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The chromosome cycle of the Hessian fly. Each zygote contains 30-40 germline-limited E chromosomes (shown as a single chromosome in outline), two autosomes (A1 and A2) and two X chromosomes (XI and X2). During embryogenesis (A, B) the E chromosomes are eliminated from the presumptive somatic nuclei, but are retained in the germline. When the maternally derived autosomes and X chromosomes (black chromosomes) and the paternally derived autosomes and X chromosomes (grey chromosomes) are retained in the soma (A) the embryo develops as a female. However, if the paternally derived X chromosomes are eliminated from the soma (B) the embryo develops as a male. The autosomes and X chromosomes recombine and the E chromosomes divide mitotically during oogenesis (C). Each ovum normally contains a haploid set of autosomes and X chromosomes and a full complement of E chromosomes. The E chromosomes and the paternally derived autosomes and X chromosomes fail to segregate into the spermatozoa during spermatogenesis (D). Every sperm cell contains only a haploid complement of autosomes and X chromosomes. Males therefore transmit only their maternally derived alleles to their offspring
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The Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) is the world’s most important insect pest of wheat. It also belongs to one of the largest families of the Diptera, the gall
midges (Cecidomyiidae), which includes a number of other agriculturally important beneficial and pest species. The genetics
of the Hessian fly is representative of the family. It has seve...
Citations
... Over 30 HF R genes have been discovered in wheat germplasm [54]. HF avirulence to five of these R genes has already been shown to segregate like different Avr genes on HF chromosomes [12,55]. Therefore, we hope that vH13 is only the first of several arthropod effector-encoding Avr genes that will be identified in the HF. ...
Highly specialized obligate plant-parasites exist within several groups of arthropods (insects and mites). Many of these are important pests, but the molecular basis of their parasitism and its evolution are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that plant parasitic arthropods use effector proteins to defeat basal plant immunity and modulate plant growth. Because avirulence (Avr) gene discovery is a reliable method of effector identification, we tested this hypothesis using high-resolution molecular genetic mapping of an Avr gene (vH13) in the Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor), an important gall midge pest of wheat (Triticum spp.). Chromosome walking resolved the position of vH13, and revealed alleles that determine whether HF larvae are virulent (survive) or avirulent (die) on wheat seedlings carrying the wheat H13 resistance gene. Association mapping found three independent insertions in vH13 that appear to be responsible for H13-virulence in field populations. We observed vH13 transcription in H13-avirulent larvae and the salivary glands of H13-avirulent larvae, but not in H13-virulent larvae. RNA-interference-knockdown of vH13 transcripts allowed some H13-avirulent larvae to escape H13-directed resistance. vH13 is the first Avr gene identified in an arthropod. It encodes a small modular protein with no sequence similarities to other proteins in GenBank. These data clearly support the hypothesis that an effector-based strategy has evolved in multiple lineages of plant parasites, including arthropods.
... Plusieurs cécidomyies sont ainsi des ravageurs des grandes cultures, des cultures maraichères, ornementales ou forestières. L'une des espèces les plus connues est la mouche de Hesse, Mayetiola destructor (Say), dont la larve se développe sur les tiges de blé, tuant les plantes et réduisant fortement le rendement (Stuart et al. 2008). Cette espèce a été probablement introduite d'Europe en Amérique du Nord par les mercenaires allemands (Hessian soldiers) durant la guerre d'indépendance américaine (Johnson et al. 2004;Stuart et al. 2008 Le contrôle des populations de cécidomyies peut être assuré par des traitements insecticides pulvérisés sur les plantes, appliqués au sol ou sur les denrées stockées (Wu et al. 2006). ...
... L'une des espèces les plus connues est la mouche de Hesse, Mayetiola destructor (Say), dont la larve se développe sur les tiges de blé, tuant les plantes et réduisant fortement le rendement (Stuart et al. 2008). Cette espèce a été probablement introduite d'Europe en Amérique du Nord par les mercenaires allemands (Hessian soldiers) durant la guerre d'indépendance américaine (Johnson et al. 2004;Stuart et al. 2008 Le contrôle des populations de cécidomyies peut être assuré par des traitements insecticides pulvérisés sur les plantes, appliqués au sol ou sur les denrées stockées (Wu et al. 2006). Mais leur efficacité est souvent limitée (Barbosa et al. 2002). ...
... Among these species, 45 are immigrant ) and many of them are pests of crops, ornamental plants and forest trees worldwide . Annual crop pests are the most frequently studied species and include the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), a wheat gall midge that was the first invasive insect to cause economic havoc in the USA (Stuart et al. 2008). The life cycle of Cecidomyiidae is closely associated with the phenology of their host plant, and gall midges have several adaptive synchronization strategies including diapause Yukawa 2000). ...
Les relations complexes qui unissent les insectes phytophages et les plantes peuvent être étudiées par des approches interdisciplinaires à diverses échelles. Ces études peuvent avoir un intérêt appliqué, dans l'agriculture notamment. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons mené une étude interdisciplinaire sur la biologie de la cécidomyie des fleurs du manguier, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt) (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), un bio-agresseur monophage et invasif responsable de dégâts économiques majeurs dans plusieurs zones de production du monde. L'objectif était d'améliorer les connaissances sur la biologie de cette espèce à l'île de la Réunion : (1) en évaluant sa diversité génétique et les facteurs écologiques et biologiques qui peuvent expliquer la structuration génétique de ses populations ; (2) en étudiant en milieu naturel ou contrôlé les caractéristiques de sa diapause, qui lui permettent de maintenir des populations d'une saison de floraison à la suivante ; (3) en étudiant par modélisation la dispersion des femelles dans un verger lors de sa colonisation, en prenant en compte les capacités de vol et la distribution spatiale et temporelle des stades sensibles du manguier au sein du verger. Les résultats ont montré que l'espèce P. mangiferae se reproduisait à la fois sur les inflorescences et sur les jeunes feuilles, qu'elle était présente toute l'année et sur tous les sites échantillonnés sur l'île, quelles que soient les conditions culturales ou climatiques. Ses populations sont apparues structurées en deux clusters sympatriques, dont un était plus fréquent dans la zone de culture du manguier. Ensuite, nous avons prouvé l'existence d'une diapause facultative induite toute l’année, avec cependant un taux d'induction de diapause supérieur en été. Cette diapause du troisième stade larvaire se déroule dans le sol et dure entre six semaines et plus d'un an. Les températures fraiches déclenchent les émergences des individus en diapause et permettent de synchroniser l'émergence des adultes avec la période de floraison du manguier. Enfin, nous avons montré que des femelles immigrantes étaient capables de coloniser l'ensemble des arbres d'un verger. Le vol d'arrivée des femelles dans le verger et le vol actif au sein du verger se sont avérés influencés respectivement par l'abondance et par l'attractivité de la ressource. Les connaissances obtenues sur la biologie de P. mangiferae et sur ses relations avec le manguier ouvrent des pistes pour le développement de stratégies de gestion agroécologique de ce bio-agresseur.
... Although R genes are commonly used to control insect pests , they are poorly understood in terms of genes and mechanisms. A case in point is wheat's (Triticum aestivum L.) Hgene-mediated resistance to the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor (Say)), one of a handful of insects with welldocumented R-Avr interactions Stuart et al. 2008) and a major pest of wheat (Buntin 1999;Berzonsky et al. 2003;Porter et al. 2009). Over 32 H genes have been identified in wheat and its relatives (Liu et al. 2005a;see McIntosh et al. 2008). ...
... The NILs were created by backcrossing the H gene from a donor genotype into the susceptible recurrent parent 'Newton'. Discoveries made using the NILs include characterization of cellular mechanisms of plant resistance and susceptibility (Harris et al. , 2010, isolation and identification of Hessian fly avirulence genes (Stuart et al. 2008), definition of the biochemical pathways contributing to induced resistance and susceptibility (Zhu et al. 2008;Kosma et al. 2010), quantification of growth responses of resistant and susceptible plants Harris 2006, 2008), and behavioral responses of virulent and avirulent larvae (Subramanyam et al. 2008). Many of these studies conclude that a single H gene can make the difference between a plant that is killed by Hessian fly attack and a plant that can defend itself both efficiently and effectively. ...
Near-isogenic lines (NILs) are useful for plant genetic and genomic studies. However, the strength of conclusions from such studies depends on the similarity of the NILs' genetic backgrounds. In this study, we investigated the genetic similarity for a set of NILs developed in the 1990s to study gene-for-gene interactions between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor (Say)), an important pest of wheat. Each of the eight NILs carries a single H resistance gene and was created by successive backcrossing for two to six generations to susceptible T. aestivum 'Newton'. We generated 256 target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) markers and used them to calculate genetic similarity, expressed by the Nei and Li (NL) coefficient. Six of the NILs (H3, H5, H6, H9, H11, and H13) had the highly uniform genetic background of Newton, with NL coefficients from 0.97 to 0.99. However, genotypes with H10 or H12 were less similar to Newton, with NL coefficients of 0.86 and 0.93, respectively. Cluster analysis based on NL coefficients and pedigree analysis showed that the genetic similarity between each of the NILs and Newton was affected by both the number of backcrosses and the genetic similarity between Newton and the H gene donors. We thus generated an equation to predict the number of required backcrosses, given varying similarity of donor and recurrent parent. We also investigated whether the genetic residues of the donor parents that remained in the NILs were related to linkage drag. By using a complete set of 'Chinese Spring' nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, one third of the TRAP markers that showed polymorphism between the NILs and Newton were assigned to a specific chromosome. All of the assigned markers were located on chromosomes other than the chromosome carrying the H gene, suggesting that the genetic residues detected in this study were not due to linkage drag. Results will aid in the development and use of near-isogenic lines for studies of the functional genomics of wheat.
... Resistance to the Hessian fly can be compromised by the development of parasite virulence via modifications in matching avirulence (Avr) genes (Stuart et al., 2007). For example, three resistance (R) genes, H3, H5, and H6, were overcome by virulent biotypes after 15, 9, and 22 years, respectively (Foster et al., 1991). ...
... For example, three resistance (R) genes, H3, H5, and H6, were overcome by virulent biotypes after 15, 9, and 22 years, respectively (Foster et al., 1991). Starting with Gallun (1977), classical Mendelian genetic principles have been used to investigate the relationship between H genes and corresponding Hessian fly Avr genes (Stuart et al., 2007). The genetics of the interaction fit the gene-for-gene model initially developed by Flor (1946). ...
The Hessian fly (HF), Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is one of the most devastating insect pests of cereals including wheat, barley, and rye. Although wheat is the preferred host for HF, this continuously evolving pest has been emerging as a threat to barley production. However, characterization and identification of genetic resistance to HF has not been conducted in barley. In the present study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify barley resistance loci to HF using a geographically diverse set of 234 barley accessions. The results showed that around 90% of barley lines were highly susceptible, indicating a significant vulnerability to HF in barley, and a total of 29 accessions were resistant serving as potential resistance resources. GWAS with a mixed linear model revealed two marker-trait associations both on chromosome 4H. The resistance loci and associated markers will facilitate barley improvement and development for breeders. In addition, our results are also fundamental for genetic studies to understand the HF resistance mechanism in barley.
The Hessian fly (HF) is an invasive insect that has caused millions of dollars in yield losses to southeastern US wheat farms. Genetic resistance is the most sustainable solution to control HF. However, emerging biotypes are quickly overcoming resistance genes in the southeast; therefore, identifying novel sources of resistance is critical. The resistant line “UGA 111729” and susceptible variety “AGS 2038” were crossbred to generate a population of 225 recombinant inbred lines. This population was phenotyped in the growth chamber (GC) during 2019 and 2021 and in field (F) trials in Georgia during the 2021–2022 growing seasons. Visual scoring was utilized in GC studies. The percentage of infested tillers, number of pupae/larvae per tiller, and infested tiller per sample were measured in studies from 2021 to 2022. Averaging across all traits, a major QTL on chromosome 3D explained 42.27% (GC) and 10.43% (F) phenotypic variance within 9.86 centimorgans (cM). SNP marker IWB65911 was associated with the quantitative trait locus (QTL) peak with logarithm of odds (LOD) values of 14.98 (F) and 62.22 (GC). IWB65911 colocalized with resistance gene H32. KASP marker validation verified that UGA 111729 and KS89WGRC06 express H32. IWB65911 may be used for marker-assisted selection.
The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a major pest of wheat (Triticum spp. L.), reducing yields in many wheat producing countries around the world. The most commonly practiced and effective management techniques to control Hessian fly infestations are use of resistant wheat cultivars, adherence to optimum planting dates, destruction of volunteer wheat or 'green bridges', and insecticides. However, insecticide applications strictly for Hessian fly control is limited, owing to the temporality of seed treatments (~30 d), and associated cost and difficult timing of foliar applications. Adherence to optimum planting dates and destruction of volunteer wheat can also reduce the risk of infestation from other economically important wheat pests, e.g., aphids, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)), and wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae)). This highlights that Hessian fly control tactics are more effective when used in an integrated pest management (IPM) program. A shortcoming of the current Hessian fly IPM program is the absence of reliable sampling methods for estimating the risk of Hessian fly damage and economic treatment thresholds. Instead management practices are used as either a preventative measure or in response to damage from the previous season. To ensure the use of the management practices is justified, pest detection surveillance strategies need to be advanced and/or developed in conjunction with economic thresholds, to help producers implement Hessian fly IPM programs.
Compatible interactions between wheat (Triticum aestivum), and its dipteran pest Hessian fly (Hf, Mayetiola destructor) result in successful establishment of larval feeding sites rendering the host plant susceptible. Virulent larvae employ an effector-based feeding strategy to reprogram the host physiology resulting in formation of a protein- and sugar-rich nutritive tissue beneficial to developing larvae. Previous studies documented increased levels of nonessential amino acids (NAA; that need not be received through insect diet) in the susceptible wheat in response to larval feeding, suggesting importance of plant-derived NAA in larval nutrition. Here, we investigated the modulation of genes from NAA biosynthetic pathways (NAABP) in virulent Hf larvae. Transcript profiling for 16 NAABP genes, annotated from the recently assembled Hf genome, was carried out in the feeding first-, and second-instars and compared with that of the first-instar neonate (newly hatched, migrating, assumed to be non-feeding) larvae. While Tyr, Gln, Glu, and Pro NAABP genes transcript abundance declined in the feeding instars as compared to the neonates, those for Ala, and Ser increased in the feeding larval instars, despite higher levels of these NAA in the susceptible host plant. Asp, Asn, Gly and Cys NAABP genes exhibited variable expression profiles in the feeding first- and second-instars. Our results indicate that while Hf larvae utilize the plant-derived NAA, de novo synthesis of several NAA may be necessary to: (i) provide larvae with the requisite amount for sustaining growth before nutritive tissue formation and, (ii) overcome any inadequate amounts in the host plant, post-nutritive tissue formation.
Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is a major crop of economic importance throughout the United States. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a common economically important pest, feeding on wheat in the larval stage through the southeastern US. It is a multi-voltine species, with generation number dependent on temperature. Growers rely on various management approaches such as resistant wheat varieties, crop rotation, timely plantings, and insecticide treatments to control this destructive pest. The objectives for this research were to show the efficacy of a common insecticide seed treatment (imidacloprid) and a common foliar insecticide spray (lambda-cyhalothrin) on Hessian fly abundance in wheat. Four experiments were conducted over two years in North Carolina, in order to manipulate Hessian fly abundance. Small plot studies were designed with whole plot treatments including non-treated and imidacloprid treated wheat seed, and subplots split with a semi-monthly foliar lambda-cyhalothrin application or no foliar insecticide. The number of Hessian fly eggs present on leaves, number of larvae, number of pupae, and tiller density were counted for the fall generation(s) and all plots were sprayed with foliar insecticide during the spring. Wheat seed treated with imidacloprid had fewer eggs, larvae, and pupae compared to other non-treated seed. With one exception during 2014, foliar spray applications did not reduce egg, larvae, and pupae abundance. Warmer temperatures during 2015 experiments provided conditions that extended Hessian fly presence, allowing multiple fall generations to infest wheat. Unlike 2014 experiments, foliar sprays in 2015 experiments provided some protection from Hessian fly.
Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), derived from the hybrids between tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.), is an excellent source of resistance genes for various pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the elite SHW lines developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center for resistance to Hessian fly and to postulate the resistance genes present in the resistance lines. A total of 118 elite SHW lines and 35 durum wheat parents were evaluated for resistance to the Great Plains (GP) biotype of the Hessian fly. Fifty-two of the SHW lines were highly or moderately resistant to Hessian fly. Since all of the durum parents were susceptible, the resistance genes in these SHW lines were derived from the A. tauschii D genome. The 52 SHW lines were haplotyped using eight polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers closely linked to five resistance genes (H13, H22, H23, H26, and H32) previously identified in A. tauschii. The marker analysis revealed that 32 resistant SHW lines shared haplotypes with the wheat lines containing the five known resistance genes. Nineteen resistant SHW lines had different haplotypes, suggesting that these lines may contain new genes for resistance to Hessian fly. The resistant SHW lines identified in this study will be useful for the development of wheat cultivars resistant to the Hessian fly as well as for genetic and evolutionary studies of resistance genes.
