FIGURE 3
The bony labyrinth of the three samples of Palaeoloxodon tiliensis. A, cochlear ventral view; B, anterior view. See text for abbreviations.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... morphology of the bony labyrinth of Palaeoloxodon tiliensis is based on three specimens (T137, T2406, T2506, Figure 3), which were micro-CT scanned and reconstructed in 3D. The cochlea has a degree of coiling approximately of 752° (2 to 2.25 full turns). ...
Context 2
... cochlea has a degree of coiling approximately of 752° (2 to 2.25 full turns). It forms a fairly planispiral shape, as it is illustrated in Figure 3. It appears to be tightly coiled, with a large and massive basal whorl. ...
Context 3
... spherical recess, which houses the membranous saccule, is situated anteriorly and the utricle posteriorly. The fenestra vestibuli faces posteriorly and the perilymphatic foramen laterally ( Figure 3A). The vestibular aqueduct originates from the vestibule at the base of the common crus, from which it extends detached and dorsally to the cerebellar surface of the petrosal bone ( Figure 3B). ...
Context 4
... fenestra vestibuli faces posteriorly and the perilymphatic foramen laterally ( Figure 3A). The vestibular aqueduct originates from the vestibule at the base of the common crus, from which it extends detached and dorsally to the cerebellar surface of the petrosal bone ( Figure 3B). Its entire aspect in all specimens could not be depicted, however, due to the preservation of the samples. ...
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... Numerous projects and applications have emerged, showcasing the effectiveness of photogrammetry and laser scanning in the realm of natural history digitization [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. These initiatives have demonstrated the extensive array of possibilities and advancements within this field. ...
In recent years, researchers in the field of natural heritage have intensified their efforts to develop new ways to enhance the promotion and accessibility of natural content in order to attract more audiences using virtual representations of physical objects (digital twins). Therefore, they are increasingly incorporating new technologies and digital tools in their operations since their usage by the general public and in the natural heritage (NH) museums is considered particularly effective. Simultaneously, the increasing quality of the produced digitizations has opened up new opportunities for the exploitation of the outcomes of digitization beyond the initial anticipations. Responding to the growing demand of museum visitors for a personalized digital tour experience, especially amidst the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the v-PalM project aims to develop a digital platform to offer virtual guidance and education services at the Museum of Paleontology and Geology, which is hosted at the National Kapodistrian University of Athens. The development of the platform will be based on collecting data through various methods, including crowdsourcing, innovative information, and communication technologies, taking advantage of content digitization using 3D scanning devices. This paper demonstrates an enhanced methodology for the digitization of paleontological exhibits. The methodology uses photogrammetry and laser scanning methods from various devices, such as drones, laser scanners, and smartphones. These methods create digital twins that are suitable for various scenarios, including research, education, and entertainment. The proposed methodology has been applied to over fifty paleontological museum exhibits of varying sizes and complexities, and the resulting 3D models exhibit high accuracy in both their material and geometric aspects, while they also feature crucial details that assist researchers and the scientific community.
... This increases the number of proboscidean taxa for which the bony labyrinth is documented from six (including Ekdale's (2011) unidentified elephantimorph and Claudius' (1865) Deinotherium) to seventeen. The petrosal and bony labyrinth of Palaeoloxodon tiliensis were described too recently to be considered here, but their morphology is almost identical to that of modern elephants (Liakopoulou et al. 2021). ...
The elephant brain is famous for its higher than average encephalization quotient, memory capacities, large cerebellum, large facial and trigeminal nerves, and the extensive repertoire of complex behaviors and social interactions it produces, the last of which being supported by infrasonic communication. The evolutionary history of Proboscidea is amongst the best-documented among mammals but knowledge of the group’s paleoneurological history remains comparatively fragmentary. Here, we summarize and build upon more than 150 years of research on the evolution of the proboscidean nervous system. We find that the morphology of the endocranial cast and bony labyrinth of the basal-most proboscideans is consistent with the generalized plesiomorphic conditions for placental mammals (e.g. linearly organized brain parts, low encephalization quotient, presence of a secondary common crus), whereas their conditions become essentially elephant-like in the Elephantimorpha around the Oligocene. This suggests that a higher encephalization quotient and adaptations to low-frequency hearing (e.g. loss of the secondary bony lamina) evolved in parallel with the formation and evolution of a trunk, adaptation to a drier environment, and a higher body mass. We hypothesize that these structures co-evolved as a response to the changing climate in the Oligocene.
Here we provide complete 3D reconstructions of the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of four kinds of small-sized deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, Muntiacus reevesi, Muntiacus muntjak, Hydropotes inermis) based on high-resolution CT scanning, and select one musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) as a comparative object. The petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of E. cephalophus are illustrated for the first time, as well as the petrosal bones of M. reevesi and H. inermis. Some morphological characters of petrosal bone and bony labyrinth can be used to distinguish the above-mentioned species. For example, M. moschiferus shows a prominent transpromontorial sulcus and a ventral basicapsular groove on the petrosal bone; there is a bifurcate cochlear aqueduct on the bony labyrinth of E. cephalophus; there is a distinct fusion between the lateral and posterior semicircular canals on the bony labyrinth of H. inermis. Meanwhile, there are some intraspecific variations on the subarcuate fossa, the tegmen tympani, the cochlear aqueduct, as well as the endolymphatic sac. Our results further confirm that the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth have enormous potential for taxonomy. This work will provide new anatomical data for the phylogenetic study of ruminants in the future, and it will be very practical to identify the isolated ruminants' petrosal bones that are frequently unearthed from paleontological or archeological sites.
