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This work aims at discussing a measurement cam-paign carried out in a residential apartment to measure hybrid PLC-wireless channel. The hybrid PLC-wireless channels is the one that allow portable devices and devices physically connected to electric distribution grids to communicate with each other. Also, it is presented a capacitive coupling device...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... use of sounding method to estimate hybrid PLC wire- less channels requires the development of a measurement setup that, in our case, is constituted by the following equipment: i) rugged and portable personal computers; ii) capacitive PLC coupler covering the frequency band between 1.7 and 100 MHz, iii) data acquisition board with analog to digital con- verter (ADC) of 16 bits resolution at the maximum sampling rate of 200 Msps, iv) data generation board whose digital to analog con- verter (DAC) of 14-bits resolution at the maximum sampling rate of 200 Msps, v) omnidirectional antenna covering the frequency band between 1.7 and 100 MHz. The block diagram of the measurement setup is shown in Figure 2. ...
Context 2
... data acquisition and generation boards are installed in the personal computers and the PLC coupler as well as the antenna are connected to the channels of the both boards. Furthermore, depending on the data transmission direction (P LC → wireless or wireless → P LC), the wireless and PLC blocks in the Figure 2 represent the data acquisition or the data generation board. The combination of the personal computer, the data generation (acquisition) board and the capacitive PLC coupler acts as the fixed Tx (Rx) device, while the arrangement constituted by the personal computer, the data acquisition (generation) board and the omnidirectional antenna represents the portable Rx (Tx) device. ...
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Citations
... Note that the two-port network can be written as a function of the input impedance parameters, Z 1 (f, t), of an electric power circuit. It can be obtained by time-varying ABCD matrix, see (1). As a result, ...
Aiming to bring attention to the necessity of dealing with the dynamics of access impedance in electric power systems, this paper introduces an adaptive impedance matching circuit that is based on an analog filter bank approach. In this sense, it describes a prototype that validates the proposed filter bank approach for improving impedance matching. Numerical results obtained with the detailed prototype operating in the frequency band between 2 and 500 MHz show that the proposed analog filter bank approach helps to improve impedance matching in power line communication (PLC) systems. Also, the numerical results show that the dynamics of impedance matching between two or more PLC transceivers is a difficult task to be accomplished because real-time coordination among them is necessary. Overall, it is shown that the proposed analog filter bank approach constitutes an interesting research direction for improving impedance matching between PLC transceivers and electric power systems.
... In [15], the measurement campaign of hybrid PLCwireless channels are analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that the communication of portable devices over the electric distribution grid is viable. ...
... Combining RF and PLC technologies have been proposed in the literature for various application [1,10,11,15,16,[19][20][21][22]. In most of them, PLC is proposed to be used as a backbone for RF, and the signals to be transmitted by the WiFi router comes from the PLC channel. ...
... By substituting Eqs. (15), (16) into (14), then Eq. (17) can be written as ...
Signals from indoor access points in a wireless
fidelity (WiFi) suffer from high attenuation as a
result of the thick walls and metal structures in the
multilevel-storey buildings where they are deployed. This
is due to the scattering of the retransmitted signals by
the thick walls and metal structures. Power line communication
(PLC) technology is considered as a solution
to overcoming this challenge. In this paper, a
combination of the RF and PLC technologies is proposed
for achieving signal transmission in indoor environments
taking into account the presence characteristic
of multilevel-storey buildings. Diversity Combining
techniques, namely, selection combining (SC) and maximum
ratio combining (MRC) is exploited to recover
the retransmitted message, then the outage probability
for both the SC and the MRC are proposed. Furthermore,
we analyze the hybrid system estimated implementation
cost.
... The setup consists of a VNA Agilent Field Fox N9912A instrument and a PLC coupling circuit. The former is used to obtain the scattering parameters associated with the access impedance, while the latter is used as an interface between the VNA instrument and an outlet inside the house or apartment [33,34]. Moreover, the PLC coupling circuit is responsible for providing galvanic isolation between the electric power grid and the VNA instrument, avoiding physical contact between VNA instrument and the electric power grid [35]. ...
This paper focuses on the measurement, characterization and modeling of the access impedance of the Brazilian in-home, broadband and low-voltage electric power grids when the frequency band between 2 and 500 Hz is taken into account. Also, it describes the measurement setup and the settings of a large measurement campaign that was carried out on several kinds of facilities in three different Brazilian cities. In addition, it presents a procedure to obtain a statistical model of the access impedance in the aforementioned frequency band. Then, based on the analysis of the measured access impedances and well-known criteria for choosing statistical models, this study suggests statistical distributions to model the resistance and reactance components of the access impedance. Also, it is shown that the access impedance is a nonstationary random process in the frequency domain. Furthermore, because of this property, this paper introduces a simple and effective model to generate sample functions, based on the suggested statistical distributions.
... Currently, the use of antenna coupling is under investigation for broadband PLC to offer mobility to PLC users, introducing both PLC and wireless transceivers called hybrid PLC-wireless [19], [20], [104]. Furthermore, the power cable can be seen as an antenna for the propagation of RF signals, such as WiFi, [105]- [107] which can reduce the investment with cabling and repeaters. In [108], the authors characterized the LV power cable to use as an antenna to propagate RF signals in ultra-highfrequency (UHF). ...
The advent of power line communication (PLC) for smart grids, vehicular communications, internet of things and data network access has recently gained ample interest in industry and academia. Due to the characteristics of electric power grids and regulatory constraints, the effectiveness of coupling between the power line and PLC transceivers has become a very important issue. Coupling devices used to inject or extract data communication signals into or from power lines are very important components of a PLC system. There is, however, an obvious gap in the literature for a detailed review of existing PLC couplers. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of couplers, which are required for narrowband and broadband PLC transceivers. Prevailing issues that protract the design of couplers and consequently subtended the inventions of different types of couplers are clearly described. We also provide a useful classification of PLC couplers based on the type of physical couplings , voltage levels, frequency bandwidth, propagation modes and a number of connections. This survey will guide researchers, as well as designers alike, into a quicker resourcing when studying coupling in narrowband and broadband PLC systems.
... Different from the aforementioned works, this paper addresses a communication medium established between a PLC device that makes use of the wireline (power cables) to receive/transmit signals with a wireless device, which use the air for data communication. The characterization of such kind of data communication medium was initially addressed in [16], [17]. Also, [18] discussed the usefulness of such communication medium incorporating a commercial PLC modem. ...
This work focuses on the characterization of indoor hybrid power line communication (PLC)-wireless channels in the frequency band between 1.7 and 100 MHz. These hybrid channels allow the simultaneous exploitation of the ubiquitous PLC channel and the mobility benefits offered by the wireless signals radiating from and being induced into power cables. A comprehensive study and analysis was conducted based on: (i) coherence time, (ii) additive-noise power spectral density, (iii) coherence bandwidth, (iv) delay spread, (v) average channel gain, (vi) channel frequency response and (vii) channel capacity. Based on the reported analysis, the magnitude responses of hybrid PLC-wireless channels can be assumed to be symmetrical and significantly frequency selective. Also, we reveal that additivenoise power spectral density and, consequently, channel capacity differ considerably in the PLC-to-wireless and wireless-to-PLC transmission directions. Finally, we show that the measured PLCwireless channels present a channel capacity of up to hundreds mega bits per second.
In the indoor environment of multiple-story buildings, the line-of-sight (LOS) radio frequency (RF) signal is generally obstructed by walls and slabs. As a solution to this dilemma, power line communication (PLC) is an alternative to overcome the LOS RF penetration issue. PLC is a cost-effective system that uses an alternative technology approach, through the help of an already existing electrical distribution network inside the building, to transmit data. In this approach, the electrical wire acts as a radiating antenna that takes through the RF signal. Firstly, the signal is detected and demodulated by an RF receiver, which becomes mobile due to the contactless aspect of the link. The focus of this paper is to analyze the performance of such a system and propose measurement results. The overall concatenation of PLC and RF systems. Simulation results exhibit the channel frequency response of the cascaded PLC-RF and its performance is measured through practical implementation.
