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... Home appliances and devices can be turned off with little or no human interaction when it is not in use [3]. Therefore, HAS are preferred over manual systems due to their remote monitoring, control, and informing occupants of daily activities according to their requirements [4]. HAS is managed by an IoT-enabled platform, which provides them with global connectivity and control, and enables smart home devices to acquire real-time information from many sources. ...
... However, security, safety, and authorization were not considered. [4] used an Android app to construct an adaptable HAS framework using the NodeMCU microcontroller board and MQTT protocol to update data to the IoT server via a Wi-Fi module. [27] created a model view controller architecture for object detection mechanism to control smart home appliances, and the cloud of things, demonstrating improved object detection in a smart home setting by combining object identification techniques with deep learning algorithms. ...
Home Automation Systems (HAS) are commonly controlled by smartphones and
microcontrollers for convenience, efficiency, and security. It integrates smart devices, the Internet
of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and rule-based event processing to significantly impact the
process of autonomous system development. IoT technology has made smart home applications
popular for their access to a variety of data and services. Due to a shortage of current HAS
functionality that supports the control of multiple aspects of a home, it is essential to provide an
alternative design of HAS. In this paper, a prototype for a smart IoT-based HAS is proposed to
control and monitor the parameters of home appliances. The proposed system integrates both IoT
and cloud computing technologies to increase the system's performance. It uses Node MCU as a
central controlling unit. The system integrates various smart devices, and security alarms, and
operates in both manual and remote modes. Solid-state Relay is used to regulate load and
switches, and the system includes an irrigation system that autonomously irrigates home gardens.
The system can be controlled over IoT cloud service, and watering is made easier by setting
parameter thresholds, minimizing water waste, and utilizing water as needed.
... The Internet of Things (IoT) is the use of programming arguments that can produce an interaction between machines that are connected automatically without human intervention and without any distance or time restrictions. [7][20] [22][24] [25]IoT has brought changes to modern life, such as automatic traffic lights, smart homes, optimizing energy utilization, and monitoring water conditions in ornamental fish. [3][4] [5]. ...
... Sudden changes in temperature or significant pH fluctuations can cause stress and even death in ornamental fish. [5][6] [7] In this context, the main challenge to overcome is how to consistently maintain water conditions at an optimal level for ornamental fish. Climate change and human activity have had a negative impact on water quality, causing changes in temperature and pH levels that can disrupt the aquatic ecosystems where ornamental fish live. ...
The prototype application of an automatic control system in an Internet Of Things-based aquarium using DS18B20 and PH-4502C temperature sensors using the NodeMCU ESP 8266 microcontroller is a system that can regulate the temperature and pH of water automatically which is applied to a small aquarium. This technological advancement is very helpful for people who have busy daily lives who do not have time or cannot check the condition of the fish in their aquarium. To see the condition of ornamental fish aquarium can be checked from mobile phone through blynk application. Monitoring using the blynk application can be done anywhere as long as the device is always connected to the internet.
... We identified four low-cost rainfall sensors mentioned in the scientific literature: droplet detector YL-83 (Rivas-Sánchez et al. 2019; Islam et al. 2021), tipping-bucket rain gauge WH-SP-RG (Abeledo et al. 2016;Chan et al. 2021), optical rainfall detector RG-11 (Bartos et al. 2018) with no guaranteed accuracy to measure rainfall intensity, and Pluvimate drop-counting rain gauge (Michelon et al. 2020). According to information available on the internet, WH-SP-RG is part of the weather station kit SEN-15901 or WS-2080. ...
The large-scale deployment of low-cost monitoring systems has the potential to revolutionize the field of urban hydrology monitoring, bringing improved urban management, and a better living environment. Even though low-cost sensors emerged a few decades ago, versatile and cheap electronics like Arduino could give stormwater researchers a new opportunity to build their own monitoring systems to support their work. To find out sensors which are ready for low-cost stormwater monitoring systems, for the first time, we review the performance assessments of low-cost sensors for monitoring air humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, rainfall, water level, water flow, soil moisture, water pH, conductivity, turbidity, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a unified metrological framework considering numerous parameters. In general, as these low-cost sensors are not initially designed for scientific monitoring, there is extra work to make them suitable for in situ monitoring, to calibrate them, to validate their performance, and to connect them with open-source hardware for data transmission. We, therefore, call for international cooperation to develop uniform low-cost sensor production, interface, performance, calibration and system design, installation, and data validation guides which will greatly regulate and facilitate the sharing of experience and knowledge.
HIGHLIGHTS
Low-cost sensors have the potential to revolutionize water monitoring.;
We provide an up-to-date scientific review of commercially available low-cost sensors.;
We introduce a unified metrological framework for various low-cost sensors.;
Suggestions and recommendations for sensor modules choice and uses are given.;
The development of low-cost monitoring systems requires elaborating common guidelines.;
... In [17], the authors managed electrical load and home security using the Internet of Things (IoT) based on the Arduino Mega 2560 system. Other smart systems were developed by researchers in [18][19][20][21]. A comparison between all the aforementioned smart home applications, including the main gaps in each system, is presented in Table 1. ...
The ideal smart home could be automatically controlled using a variety of electronic tools and devices to perform everyday tasks. Smart home automation is crucially beneficial for human life, particularly when considering those with disabilities, inpatients, and elderly populations. In this paper, applications and systems for smart homes are investigated. During experimentation they were controlled via an Android mobile phone and the Arduino platform. Bluetooth Module HC-06 was used to connect the Arduino Uno R3 with the mobile phone. Five smart home applications were developed to control the lighting and electrical sockets, fan speed, temperature- and humidity-meter display/controls, as well as the fire-alarm and toxic-gas alarm systems. Herein, the definition, the graphical user interface, the required main components, and the control circuit connections are prepared and presented for each application. The graphical user interface was created using the RemoteXY website, which is a reliable website for this purpose. The developed applications were tested, and they were found to work efficiently and correctly. Additionally, this innovative system is both cost-effective and affordable (total cost at the time of development was 110 USD).
... In the last decade, several researchers have focused on the research field of designing smart home automation systems realized on programmable digital fabric and Internet of Things (IOT) [31]. Smart home automation systems can be defined as a collection of digital and embedded processing devices, sensing units, and actuating circuits that are connected either by wireless interface devices or by wired bus circuits with the internet and smart Internet of Things (IOT) devices in such a way that provide the house owner with different services and capabilities [32]- [34]. Some of these services are security, safety, power consumption, and efficiency [35], [36]. ...
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are increasingly being used to realize modern safety-critical instrumentation and control (I&C) applications. Examples of these applications are industrial automation and control systems, plant process safety protection systems, smart home systems and digital I&C systems embedded in nuclear power plants (NPPs) that require high levels of performance, reliability, and flexibility. The PLC is a flexible, programmable, and robust digital device that can execute all logical and mathematical runtime functions of the I&C application and operate in harsh-critical environments. This paper proposes a PLC-based home security controller based on the ladder logic programming model. The design, analysis, and hardware implementation of this controller are presented in this paper. The designed system consists of three basic modules which are a sensing module used for reading the data of the input field devices for the smart home application, a computation-based decisional module used for executing the programming model, and an actuating module used for sending the control commands to the output field devices. The proposed home security system utilized different types of sensors such as a laser photoelectric sensor, a motion or proximity sensor, and a limit switch. In addition, a siren speaker, a light tower including three lights red, yellow, and green, two push-pull switches and emergency push-pull buttons were used as control inputs and output indicators in the implementation of this work This designed system is implemented on the Allen-Bradley CompactLogix PLC controller and Human Machine Interface (HMI) panel programmed as the graphical user interface. The experimental simulation results of the real hardware connection demonstrate that the proposed system is reliable, safe, and feasible for smart home security applications.
... Islam et al. [11] a system has been proposed that connects sensors and other data sources, and this system is called qToggle and works by relying on a flexible and powerful application programming interface based on application programming interface (API). With Arduino, the proposed system through the results, ease of use, second development, more reliance on various additions. ...
As a result of the rapid increase in the number of users in internet of things (IoT) technologies, IoT becomes one of the most important technologies that play an important and essential role in various areas of human life, it provides service over 24 hours. In this paper, the proposed system relies on the implementation of a set of sensors for the Internet of things, which accomplish tasks inside the home automation, for example, controlling the main door, boiler and lock, as well as the ability to control lighting and air, internal temperature sensors, it based on the Arduino, to collect multimedia data, and remote-controlled sensors. The proposed system provides an efficient way to control and monitor the various devices in the home for security and safety purposes, and through sensors that rely on wireless technologies. The results show the abnormal alarm notification for heathcare/security purposes with the distance as 27 cm, smoke carbon monoxide on indoor air quality as 10211 degree Co as 6256 degree, Liquefied petroleum gas as 5097 degree, the delayed 3.4 ms and network latency as 0.0012 seconds of alarm notification with long distance as 60 m and high packet delivery ratio as 98.7%.
... The system says it uses GPS data to obtain real-time information about the bus, helping passengers track the bus, its arrival time and speed in real time. This paper [39] describes the implementation and analysis of a home automation framework based on the Internet of Things using MQTT protocol [40] and Node MCU [41]. Mobile Android applications using ESP8266 as a microcontroller board with a Wi-Fi module help users remotely monitor and control home appliances using mobile applications over the Internet. ...
The Internet of Things has played an essential role in many industries over the past few decades. Recent advances in the healthcare industry have made it possible for more people to access healthcare and improve their overall health. Not only is health awareness growing, but mobile information devices are increasingly being used for instant access to health information and fitness applications. The use of mobile communication devices for medical communication is also increasing. Various new sensing devices will be used in remote health monitoring and nursing, especially for sensing various physiological parameters of the elderly and the construction of ubiquitous health networks, which will be a big field of the application of the Internet of things.
... For many patients, elderly, and disabled, living a hassle-free life is just in one click where they enjoy their privacy, and practice their independence without relying on others [9]. The added innovations in home automation provide a comfortable and flexible usage to users regardless of their conditions and at a much lower rate, as it booms in the market [10]. IoT grows exponentially with the need of society by monitoring factors in the surrounding [11]. ...
... Islam, Sk. F [3] implemented an IoT based home automation system framework. The system is designed with NodeMCU controller and MQTT protocol to control and monitor appliances over the internet in mobile application. ...
Automation plays a significant role in making our lives easier and comfortable in day-to-day activities. Various wireless technologies like Bluetooth, IR remote, and Wi-Fi, etc., are used in the design of automation systems. For mobile applications, it is needed to perform the initial training process for user’s specified (target) voice command. In this work, new user’s initial training process of specified voice command is reduced by implementing the Initially Observed Plurality of Voice Commands (IOPVCs) data method in control unit. In automation systems, at the time of failures in network or control unit, it is required to include the manual mode of operation to ensure the reliability. It is achieved in this work by configuring the control unit with two-way electrical switches. For wireless voice connectivity, HC-05 Bluetooth module and for non-voice connectivity, IR (infrared) TSOP decoding sensor with IR remote is used. Graphical and virtual simulation of voice-controlled automation system is performed in the Proteus 8 professional simulation software, and test results are compared and validated with real-time experimental setup. Bluetooth is used to store the status of loads changes in customized excel file using PLXDAQ tool for monitoring.
... It possesses high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi/Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features and thus it is suitable for connecting IoT devices. It works on IEEE 802.11 b/g/n standards to enable microcontrollers to connect to the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi module and can be powered by a USB cable and external power supply voltage of 3.3 V [37][38]. Inter-Integrated Circuits (I2C) half-duplex serial data communication protocol is used to transfer the data bit-by-bit through a single data channel (SDA line) synchronously with the sampling clock, which can be a maximum of 100 kHz. ...
In this research paper, design, implementation, and testing of an Arduino microcontroller and IoT-based low-cost pulse oxygen saturation detection device using an integrated circuit sensor as the central part of the system. The measured physiological parameters are the pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation state (SpO 2) from the peripheral capillary. The Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller is the heart of this system to process the detected electrical signals and convert them ultimately into the SpO 2 value with the appropriate unit. A wireless platform for this system was developed to send the measured data to a mobile device through the Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile apps. The microcontroller unit and its IoT module were used to transfer the data from the measuring device to the smartphone and an Android program was made to link the IoT module and collect and then store the measured data. The system was designed using the EasyEDA software to review its applicability. Then the hardware implementation is done on a printed circuit board. The optical type sensor senses the arterial oxygen saturation status from the bloodstream of the fingertips of a patient and transforms it into the appropriate digital format to be read by the microcontroller's ports according to its instruction sets. Finally, the system was assessed by measuring the SpO 2 level of 54 persons of diverse ages ranging from 12 to 57 years. The data were validated against a standard oximeter available commercially in the market. Then the designed measuring meter was evaluated by computing the percentage of errors for each data at the same instant. The computational results revealed that the designed system is capable of measuring the pulse rate and pulse oxygen saturation level with an average percentage of error within ±1.1% and ±0.6% respectively.
