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In wireless sensor networks, duty cycling has been an imperative choice to reduce idle listening but it introduces sleep delay. To break through the energy-latency tradeoff, we propose a pair of a radio wave sensor called radio frequency wakeup sensor and an on-demand media access control protocol called ZeroMAC. Radio frequency wakeup sensor is de...
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Context 1
... capacitor linked with the transistor gate in a voltage sensor secures power for the transistor and eliminates ripples on the output signal of the detector. Figure 4 shows a signal detector that consists of a rectifier and a voltage sensor. ...
Context 2
... rect is the power dispatched through the diode. Since P rect is the same as the input power to the circuit elements after the first transistor in Figure 4, it can be computed as the sum of the power charged within the capacitor, P c , the power consumed by the resistor, P r , and the power charged and consumed by the transistor, P t . So, P rect can be expressed by ...
Citations
... The channel management function is different from the RF communication entity. Once the signal is caught by the RF sensor which has a stronger intensity than the preset threshold, it notifies the processor regarding the communication event [28]. This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. ...
... This time is known as guard time [28]. The wake-up signal is transmitted before the communication starts. ...
... In " (28)," depicts the data delivered correctly and depicts the lost data. ...
The advancement in IoT expedites the traditional healthcare system from one-to-one interaction to telemedicine. Smart Healthcare System (SHS) offers enormous physician and patient-centric solutions. Alongside, delay and energy degradation-related challenges in healthcare services put the patient’s lives at risk. This is because the healthcare data have not been prioritised and all the IP-based data packets are treated the same during the routing process. Inspired by this, a hybrid and robust priority-based Duty-Cycled with Ant Colony Optimisation Routing (DC-ACOP) mechanism has been proposed in this study. The body sensor nodes use their radios to get activated and deactivated. So, dynamic duty cycling has been introduced to activate the communication unit of sensor nodes on demand. The data packets are defined with precedence to serve the highest priority packets first in the Type of Service (ToS) field of IP packets. The precedence-based data packets facilitate the healthcare services on time based on the criticality of the patient. The priorities on the wireless relay node are defined by comparing the encrypted disease levels and thresholds. For efficient route determination, a metaheuristic-based improved ACO approach has been employed in SHS. The proposed DC-ACOP approach has been evaluated and compared with other state-of-the-art approaches to accomplish tangible results in terms of quality metrics such as residual energy, throughput, network lifetime, delay with prioritisation and without prioritisation, packet delivery rate, and the number of non-alive nodes.
... Although power consumption for sensing and signal processing is unavoidable, but computation energy consumption can be lowered by reducing the power consumed by the "background" state. This conclusion is supported by researches conducted on the CPU time reduction in references [47][48][49][50]. Figure 20 shows the communication energy consumption for different amounts of nodes on the route (h) in a sampling round. The results show that the energy consumed for sending and receiving messages is negligible as compared to the energy consumed for sending and receiving data packets. ...
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have found many applications in a variety of topics. The main objective in WSNs is to measure environmental phenomena and send reading data to the sink in multi-hop paths. The most important challenge in WSNs is to minimize energy consumption in the sensor nodes and increase the network lifetime. One of the most effective techniques for reducing energy consumption in WSNs is the compressive sensing (CS) which has recently been considered by the researchers. CS reduces the network energy consumption by reducing the number and size of transmitted data packets over the network. On the other hand, in order to overcome the challenge of energy consumption in the network, it is necessary to identify and analyze the energy consumption resources of the network. Although many models have been proposed for energy consumption analysis in the WSN, but these models were not based on the CS technique. Therefore, we have proposed a complete model in this work for energy consumption analysis in various CS-based data gathering techniques in WSNs. This model can be very effective in energy consumption optimization when designing a CS-based data gathering technique for WSN.
... Every node in OPWUM opportunistically selects the best relay node among its neighbors based on a given metric to resolve undesired (false and missed) neighborhood wake up. Similarly, the presented solution in [13] utilizes a radio frequency watchdog to wake up only the nodes on the communication path. The solution transmits un-addressed wake up sequences in a hop-by-hop manner. ...
Intelligent connected objects, the building blocks of IoT, represent battery supplied electronic devices. These devices are expected to be deployed in very large numbers, and manual replacement of their batteries will severely restrict their large-scale or wide area deployments. Therefore, energy efficiency is of the utmost importance in the design of the IoT devices. The wireless communication between the distributed sensor devices and the host stations can consume significant energy, even more when larger coverage is required. Ultra-low-power wake up radio (WuR) represent one of the most prominent solutions for energy efficiency in IoT. However, the WuR devices have several limitations that bound their practical applicability and usage, such as short range capabilities and low signal sensitivity. As a result, the WuR devices commonly misinterpret their wake up address and inevitably lead to overall performance degradation of the system. This work, introduces the concept of error correction codes in the wake up address. It is envisioned that the error correction codes can increase the overall robustness and sensitivity of the WuR devices. The work also analyses the potential energy efficiency gains and the energy-latency tradeoff degradation of the WuR based IoT system when utilizing the error correction codes.
... -Shifting between two modes of operation increases energy consumption. ZeroMAC (Lee et al., 2012;Lee and Choi, 2017) -Uses RTS/CTS. -Based on the same process of 802.11 ...
... ZeroMAC (Lee et al., 2012;Lee and Choi, 2017) is an on-demand MAC protocol, without duty cycling, based on the 802.11 DCF with the use of an "ultra-low power RF watchdog", which can wake up all the neighboring nodes using a WuS. ...
The challenging constraints to succeed IoT networks are energy efficiency and low latency. These requirements have motivated researchers to design new solutions. In recent years, a novel solution based on the use of wake-up radio (WuR) was proposed to fulfill these requirements. Indeed, many MAC and routing protocols were provided in the literature for this reason. This paper so tries to provide a complete and a detailed review on these protocols. Furthermore, to overcome limitations related to “single layer” protocols, WuR-based cross-layer design that relies on interactions and coordination between different layers has been proposed. In this context, a new classification of MAC and routing protocols utilizing WuR was also proposed in this paper and the features considered in their designing were studied. In fact, these protocols were broadly classified into two categories: “single layer” (Only MAC and only routing) and cross layer protocols. Then, WuR-based MAC protocols were divided according to the operation principles of their wake-up circuits, the communication initiator and the addressing scheme used to trigger intended nodes. Scheduling process, number of paths used for data delivery and cost function adapted for the route calculation are the criteria used to classify routing protocols using WuR. Moreover, this paper compares all analyzed protocols and gives insights into their advantages and weaknesses.
... The delay problem can be alleviated by an additional wake-up radio (WuR) [6]. The idea is to use an additional receiver with such a low power consumption that it can be active all the time. ...
Energy consumption has become dominant issue for wireless internet of things (IoT) networks with battery-powered nodes. The prevailing mechanism allowing to reduce energy consumption is duty-cycling. In this technique the node sleeps most of the time and wakes up only at selected moments to extend the lifespan of nodes up to 5–10 years. Unfortunately, the scheduled duty-cycling technique is always a trade-off between energy consumption and delay in delivering data to the target node. The delay problem can be alleviated with an additional wake-up radio (WuR) channel. In the paper we present original power consumption models for various duty-cycling schemes. They are the basis for checking whether WuR approach is competitive with scheduled duty-cycling techniques. We determine the maximum energy level that an additional wake-up radio can consume to become a reasonable alternative of widely used duty-cycling techniques for typical IoT networks.
