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Dachengqi Tang (DT) is a common traditional Chinese medicine formula for expelling neire ('internal heat') in the stomach and intestines. There was no reliable analytical method available for the quality control of DT.
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with a reverse phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm) was developed. The mobile pha...
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In this study, a simple, reliable and accurate method for the simultaneous separation and determination of naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, emodin and chrysophanol in 'Da-Chai-Hu-Tang' was developed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chromatographic separation was per...
Citations
... Different pharmaceutical approaches for the simultaneous measurement of rhein and aloe-emodin in plant extracts, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), marketed dosage forms, and physiological fluids were found in the literature. For the simultaneous quantification of rhein and aloe-emodin in plant extracts, marketed dosage forms and TCM, various high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods using ultraviolet (UV) detection [4,[8][9][10][11][12] or diode array (DAD) detection [5] have been reported. HPLC-DAD and HPLC-fluorescence (FLD) assays have also been reported for the simultaneous quantification of rhein and aloe-emodin in dog plasma samples and plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluids of rats [13,14]. ...
... The greenness index Different pharmaceutical approaches for the simultaneous measurement of rhein and aloe-emodin in plant extracts, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), marketed dosage forms, and physiological fluids were found in the literature. For the simultaneous quantification of rhein and aloe-emodin in plant extracts, marketed dosage forms and TCM, various high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods using ultraviolet (UV) detection [4,[8][9][10][11][12] or diode array (DAD) detection [5] have been reported. HPLC-DAD and HPLC-fluorescence (FLD) assays have also been reported for the simultaneous quantification of rhein and aloe-emodin in dog plasma samples and plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluids of rats [13,14]. ...
The greenness indices of literature analytical procedures for the simultaneous measurement of rhein and aloe-emodin have not been determined. As a consequence, the first goal of this study was to design and validate a sensitive and sustainable reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of rhein and aloe-emodin in a traditional extract (TE) and ultrasound-based extract (UBE) of commercial Rhubarb and Rhubarb plant extracts in comparison to the conventional normal-phase HPTLC method. The second goal was to determine the greenness indices for both methods using the AGREE approach. For the sustainable reverse-phase HPTLC approach, the method was linear in the 50–1000 ng/spot range for rhein and 25–1000 ng/spot range for aloe-emodin. However, for the conventional normal-phase HPTLC approach, the method was linear in the 50–600 ng/spot range for rhein and 100–600 ng/spot range for aloe-emodin. The limit of detection (LOD) for rhein and aloe-emodin was 16.81 ng/spot and 8.49 ng/spot, respectively, using the sustainable analytical method. However, the LOD for rhein and aloe-emodin was 18.53 ng/spot and 39.42 ng/spot, respectively, using the conventional analytical method. For the simultaneous determination of rhein and aloe-emodin, the sustainable analytical method was more sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust than the conventional analytical method. The amount of rhein and aloe-emodin was higher in the UBE of commercial Rhubarb and Rhubarb plant extract over their TE. For the simultaneous quantification of rhein and aloe-emodin in the TE and UBE of marketed Rhubarb and Rhubarb plant extract, the sustainable analytical method was superior to the conventional analytical method. The AGREE index for the sustainable reverse-phase and conventional normal-phase HPTLC methods was determined to be 0.78 and 0.49, respectively, indicating an excellent greenness profile of the sustainable reverse-phase HPTLC method over the conventional normal-phase HPTLC approach. The sustainable analytical method was found to be superior to the conventional analytical method based on these results.
... The concentrations of the ten main components of DCQD (emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, hesperidin, naringenin, naringin, magnolol, and honokiol) in serum samples and visceral organ tissues were measured by highperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS) as described previously [21] . All system configurations and operating conditions are described in Supplementary Material, and all operations were performed following the manufacturer's instructions. ...
... Previous studies have shown that HPLC can be used to identify the main components of DCQD and their serum concentrations [21,27,35] ; however, the targeting of these components to specific tissues such as heart, liver, lung, kidney and intestine tissues is still unclear. The factors affecting the distribution of drug in tissues include blood circulation, vascular permeability, physicochemical properties of drugs, affinity between drugs and tissues, and drug interactions [36] . ...
Background:
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a pancreatic inflammatory disorder that is commonly complicated by extrapancreatic organ dysfunction. Dachengqi decoction (DCQD) has a potential role in protecting the extrapancreatic organs, but the optimal oral administration time remains unclear.
Aim:
To screen the appropriate oral administration time of DCQD for the protection of extrapancreatic organs based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AP rats.
Methods:
This study consisted of two parts. In the first part, 24 rats were divided into a sham-operated group and three model groups. The four groups were intragastrically administered with DCQD (10 g/kg) at 4 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h postoperatively, respectively. Tail vein blood was taken at nine time points after administration, and then the rats were euthanized and the extrapancreatic organ tissues were immediately collected. Finally, the concentrations of the major DCQD components in all samples were detected. In the second part, 84 rats were divided into a sham-operated group, as well as 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h treatment groups and corresponding control groups (4 h, 12 h, and 24 h control groups). Rats in the treatment groups were intragastrically administered with DCQD (10 g/kg) at 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h postoperatively, respectively, and rats in the control groups were administered with normal saline at the same time points. Then, six rats from each group were euthanized at 4 h and 24 h after administration. Serum amylase and inflammatory mediators, and pathological scores of extrapancreatic organ tissues were evaluated.
Results:
For part one, the pharmacokinetic parameters (C max, T max, T 1/2, and AUC 0 → t) of the major DCQD components and the tissue distribution of most DCQD components were better when administering DCQD at the later (12 h and 24 h) time points. For part two, delayed administration of DCQD resulted in lower IL-6 and amylase levels and relatively higher IL-10 levels, and pathological injury of extrapancreatic organ tissues was slightly less at 4 h after administration, while the results were similar between the treatment and corresponding control groups at 24 h after administration.
Conclusion:
Delayed administration of DCQD might reduce pancreatic exocrine secretions and ameliorate pathological injury in the extrapancreatic organs of AP rats, demonstrating that the late time is the optimal dosing time.
... Additional pancreas and kidney tissues were stored at − 80 °C. High-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to measure the major components of DCQD (emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, hesperidin, naringin, naringenin, magnolol and honokiol) in the kidney tissue homogenates (10%) [24]. As we detected previously, the average contents of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, magnolol, and honokiol in DCQD were 0.86, 2.48, 1.73, 0.55, 2.61, 3.83, 4.16, 11.06, 1.11, and 1.26 mg/g respectively [24]. ...
... High-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to measure the major components of DCQD (emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, hesperidin, naringin, naringenin, magnolol and honokiol) in the kidney tissue homogenates (10%) [24]. As we detected previously, the average contents of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, magnolol, and honokiol in DCQD were 0.86, 2.48, 1.73, 0.55, 2.61, 3.83, 4.16, 11.06, 1.11, and 1.26 mg/g respectively [24]. ...
... The ten major components of DCQD from the previous study [21,24] were detected in this study by HPLC-MS/ MS. Quality control samples were prepared to obtain the following plasma concentrations: 120, 20, 5 and 1.25 ng/ mL for rheochrysidin; 100, 25 and 6.25 ng/mL for emodin; 3750, 625, 156.25 and 39.06 ng/mL for rhein; and 600, 100, 25 and 6.25 ng/mL for aloe-emodin, naringin, chrysophanol, hesperidin, magnolol, naringenin, and honokiol. ...
Abstract Background The traditional Chinese formula Da-Cheng-Qi-decoction (DCQD) has been used to treat acute pancreatitis for decades. DCQD could ameliorate the disease severity and the complications of organ injuries, including those of the liver and lungs. However, the pharmacological effects in the kidney, a target organ, are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the herbal tissue pharmacology of DCQD for acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods Rats were randomly divided into the sham-operation group (SG), the model group (MG) and the low-, medium- and high-dose treatment groups (LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively). Sodium taurocholate (3.5%) was retrogradely perfused into the biliopancreatic duct to establish the model of SAP in rats. Different doses of DCQD were administered to the treatment groups 2 h after the induction of SAP. The major components of DCQD in kidney tissues were detected by HPLC–MS/MS. Inflammatory mediators in the kidney tissues, as well as serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and pathologic scores, were also evaluated. Results Ten components of DCQD were detected in the kidneys of the treatment groups, and their concentrations increased dose-dependently. Compared with the SG, the levels of inflammatory mediators, Scr, BUN and pathological scores in the MG were obviously increased (p
... The 10 major components of DCQD (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, honokiol, rheochrysophanol, magnolol, hesperidin, naringenin and naringin) were detected. The mean contents of the components were detected three times, as in our previous study [12] . The detected DCQD samples were stored in the Public Experiment Platform at West China Hospital (Chengdu, China). ...
AIM
To identify the optimal oral dosing time of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) in rats with acute pancreatitis (AP) based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters.
METHODS
First, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a sham-operated group [NG(a)] and three model groups [4hG(a), 12hG(a) and 24hG(a)]. The NG(a) and model groups were administered DCQD (10 g/kg.BW) intragastrically at 4 h, 4 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively, after AP models induced by 3% sodium taurocholate. Plasma samples were collected from the tails at 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h after a single dosing with DCQD. Plasma and pancreatic tissue concentrations of the major components of DCQD were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. The pharmacokinetic parameters and serum amylase were detected and compared. Second, rats were divided into a sham-operated group [NG(b)] and three treatment groups [4hG(b), 12hG(b) and 24hG(b)] with three corresponding control groups [MG(b)s]. Blood and pancreatic tissues were collected 24 h after a single dosing with DCQD. Serum amylase, inflammatory cytokines and pathological scores of pancreatic tissues were detected and compared.
RESULTS
The concentrations of emodin, naringin, honokiol, naringenin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and rheochrysidin in the 12hG(a) group were higher than those in the 4hG(a) group in the pancreatic tissues (P < 0.05). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the time of the last measurable concentration values (AUC0→t) for rhein, chrysophanol, magnolol and naringin in the 12hG(a) group were larger than those in the 4hG(a) or 24hG(a) groups. The 12hG(a) group had a higher Cmax than the other two model groups. The IL-10 levels in the 12hG(b) and 24hG(b) groups were higher than in the MG(b)s (96.55 ± 7.84 vs 77.46 ± 7.42, 251.22 ± 16.15 vs 99.72 ± 4.7 respectively, P < 0.05), while in the 24hG(b) group, the IL-10 level was higher than in the other two treatment groups (251.22 ± 16.15 vs 154.41 ± 12.09/96.55 ± 7.84, P < 0.05). The IL-6 levels displayed a decrease in the 4hG(b) and 12hG(b) groups compared to the MG(b)s (89.99 ± 4.61 vs 147.91 ± 4.36, 90.82 ± 5.34 vs 171.44 ± 13.43, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Late-time dosing may have higher concentrations of the most major components of DCQD, with better pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-inflammation than early-time dosing, which showed the late time to be the optimal dosing time of DCQD for AP.
... The conditions for this system were described previously [11,14] . The mean contents of the components of DCQD, which were detected three times in our previous study, were as follows: rhein, 0.86 mg/g; emodin, 2.48 mg/g; aloe-emodin, 1.73 mg/g; chrysophanol 0.55 mg/g; rheochrysidin, 2.61 mg/g; naringin, 3.83 mg/g; naringenin 4.16 mg/g; hesperidin, 11.06 mg/g; honokiol, 1.26 mg/g; and magnolol, 1.11 mg/g [15] . ...
AIM
To explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) in the liver of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) based on an herbal recipe tissue pharmacology hypothesis.
METHODS
Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (SOG); a model group (MG); and low-, median- and high-dose treatment groups (LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively). Different dosages (6, 12 and 24 g/kg for the LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively) of DCQD were administered to the rats with SAP. The tissue concentrations of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, honokiol, rheo chrysophanol, magnolol, hesperidin, naringenin and naringin in the liver of the treated rats were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum, inflammatory mediators in the liver and pathological scores were evaluated.
RESULTS
The major components of DCQD were detected in the liver, and their concentrations increased dose-dependently. The high dose of DCQD showed a maximal effect in ameliorating the pathological damages, decreasing the pro-inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators IL-4 and IL-10 in the liver. The pathological scores in the pancreas for the MG were significantly higher than those for the SOG (P < 0.05). DCQD could reduce the pathological scores in the pancreas and liver of the rats with SAP, especially in the HDG. Compared to the SOG, the ALT and AST levels in serum were higher in the MG (P < 0.05), while there was no statistical difference in the MG and HDG.
CONCLUSION
DCQD could alleviate liver damage by altering the inflammatory response in rats with SAP based on the liver distribution of its components.
... Furthermore, our previous studies found that DCQD could inhibit local and systematic inflammatory responses and alleviate pancreatic damage by regulating the necrosisapoptosis switch of the pancreatic cells in AP [12]. The ten bioactive components of DCQD, namely, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, honokiol, and magnolol, were detected in the serum of rats and dogs [13,14]. However, it is unclear whether these individual components or the related combination has the similar effects to DCQD in the treatment of AP. ...
... Spray-dried Dahuang, Houpo, Zhishi, and Natrii Sulphas powders were purchased from Chengdu Green Herbal Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The mean contents of the components from DCQD detected three times in our previous study were as follows: rhein, 0.86 mg/g; emodin, 2.48 mg/g; aloe-emodin, 1.73 mg/g; chrysophanol 0.55 mg/g, rheochrysidin, 2.61 mg/g; naringin, 3.83 mg/g; naringenin 4.16 mg/g; hesperidin, 11.06 mg/g; honokiol, 1.26 mg/g; magnolol, 1.11 mg/g [13]. The peak concentrations of these ten components in serum when rats were administered DCQD with 20 g/Kg⋅BW, as reported in the previous studies, are as follows: rhein, 365.67 ng/ mL; emodin, 3.62 ng/mL; chrysophanol, 36.33 ng/mL; rheochrysidin, 1.83 ng/mL; aloe-emodin, 10.47 ng/mL; magnolol, 1.08 ng/mL; honokiol, 9.07 ng/mL; naringin, 42.83 ng/ mL; hesperidin, 40.95 ng/mL; and naringenin, 22.67 ng/mL [12,15]. ...
Objective
. To identify the herbal formula compatibility law based on the effects of the absorbed components from DCQD on the cerulein-injured AR42J cells.
Methods
. AR42J cells were pretreated for 30 min with or without the different concentrations of the absorbed components from DCQD individually or in combination or DCQD and coincubated with cerulein (10 nM) for a further 24 h. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and the levels of apoptosis and necrosis were measured.
Results
. Compared to DCQD, the individual or combination components partially protected cerulein-injured AR42J cells by increasing cell viability, reducing LDH release, and promoting apoptosis. Rhein, naringin, and honokiol were the main absorbed components from DCQD in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Moreover, rhein in combination with naringin and honokiol had synergistic effects in protecting cerulein-injured AR42J cells and was better than the individual or the pairwise combination of the three components.
Conclusions
. The ten effective components from DCQD may elicit similar protective effects as DCQD on cerulein-induced pancreatitis. The principle of the formula compatibility of DCQD may be identified based on the effects of its absorbed components in cerulein-injured AR42J cells.
... The use of coupled detector techniques has been suggested for this purpose. An HPLC -DAD method was first used in the evaluation of TCMs because of its capacity for the detection of multiple wavelengths (27,28). For some constituents without absorption for UV and visible spectra, ELSD can detect them at optimal conditions to obtain higher sensitivity for each analyte. ...
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are usually complex mixtures and contain hundreds of chemically different constituents, which make the quality control (QC) of crude drugs and their medical preparations extremely difficult. In the past years, with the rapid development of modern instrumental analysis and computer-aided data processing techniques, great progress has been made in the research of quality standards and the development of QC techniques. Among them, the use of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique is one of the best approaches because of its high separation efficiency. However, one-way separation, single detection methods or data processing cannot meet the needs of the QC of TCMs. Multidimensional information-based HPLC technologies such as two-dimensional HPLC, HPLC coupled with several different detection methods and HPLC fingerprint combined with multicomponent quantification have solved this problem with their comprehensive analysis; these methods have gradually been accepted by more researchers for further in-depth study. The present work provides an overview of the development of QC for TCMs based on HPLC technologies with modern hyphenated techniques, multiseparation methods and some common data processing methods in fingerprint spectra over the last six years.
... In order to examine the effect of DCQD on cell viability, pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DCQD (0.00025 g/mL, 0.0005 g/mL, 0.001 g/mL, 0.002 g/mL and 0.004 g/mL) for 0-24 hours based on the components' concentrations of DCQD in blood of our previous study [20,21]. As shown in Figure 1A, there were few dead cells present in the control group, and the cell viability significantly decreased after cerulein was added. ...
Severity of acute pancreatitis contributes to the modality of cell death. Pervious studies have demonstrated that the herb medicine formula "Dachengqi Decoction" (DCQD) could ameliorate the severity of acute pancreatitis. However, the biological mechanisms governing its action of most remain unclear. The role of apoptosis/necrosis switch within acute pancreatitis has attracted much interest, because the induction of apoptosis within injured cells might suppress inflammation and ameliorate the disease. In this study, we used cerulein (10(-8) M)-stimulated AR42J cells as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis and retrograde perfusion into the biliopancreatic duct of 3.5% sodium taurocholate as an in vivo rat model. After the treatment of DCQD, cell viability, levels of apoptosis and necrosis, reactive oxygen species positive cells, serum amylase, concentration of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide syntheses, pancreatic tissue pathological score and inflammatory cell infiltration were tested. Pretreatment with DCQD increased cell viability, induced apoptosis, decreased necrosis and reduced the severity of pancreatitis tissue. Moreover, treatment with DCQD reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species in AR42J cells but increased the concentration of nitric oxide of pancreatitis tissues. Therefore, the regulation of apoptosis/necrosis switch by DCQD might contribute to ameliorating the pancreatic inflammation and pathological damage. Further, the different effect on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide may play an important role in DCQD-regulated apoptosis/necrosis switch in acute pancreatitis.
... A characteristic of the propolis samples studied was the presence of anthraquinones at levels ranging from 0.54% to 26.34% of TIC, and 0.3-108.1 mg/g of PEE (Tables 3 and 5). Among the anthraquinones detected, the known bioactive compounds chrysophanol and emodin (Tang, Wan, Zhu, Chen, & Huang, 2008) predominated. Anthraquinones have also been detected in propolis from Egypt (Abd El Hady & Hegazi, 2002) and Turkey, where chrysophanol at levels as high as 4.54% and 15.15-20.82% of TIC were reported (Silici & Kutluca, 2005;Silici, Ünlü, & Vardar-Ünlü, 2007). ...
Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro antimicrobial activity of twelve propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) from mainland Greece, Greek islands, and east Cyprus were determined. The PEE studied contained significant amounts of terpenes and/or flavonoids, anthraquinones – mainly emodin and chrysophanol – and low amounts of phenolic acids and their esters, presenting differences from typical European propolis, and similarities to East Mediterranean propolis. Simple polyphenols and terpenic acids content ranged between 11.9–373.5 and 7.23–286.5 mg/g of PEE, respectively, with anthraquinones representing the 1.3–28.9% of simple polyphenols. Despite differences in composition, the PEE samples exhibited significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, affecting a wider spectrum of microorganisms than the food grade antibacterial nisin, and presenting lower or no activity against several Lactobacillus strains. The presence of significant amounts of terpenoids seemed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of PEE. The conclusion, given the non-toxic and natural origin of PEE, is that, besides their potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical value, propolis balsams from Greece and Cyprus are attractive candidates for use as natural antioxidant and microbicidal additives in food systems, especially those containing lactic acid bacteria.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is considered as the most powerful and versatile chromatographic separation techniques for chemical profiling or fingerprinting the components in a herbal mixture and also to identify and quantify the phyto-components. This chapter focuses on the applications of HPLC techniques, including UPLC (ultra-performance liquid chromatography) or UHPLC (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography) methods in the analysis of various herbal products and presents several specific examples of protocols of such analysis. A brief overview of available HPLC techniques and methods are also presented. This chapter also contains examples of step-by-step protocols for chemical profiling or fingerprinting of herbs, herbal mixture, and herbal products.
