics. Many research groups have endeavoured to use electrochemical and bio-electrochemical tools to overcome the limitations of classical assays (in terms of accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time). This review mainly focuses on the electrochemical technologies used for immunosensing platforms, their fabrication requirements, mechanistic objectives, electrochemical techniques involved, and their subsequent output signal amplifications using a tagged and non-tagged system. The combination of various techniques (optical spectroscopy, Raman scattering, column chromatography, HPLC, and X-ray diffraction) has enabled the construction of high-performance electrodes. Later in the review, these combinations and their utilization will be explained in terms of their mechanistic platform along with chemical bonding and their role in signal output in the later part of article. Furthermore, the market study in terms of real prototypes will be elaborately discussed.
... As a scientific method to evaluate the energy demand and the emissions associated with products' life cycles 28 , LCA has been widely used in product environmental characteristic analysis and decision support. LCA is divided into four stages: objective and scope determination, inventory analysis, evaluation impact analysis and results, and interpretation or optimization of evaluation results 29 . In this study, the footprint family, resource depletion and toxic damage of EV battery packs were evaluated comprehensively by the LCA method. ...
As an important part of electric vehicles, lithium-ion battery packs will have a certain environmental impact in the use stage. To analyze the comprehensive environmental impact, 11 lithium-ion battery packs composed of different materials were selected as the research object. By introducing the life cycle assessment method and entropy weight method to quantify environmental load, a multilevel index evaluation system was established based on environmental battery characteristics. The results show that the Li–S battery is the cleanest battery in the use stage. In addition, in terms of power structure, when battery packs are used in China, the carbon footprint, ecological footprint, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity cancer and human toxicity noncancer are much higher than those in the other four regions. Although the current power structure in China is not conducive to the sustainable development of electric vehicles, the optimization of the power structure is expected to make electric vehicles achieve clean driving in China.
... This will significantly reduce the environmental impact of NEVs. In terms of the environment, the fuel efficiency of NEVs is two to four times higher than the power system of FVs (Wu et al., 2019). If the percentage of clean energy generation can be further increased in the future, the combination of high-efficiency motors and low-carbon power structures will greatly reduce the CO 2 emissions of NEVs. ...
China is working to boost the manufacture, market share, sales, and use of NEVs to replace fuel vehicles in transportation sector to get carbon reduction target by 2060. In this research, using Simapro life cycle assessment software and Eco-invent database, the market share, carbon footprint, and life cycle analysis of fuel vehicles, NEVs, and batteries were calculated from the last five years to next 25 years, with a focus on the sustainable development. Results indicate globally, China had 293.98 m vehicles and 45.22% worldwide highest market share, followed by Germany with 224.97 m and 42.22% shares. Annually China's NEVs production rate is 50%, and sales account for 35%, while the carbon footprint will account for 5.2 E+07 to 4.89 E+07 kgCO2e by 2021-2035. The power battery production 219.7 GWh reaches 150%-163.4%, whereas carbon footprint values in production and use stage of 1 kWh of LFP 44.0 kgCO 2 eq, NCM-146.8 kgCO 2 eq, and NCA-370 kgCO 2 eq. The single carbon footprint of LFP is smallest at about 5.52 E+09, while NCM is highest at 1.84 E+10. Thus, using NEVs, and LFP batteries will reduce carbon emissions by 56.33%-103.14% and 56.33% or 0.64 Gt to 0.006 Gt by 2060. LCA analysis of NEVs and batteries at manufacturing and using stages quantified the environmental impact ranked from highest to lowest as ADP > AP > GWP > EP > POCP > ODP. ADP(e) and ADP(f) at manufacturing stage account for 14.7%, while other components account for 83.3% during the use stage. Conclusive findings are higher sales and use of NEVs, LFP, and reduction in coal-fired power generation from 70.92% to 50%, and increase in renewable energy sources in electricity generation expectedly will reduce carbon footprint by 31% and environmental impact on acid rain, ozone depletion, and photochemical smog. Finally, to achieve carbon neutrality in China, the NEVs industry must be supported by incentive policies, financial aid, technological improvements, and research and development. This would improve NEV's supply, demand, and environmental impact.
... Carbon emissions in the manufacturing phase of NMC111 batteries are higher than those of nickel-sodium chloride batteries due to the different impacts of active cathode materials, aluminum, copper, and energy consumption in the cell production process [45]. Further comparison of Ni-MH, Li 1 3 /C and NaFePO 4 /C, NaFePO 4 /C battery obtained the best performance of carbon footprint when combining 1 kg of cathode materials, whereas Ni-MH was the opposite [60]. ...
Facing increasingly severe climate change, countries and regions around the world are actively promoting the electrification of the transportation sector and encouraging the use of electric vehicles (EVs) to replace traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). However, the consumption of energy, resources, and power during battery production and use results in EVs not being as low-carbon as we expect. Therefore, the carbon emissions of batteries should be fully considered when promoting EVs. In this context, we systematically reviewed the life cycle carbon footprint of batteries. Specifically, the carbon emissions of batteries in the production, use, secondary utilization, and recycling phases are summarized, and the main influencing factors of carbon emissions in different stages are analyzed. Furthermore, the relevant suggestions for reducing the life cycle carbon footprint of batteries are proposed, which provides guidance for the large-scale deployment of EVs, reducing transportation carbon emissions, achieving carbon neutrality, and sustainable development of energy, environment, and economy.
... In addition, the environmental effect caused by different electrode materials in batteries has always been a research hotspot. 25 For instance, Wu et al. 26 calculated the carbon footprint, water footprint, and ecological footprint values of eight different lithium-ion electrode materials. They also reported that environmental effect could be reduced by developing novel advanced materials and down-regulating the content of highly sensitive elements in the raw materials. ...
Vehicle lightweight and carbon neutrality turn out to be the critical goals in developing new energy vehicles. As an important part of electric vehicles, power battery packs have an impact on the environment. In this study, multiple environmental assessment indicators were grouped into a comprehensive index, namely the green characteristic index, and the green characteristic index was used to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of 11 kinds of battery packs. This study calculates and analyzes the environmental impact values of battery packs in different regions for four types of small, medium, intermediate, and limousine cars. Finally, the uncertainty analysis was carried out. Research has found that micro battery packs have a lower potential environmental impact than advanced battery packs, so smaller, more energy‐efficient battery electric vehicles (BEVs) generally perform better than larger BEVs for vehicle models. During the operation stage of the battery pack, the environmental impact value of carbon footprint and ecological footprint is greatly affected by the regional power structure. Running the battery pack in China will generate higher carbon footprint and ecological footprint. In addition, the green characteristic index is more affected by the stage of use. When the scene is switched, the larger the model of the electric vehicle, the more obvious its environmental emission reduction capability. This highlights the benefits of high‐efficiency electrical structures in large electric vehicles, which can reduce environmental impact by increasing lifetime and charging efficiency, reducing the loss of transport power in the area, and improving the weight‐to‐energy relationship for BEVs.
... In previous studies, this method has been widely employed in various fields, such as the bioenergy production and application (Dasan et al. 2019;Ertem et al. 2017), biochar production and application (Muñoz et al. 2017), agricultural production practices (Jiang et al. 2021), and others. Aiming at the electrode material field, the LCA method was also employed to explore environmental effects or environment improvement potentials of emerging electrode materials (e.g., metal oxides/hydroxides) used in lithium-ion or sodium-ion batteries (Glogic et al. 2019;Malara et al. 2020;Padashbarmchi et al. 2015;Wu et al. 2019). These studies confirmed that, compared to the traditional electrode materials, the advanced electrode materials demonstrated a lower environmental implication, but that highly depended on metal oxide species and synthetic method. ...
Porous carbon aerogel material has gained an increasing attraction for developing supercapacitor electrodes due to its cost-effective synthesis process and relatively high electrochemical performance. However, the environmental performances of supercapacitor electrodes produced from different carbon aerogel materials are never comparatively studied, hindering our knowledge of supercapacitor electrode production in a sustainable pattern. In this study, nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel-based electrode (BA-electrode) produced from Entermorpha prolifera was simulated to investigate the environmental performance by using life cycle assessment method. For comparison, the assessment of graphene oxide aerogel-based electrode (GOA-electrode) was also carried out. It can be observed that the life cycle global warming potential for the BA-electrode was lower than that of GOA-electrode with a reduction of 53.1‒68.1%. In comparison with GOA-electrode, the BA-electrodes endowed smaller impacts on environment in majority of impact categories. Moreover, in comparison with GOA-electrode, the environmental damages of BA-electrode were greatly decreased by 35.8‒56.4% (human health), 44.9‒62.6% (ecosystems), and 87.0‒91.2% (resources), respectively. The production stages of GOA and graphene oxide and stages of nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel production and Entermorpha prolifera drying were identified as the hotspots of environmental impact/damage for the GOA-electrode and BA-electrode, respectively. Overall, this finding highlights the efficient utilization of algae feedstock to construct a green and sustainable technical route of supercapacitor electrode production.
... It is believed that the recycling of lithium batteries can effectively reduce the environmental impact of ecotoxicity and other aspects and improve the life cycle ecological efficiency [14]. Wu (2019) compared the ecological footprints of different types of regenerated lithium batteries [15]. Other studies have focused on the ecological impact of related metals in the initial smelting process [16,17]. ...
With the rapid development of China’s new energy industry, the use of lithium-ion batteries has increased sharply, and the demand for battery cathode metals such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese has also increased rapidly. Scrapped ceramic saggars that are used to produce the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries contain large amounts of nickel, cobalt, and manganese compounds; thus, recycling these saggars has high economic value and ecological significance. In this paper, the emergy method is used to analyze the ecological benefits of the typical Ni–Co-containing saggar recycling process in China. This paper constructs an ecoefficiency evaluation index for industrial systems based on emergy analysis to analyze the recycling of nickel and cobalt saggars. The ecological benefits are analyzed, and the following conclusions are drawn. (1) The Ni–Co-containing saggar recycling production line has good economic and ecological benefits. (2) The process has room for improvement in the energy use efficiency and clean energy use of the crystallization process and the efficiency of chemical use in the cascade separation and purification process. This study also establishes a set of emergy analysis methods and indicator system for the evaluation of the ecological benefit of the recycling industry, which can provide a reference for the evaluation of the eco-economic benefit of similar recycling industry processes.
... Research into rechargeable batteries has therefore become especially important [5][6][7] . Traditional lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries have some disadvantages, such as short service life, low energy density and environmental pollution, which greatly limit their large-scale application [8][9][10][11] . The development of rechargeable batteries to replace these traditional batteries has been the main priority of the battery industry in recent decades [12][13][14] . ...
The rapid expansion of electric vehicles and mobile electronic devices is the main driver for the improvement of advanced high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical performance of LIBs depends on the specific capacity, rate performance and cycle stability of the electrode materials. In terms of the enhancement of LIB performance, the improvement of the anode material is significant compared with the cathode material. There are still some challenges in producing an industrial anode material that is superior to commercial graphite. Based on the different electrochemical reaction mechanisms of anode materials for LIBs during charge and discharge, the advantages/disadvantages and electrochemical reaction mechanisms of intercalation-, conversion-and alloying-type anode materials are summarized in detail here. The methods and strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of different types of anode materials are described in detail. Finally, challenges for the future development of LIBs are also considered. This review offers a meaningful reference for the construction and performance optimization of anode materials for LIBs.
... Electric vehicles act as an alternative to internal combustion engines, representing an attractive economic approach based on electrification of major parts of transportation and manufacturing. Recent studies have shown that electric vehicles have an advantage over other conventional energy-saving technologies [1], including the ease of implementation and repair, and their environmental friendliness [2]. These studies are reviews and analyses on the use of electric vehicles in a V2G system, emphasizing the benefits and costs offered by such a system. ...
... The reason why the three footprints are chosen is mainly because they capture the focus of the batteries during the production process, while the energy footprint has some overlap with the ecological footprint (Wu, et al., 2019). From a footprint family assessment, we can determine the different impacts on the environment caused by the different materials of BEV battery packs and different types of electricity generation. ...
... Many types of footprint, such as material footprints (Wiedmann, et al., 2015) and chemical footprints (Sala and Goralczyk, 2013), have been used to assess different aspects of products or areas. However, considering the operation and correlation of relevant footprint indicators, the CF, WF, and EF compose a footprint family that enables us to evaluate the products' environmental characteristics (Wu, et al., 2019). In this paper, we analyze the footprints of two kinds of BEV lithium-ion battery packs that are present in eight battery inventories at the material component level. ...
Purpose
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been widely publicized. Their driving performances depend mainly on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Research on this topic has been concerned with the battery pack’s integrative environmental burden based on battery components, functional unit settings during the production phase, and different electricity grids during the use phase. We adopt a synthetic index to evaluate the sustainability of battery packs.
Methods
A life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to reveal the aspects of global warming potential (GWP), water consumption, and ecological impact during the two phases. An integrative indicator, the footprint-friendly negative index (FFNI), is combined with footprint family indicators of battery packs and electricity sources. We investigate two cases of 1 kg battery production and 1 kWh battery production to assess nickel–cobalt–manganese (NMC) and lithium–iron phosphate (LFP) battery packs and compare their degrees of environmental friendliness. Then, we break down the battery pack to identify the key factors influencing the environmental burden and use sensitivity analysis to analyze the causes. Moreover, we evaluate the environmental impact of battery packs during the use phase among different regions.
Results and discussion
Regardless of the functional unit (FU), the weights of the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF) are approximately the same. The results of the integrative environmental indicator, the FFNI, illustrate that the LFP is approximately 0.014, which is lower than that of the NMC battery pack in the mass production case. When using energy units as the FU, the FFNI of the NMC is 0.015, which reflects a lower environmental burden than that of other battery packs. In the use phase, 1kWh electricity consumption in China and Europe has the highest and lowest FFNI, respectively. When breaking down the battery-pack components, the simplified model advocates the cathode as the major contributor that determines the total environmental performance. In the following sensitivity analysis, the battery management system (BMS) is found to be the most intensive part of the footprint of most battery packs.
Conclusion
FU can influence the evaluation results. Developing proper renewable energy sources can reduce the footprints of battery packs during the use phase. The positive electrode pastes in the battery cell, BMS, and packaging in the battery pack can influence the environmental burden. Adopting green materials in sections like the BMS may be a specific measure to enhance the environmental friendliness of a battery pack during the production phase.
