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The cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following treatment with glycofullerenes and particulate matter (PM) in HaCaT cells. (A) graphs of flow cytometry raw data following treatment with glycofullerenes (1μM) or PM (SRM 1649b, 50 μg/cm 2 ) alone and (B) pretreatment with glycofullerenes for 1 h followed by incubation with PM for another 2 h. The signals were detected by H2DCFDA staining. (C) The bar graphs illustrate the cumulative counts of H2DCFDA results obtained by flow cytometry. (D) Flow cytometry data from cells treated with only glycofullerenes or PM and (E) pre-treated with glycofullerenes for 1 h followed by incubation with PM for another 2 h. The signals were detected by using CellROX staining. (F) The bar graphs illustrate the cumulative counts of CellROX results obtained by flow cytometry. All bar graphs data were
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Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to pulmonary and cardiovascular dysfunctions, as well as skin diseases, etc. PM impairs the skin barrier functions and is also involved in the initiation or exacerbation of skin inflammation, which is linked to the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. Fullerene is a single C60 mol...
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... was used to detect the ROS in the mitochondria due to it is specific sensitivity to the superoxide produced by the mitochondria. As shown in Figure 3A, H2DCFDA, an agent used to determine cellular ROS, was used to stain the cells for flow cytometry, which were treated with 1 μM of 8a C60 (Glc)12, 8b C60(Gal)12, or 8c C60(Man)12, and the non-soluble fullerene, C60-H2O. Our results showed that the cells treated with the indicated fullerenes had lower ROS production when compared with the vehicle (water) treated control group, while PM exposure significantly increased ROS levels. ...
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... results showed that the cells treated with the indicated fullerenes had lower ROS production when compared with the vehicle (water) treated control group, while PM exposure significantly increased ROS levels. As expected, glycofullerenes were found to reduce PM-induced ROS production but the non-soluble fullerene, C60-H2O did not ( Figure 3B). The bar graphs in Figure 3C illustrate the cumulative counts of the H2DCFDA flow cytometry results. ...
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... expected, glycofullerenes were found to reduce PM-induced ROS production but the non-soluble fullerene, C60-H2O did not ( Figure 3B). The bar graphs in Figure 3C illustrate the cumulative counts of the H2DCFDA flow cytometry results. A similar pattern was obtained by using another cellular ROS staining reagent-CellROX ( Figure 3D-F). ...
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... bar graphs in Figure 3C illustrate the cumulative counts of the H2DCFDA flow cytometry results. A similar pattern was obtained by using another cellular ROS staining reagent-CellROX ( Figure 3D-F). In addition, mitochondrial ROS levels after treatment with glycofullerenes and PM were detected by using flow cytometry with MitoSOX staining (Figure 4). ...
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... major advantage of water-soluble fullerenes for use as an antioxidant in the medical field is their potential ability to localize within the cell to the mitochondria [50] and other cellular compartments, where the production of free radicals is increased. Here, cellular ROS production was measured via H2DCFDA and CellROX staining (Figure 3). All cellular ROS assays performed indicated that PM exposure significantly raised ROS levels in the cell, while glycofullerenes pretreatment could reduce PM-induced ROS production. ...
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... Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/4/514/s1, Figure S1: NMR spectrum of compound 3, Figure S2: NMR spectrum of compound 5, Figure S3: IR spectra of compound 5, Figure S4: UV spectra of compound 5 in DMSO, Figure S5: NMR spectrum of compound 6, Figure S6: IR spectra of compound 6, Figure S7: UV spectra of compound 6 in DMSO, Figure S8: Synthetic route of glucoside 7a, galactoside 7b, and mannoside 7c, Figure S9: NMR spectrum of compound 8a, Figure S10: IR spectra of compound 8a, Figure S11: UV spectra of compound 8a in DMSO, Figure S12: Mass spectra of compound 8a, Figure S13: NMR spectrum of compound 8b, Figure S14: IR spectra of compound 8b, Figure S15: UV spectra of compound 8b in DMSO, Figure S16: Mass spectra of compound 8b, Figure S17: NMR spectrum of compound 8c, Figure S18: IR spectra of compound 8c, Figure S19: UV spectra of compound 8c in DMSO, Figure S20 Chang Gung Medical Research Program Foundation (grants CMRPF6G0081, CMRPF6H0041, CMRPF6H0042, CMRPF6J0051, CMRPF6K0041). ...
Citations
... Bone infection often occurs in numerous types of orthopedic surgery, leading to cause a sequence of serious consequences such as protracted infected lesions, necrotic bone formation, loosened implants, and failed surgery [1]. As the antibiotics are used to control infected tissue, improved osteogenic effects are demanded after the adsorption of necrotic bone tissues and the controlled infection [2]. ...
... On the other hand, bacterial strains against antibiotics have gradually increased, probably making bacterial infections harder to treat and posing a severe public health problem worldwide shortly. Although some inorganic [4] and organic [1] materials were developed for osteogenic differentiation; they did not kill bacterias. Therefore, it is urgent to find an alternative strategy to achieve antibacterial treatment and improve osteogenic effects simultaneously. ...
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) forms biofilm that causes periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and osteomyelitis (OM) which are the intractable health problems in clinics. The silver-containing nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antibacterial nanomaterials with less cytotoxicity than the classic Ag compounds. Likewise, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have also been demonstrated as excellent nanomaterials for medical applications. Previous studies have showed that both AgNPs and AuNPs have anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory properties. We’ve developed a novel green chemistry that could generate the AuAg nanocomposites, through the reduction of tannic acid (TNA). The bioactivity of the nanocomposites was investigated in S. aureus biofilm-exposed human osteoblast cells (hFOB1.19). The current synthesis method is a simple, low-cost, eco-friendly, and green chemistry approach. Our results showed that the AuAg nanocomposites were biocompatible with low cell toxicity, and did not induce cell apoptosis nor necrosis in hFOB1.19 cells. Moreover, AuAg nanocomposites could effectively inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria and in rest of cellular compartments after exposing to bacterial biofilm (by reducing 0.78, 0.77-fold in the cell and mitochondria, respectively). AuAg nanocomposites also suppressed ROS-triggered inflammatory protein expression via MAPKs and Akt pathways. The current data suggest that AuAg nanocomposites have the potential to be a good therapeutic agent in treating inflammation in bacteria-infected bone diseases.
... Fullerene derivatives, in particular glycomodification of fullerenes, in addition to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects, have anti-inflammatory effects on PM-induced skin diseases [459]. The three water-soluble glycofullerenes with glucosides, galactosides, and mannosides sugar substituents with the hydrodynamic diameters of 69.3 ± 5.2, 103.2 ± 6.1, and 172.0 ± 17.7 nm, respectively, were synthesized and examined for their ability to attenuate PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes. ...
Nanomaterials (NM) arouse interest in various fields of science and industry due to their composition-tunable properties and the ease of modification. They appear currently as components of many consumer products such as sunscreen, dressings, sports clothes, surface-cleaning agents, computer devices, paints, as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. The use of NPs in products for topical applications improves the permeation/penetration of the bioactive compounds into deeper layers of the skin, providing a depot effect with sustained drug release and specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Nanocarriers provide advances in dermatology and systemic treatments. Examples are a non-invasive method of vaccination, advanced diagnostic techniques, and transdermal drug delivery. The mechanism of action of NPs, efficiency of skin penetration, and potential threat to human health are still open and not fully explained. This review gives a brief outline of the latest nanotechnology achievements in products used in topical applications to prevent and treat skin diseases. We highlighted aspects such as the penetration of NPs through the skin (influence of physical–chemical properties of NPs, the experimental models for skin penetration, methods applied to improve the penetration of NPs through the skin, and methods applied to investigate the skin penetration by NPs). The review summarizes various therapies using NPs to diagnose and treat skin diseases (melanoma, acne, alopecia, vitiligo, psoriasis) and anti-aging and UV-protectant nano-cosmetics.
... In recent years, several studies revealed that supplying enough anti-oxidants had been found to attenuate oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis on skin cells, such as resveratrol [7], eckol [23], glycofullerens [24] or herbal extracts including Astragali Radix [9], Opuntia Humifusa [25] or Cornus Officinalis [26]. However, the mechanism of AAM to protect the skin against PM-induced skin damage has not been investigated yet. ...
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the reasons that exacerbate skin diseases. Impaired barrier function is a common symptom in skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis. Herbal extracts rich in antioxidants are thought to provide excellent pharmacological activities; however, the anti-pollution activity of Artocarpus altilis extract (AAM) has not been investigated yet. The present study demonstrated that 5 μg/mL of AAM was considered to be a safe dose for further experiments without cytotoxicity. Next, we evaluated the anti-pollution activity of AAM through the PM-induced keratinocytes damage cell model. The results showed that AAM could reduce PM-induced overproduction of intracellular ROS and the final product of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). In addition, AAM not only reduced the inflammatory protein expressions, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but also balanced the aging protein ratio of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) through downregulating the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. For skin barrier protection, AAM could repair PM-induced barrier function proteins damage, including filaggrin, loricrin and aquaporin 3 for providing anti-aging bioactivity. In conclusion, AAM has the potential to be developed as an anti-pollution active ingredient for topical skin products to prevent skin oxidation, inflammation and aging, and restore the skin barrier function.
... In this study, we used anti-Krt15 antibodies to measure the purity of keratinocytes. Furthermore, it was previously also reported that loricrin was detected in human keratinocytes by Western blot [25]. Consistent with previous reports, we also found that the gene is highly expressed in primary mouse keratinocytes. ...
Abstract Background Keratinocytes and fibroblasts represent the major cell types in the epidermis and dermis of the skin and play a significant role in maintenance of skin homeostasis. However, the biological characteristics of keratinocytes and fibroblasts remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression pattern between keratinocytes and fibroblasts and to explore novel biomarker genes so as to provide potential therapeutic targets for skin-related diseases such as burns, wounds, and aging. Methods Skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated from newborn mice. To fully understand the heterogeneity of gene expression between keratinocytes and fibroblasts, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two cell types were detected by RNA-seq technology. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the known genes of keratinocytes and fibroblasts and verify the RNA-seq results. Results Transcriptomic data showed a total of 4309 DEGs (fold-change > 1.5 and q-value
... Glycofullerene also maintained barrier properties of keratinocytes indicating their role in developing antipollution platforms (C. W. Lee, Su, et al., 2020). ...
... Similar effects were seen with fullerene particle which decreased oxygen scavenging pathways (C. W. Lee, Su, et al., 2020). ...
Aging is a continuous process defined by a progressive functional decline in physiological parameters. Skin, being one of the most vulnerable organs, shows early signs of aging which are predominantly affected by intrinsic factors like hormone, gender, mood, enzymes, and genetic predisposition, and extrinsic factors like exposure to radiation, air pollution, and heat. Visible morphological and anatomical changes associated with skin aging occur due to underlying physiological aberrations governed by numerous complex interactions at cellular and subcellular levels. Nanoparticles are perceived as a powerful tool in the cosmeceutical industry both for augmenting the efficacy of existing agents and as a novel standalone therapy. Both organic and inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in antiaging applications. The use of nanoparticles helps to enhance the activity of antiaging molecules by selectively targeting cellular and molecular pathways. On the other hand, the nanoparticle platforms also gained increasing popularity as the skin protectant against extrinsic factors such as UV radiation and pollutants. This review comprehensively discusses skin aging and its mechanism by highlighting the impact on cellular, subcellular, and epigenetic elements. Importantly, the review elaborates on the examples of organic and inorganic nanoparticle‐based formulations developed for antiaging application and provides mechanistic insights on how they modulate the mechanisms of skin aging. The clinical progress of nanoparticle antiaging technologies and factors that impact clinical translation are also explored.
This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
... It was shown that C 60 fullerenes protect the mammalian body from oxidative stress and are excellent antioxidants [7]. Glycofullerenes inhibit inflammatory responses, including those caused by particulate matter [8]. Fullerenols C 60 OH 24 exhibit cardioprotective effects by decreasing the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin in rats [9]. ...
An electrospark technology has been developed for obtaining a colloidal solution containing nanosized amorphous carbon. The advantages of the technology are its low cost and high performance. The colloidal solution of nanosized carbon is highly stable. The coatings on its basis are nanostructured. They are characterized by high adhesion and hydrophobicity. It was found that the propagation of microorganisms on nanosized carbon coatings is significantly hindered. At the same time, eukaryotic animal cells grow and develop on nanosized carbon coatings, as well as on the nitinol medical alloy. The use of a colloidal solution as available, cheap and non-toxic nanomaterial for the creation of antibacterial coatings to prevent biofilm formation seems to be very promising for modern medicine, pharmaceutical and food industries.
Glycoclusters have been extensively investigated for their inhibition of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions, which is often the first step for bacterial and viral pathogens to selectively bind their host cells. Glycoclusters may thus prevent infections by blocking the microbe attachment onto the host cell surface. The potency of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions is largely derived from the spatial arrangement of the ligand and the nature and flexibility of the linker. The size of the glycocluster may also have a dramatic impact on the multivalent effect. The main objective of this study is to provide a systematic comparison of gold nanoparticles of three representative sizes and ligand densities at their surface. Therefore, AuNPs with diameters of 20, 60, and 100 nm were coupled either to a monomeric D-mannoside or a decameric glycofullerene. Lectin DC-SIGN and lectin FimH were selected as representative models of viral and bacterial infections, respectively. We also report the synthesis of a hetero-cluster built from 20 nm AuNPs and a mannose-derived glycofullerene and monomeric fucosides. All final glycoAuNPs were evaluated as ligands of DC-SIGN- and FimH using the GlycoDiag LectProfile technology. This investigation revealed that the 20 nm AuNPs bearing glycofullerenes with short linker are the most potent binders of both DC-SIGN and FimH. Moreover, the hetero-glycoAuNPs showed an enhanced selectivity and inhibitory ability towards DC-SIGN. Hemagglutination inhibition assays using uropathogenic E. coli corroborated the in vitro assays. Overall, these results showed smaller glycofullerene-AuNPs (20 nm) exhibited the best potential as anti-adhesive materials for a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has always been a topic of great interests attributed to its vital role in biological process. H2O2 is known as a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is involve in numerous physiological processes such as cell proliferation, signal transduction, differentiation, and even pathogenesis. A plenty of diseases development such as chronic disease, inflammatory disease, and organ dysfunction are found to be relevant to abnormality of H2O2 production. Thus, imminent and feasible strategies to modulate and detect H2O2 level in vitro and in vivo have gained great importance. To date, the boronate-based chemical structure probes have been widely used to address the problems from the above aspects because of the rearranged chemical bonding which can detect and quantify ROS including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−). This present article discusses boronate-based probes based on the chemical structure difference as well as reactivities to H2O2 and ONOO−. In this review, we also focus on the application of boronate-based probes in the field of cell imaging, prodrugs nanoplatform, nanomedicines, and electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnosis and treatment. In a nutshell, we outline the recent application of boronate-based probes and represent the prospective potentiality in biomedical domain in the future.
