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The bite force measured by different quantifiable occlusal indicators. The recorded comparison of the occlusal indicators on the left and right sides, including the percentage of bite force of the maximal occlusal force from the T-scan (A) and the quantitative bite force in newtons from the DPS2 (B).
Source publication
Background
Occlusal force represents masticatory function. Using quantifiable occlusal indicators provides a more objective occlusal force evaluation. In the recent dental practice, digital methods such as the Dental Prescale II (DP2, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and T-scan (T-Scan III v8; Tekscan Inc.) are commonly used in clinics to evaluate treatment...
Citations
... Both only offer the possibility for progression measurements to quantitatively record changes before and after therapy or over time, as is the case with other measuring devices [57]. Other studies also used linear equations to calculate or convert the measured masticatory force for measuring devices in order to increase the value for clinical applications [58]. ...
Background: this study aims to validate two occlusal-force-measuring devices by comparing them to a universal testing machine and assessing their reliability across various dental and prosthetic groups. The research comprised two parts: part 1 assessed the measurement accuracy of the Occlusal Force Meter GM 10® (OFM) (Morita, Nagano Keiki, Higashimagome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan) and a prototype (PRO) by comparing them to a calibrated universal testing machine (ZWICK). Part 2 involved analyzing the devices’ reliability based on clinical bite force measurements from study participants. Results: both devices become more accurate and reliable compared to the ZWICK over time of usage. Additionally, higher deviation from the ZWICK can be observed for higher values of forces applied and vice versa for both devices. The PRO’s intraoral alignment influences its mean values compared to the OFM in different dental and prosthetic groups. Conclusion: both devices had limitations and required quadratic function calibration, making them suitable only for progression measurements. The study concludes that both the OFM and PRO devices can measure occlusal forces with improved accuracy over time. Intraoral alignment should be considered. Their easy-to-use clinical application would allow a more widespread use of masticatory function diagnosis, which could indicate the need for treatment and improve treatment planning.
... The T-scan reveals the relative bite force (percent) relative to the maximal bite force on individual teeth or the unilateral arch. It is challenging to find a device that can satisfy all requirements for recording occlusal [1]. ...
Background
The aim of orthodontic treatment, apart from esthetic and functional corrections, is uniform force distribution. Hence Occlusal analysis using a T scan gives scope for a precisely targeted treatment plan. The T-scan evaluation of occlusal force, time, and location of contacts from initial occlusal contact to maximum intercuspation enables the orthodontist to sequentially balance the occlusal forces on the right and left sides through specific treatment plan options.
Objective
The current study aimed to determine the force distribution in the different individuals by using a T-Scan as well as the net discrepancies of forces generated at a maximum intercuspation position in the first molar region between the left and right sides of the mouth.
Methods
This is a descriptive-correlational study that was carried out in Ras Al Khaimah College of Dental Sciences clinics and Ajman University clinics from January 2020 to September 2022 by using the convenience sampling technique. The T-scan III Novus was employed in this investigation to record multi-bite scans for several patients. T-scan was utilised to examine various malocclusions.
Results
The present study consisted of 158 participants. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the percentage of force between the three types of malocclusions (I, II, and III) on the right molar side (B-16 and B-46) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the overall discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the three types of malocclusion classifications (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of force between B-26 and B-36 (p > 0.05). Post hoc analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the percentage of force between malocclusion classes I and III on the right molar, with a mean difference of 4.11190 (p < 0.05). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in B-46 between Malocclusion Classes I and II, 4.01806 (p < 0.05). Additionally, post hoc analysis showed a statistically significant difference between malocclusion classes I and III, with a mean difference of -4.79841 (p < 0.05) on the right molar.
Conclusion
The T-Scan is a useful tool for assessing occlusal discrepancies and can be helpful during treatment planning and follow-up, especially for orthognathic surgery patients. A T-scan could be used in orthodontic therapy in a simple and efficient way. Also, it turned out to be a useful tool for diagnosing problems and gave us new information about how therapies work. In this study, T-Scan showed that it can measure occlusal forces in timing in an objective, accurate, and repeated manner. The current study found that T-Scan was better able to report the difference in the percentage of force on the right molar side than on the left side.
... In addition, in this study, Dental Prescale II was used for the maximum bite force measurement. The reliability of Dental Prescale II has been established in previous studies [33][34][35]. Wang et al. [33] compared the reliability of the occlusion assessment using three different occlusion measurement tools articulating paper, Dental Prescale II, and a virtual occlusal construction method, with that using a silicone bite registration material and reported that all three, including Dental Prescale II, showed a good reliability in clinical applications. In addition, Dental Prescale II showed significant correlations with the other bite-force-measuring devices, Dental Prescale (the previous version of the Dental Prescale II) and T-Scan, with a high reliability [34,35]. ...
... Wang et al. [33] compared the reliability of the occlusion assessment using three different occlusion measurement tools articulating paper, Dental Prescale II, and a virtual occlusal construction method, with that using a silicone bite registration material and reported that all three, including Dental Prescale II, showed a good reliability in clinical applications. In addition, Dental Prescale II showed significant correlations with the other bite-force-measuring devices, Dental Prescale (the previous version of the Dental Prescale II) and T-Scan, with a high reliability [34,35]. Therefore, Dental Prescale II is considered to be a tool that can be used to quickly and simultaneously evaluate both occlusal bite force and occlusal contact area. ...
... However, because we thus depended on the participants themselves to carry out the training, it was difficult to determine whether the training was followed and continued. Third, although the reliability of the Dental Prescale II was confirmed in previous studies [33][34][35], the measurements should be performed using two or more other types of devices for accuracy. Furthermore, the maximum bite force should be measured together with an electromyogram to confirm that each participant clenched at the maximum bite force [46]. ...
No specific methods have been officially proposed for the prevention and improvement of oral hypofunction. Therefore, in this randomized controlled trial, we aimed to develop a gum-chewing training program and determine its effects in older adults. A total of 218 older adults, aged 65–85 years, were randomly allocated to the intervention or control groups. The intervention group chewed the experimental gum daily, whereas the control group consumed the experimental granular food daily. The outcome assessments measured the maximum bite force, occlusal contact areas, oral dryness, tongue pressure, tongue and lip functions, masticatory function, and gum-chewing time. The measured values for each outcome were compared between groups using the Mann–Whitney U test and within groups pre- and post-intervention using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A total of 211 participants completed the study. After 2 months, the intervention group had a significantly higher maximum bite force than the control group (p = 0.01), indicating that gum-chewing training improved maximum bite force in older adults. This was determined using one type of bite force measuring device. Therefore, it is suggested that gum-chewing training has a high potential to improve oral hypofunction.
... The Dental Prescale System (Dental Prescale II, GC, Tokyo, Japan) is a specialized occlusal pressure mapping system used for occlusal analysis in dentistry. It is a diagnostic tool that provides information on the distribution of occlusal contact area (OCA) and the magnitude of occlusal force (OF) simultaneously applied during biting and chewing [6,13,14]. OF in this study refers to the amount of force applied to the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during the MVC. Individuals with high OF have hypodivergent vertical relationships, such as short anterior facial height, long posterior facial height, small mandibular plane angle, and long mandibular ramus, whereas sagittal skeletal relationships are rarely correlated [15]. ...
... Those investigations used Angle's classification or no malocclusion to define normal occlusion. However, morphological definition of normal occlusion does not necessarily imply normal function, as identification of normal occlusion based on molar and canine relationships has a limited impact on the level of occlusal force [13]. Therefore, when selecting participants with normal occlusion, consideration should be given not only to the occlusal relationship but also to the functional aspect. ...
... The occlusal function was defined as OCA and OF in the present study, which were measured using occlusal pressure mapping system (Dental Prescale II) [6,13,14,20]. In the system, a thin pressure-sensitive sheet containing a grid of microcapsules filled with chromophoric substances was used to cover the occlusal surfaces entirely. ...
Objectives
Masticatory function, including masticatory muscle activity and occlusal function, can be affected by craniofacial morphology. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between craniofacial morphology and masticatory function in participants who had completed orthodontic treatment at least two years before and had stable occlusion.
Materials and Methods
Fourty-two healthy participants were prospectively enrolled and divided into three vertical cephalometric groups according to the mandibular plane angle. Masticatory muscle activity (MMA) in the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was assessed using surface electromyography. The occlusal contact area (OCA) and occlusal force (OF), defined as occlusal function in this study, were evaluated using occlusal pressure mapping system. Masticatory muscle efficiency (MME) was calculated by dividing MMA by OF. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using a lateral cephalogram. The masticatory function was compared using one-way analysis of variance. Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships between craniofacial morphology and masticatory function.
Results
The hypodivergent group had the lowest MMAand the highest MME in the masseter (167.32 ± 74.92 µV and 0.14 ± 0.06 µV/N, respectively) and anterior temporalis muscles (0.18 ± 0.08 µV/N, p < 0.05). MMA in the masseter showed a positive relationship with mandibular plane angle (r = 0.358), whereas OCA (r = -0.422) and OF (r = -0.383) demonstrated a negative relationship (p < 0.05). The anterior temporalis muscle activity negatively correlated with ramus height (r = -0.364, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Vertical craniofacial morphology was related to masticatory function. Hypodivergent individuals may have low MMA and high occlusal function, resulting in good masticatory muscle efficiency.
Clinical relevance
Hypodivergent individuals require careful consideration in orthodontic diagnosis and prosthetic treatment planning.
... However, oral appliances increase the inconvenience of occlusion collection. In addition, due to the limitations of the T-scan [37], it can only display the relative value of the force and cannot obtain the absolute magnitude of the occlusal force, let alone the decomposition of the occlusal force. The study by Hattori et al. proposed a method to set the occlusal force value and direction and initially constructed a 3D occlusal force analysis system. ...
Background
Occlusal analysis is essential in the dental clinical practice. However, the traditional occlusal analysis performed on the two-dimensional level can not directly correspond to the tooth surface with three-dimensional profile, therefore the clinical guidance value is limited.
Methods
By combining the 3D digital dental models and quantitative data from 2D occlusal contact analysis, this study constructed a novel digital occlusal analysis method. The validity and reliability of DP and SA were verified by comparing the results of occlusal analysis of 22 participants. ICC values for occlusal contact area (OCA) and occlusal contact number (OCN) were tested.
Results
Results confirmed the reliability of the two occlusal analysis methods with ICC values of 0.909 for SAOCA, 0.906 for DPOCA, 0.929 for SAOCN and 0.904 for DPOCN. The Bland-Altman plot, paired t-test (tOCN = 0.691, P > 0.05) and Pearson correlation analysis results (R = 0.68, p < 0.001) verified the validity between SA and DP. Then a novel digital occlusal analysis method was constructed, which not only can locate the occlusion contact and provide the quantitative analysis, but also provide a comprehensive description of the resultant force of each tooth and the component forces on the x-, y- and z-axis.
Conclusions
This new occlusal analysis method can obtain quantitative analysis of occlusal contact including contact area and force information simultaneously, which will provide new impetus and greater help for clinical dental treatment and scientific research.
